考研英语(一)攻略大全

这是一篇关于考研英语(一)攻略大全的思维导图，主要内容有考研英语是—种应试英语、题型、复习方向、复习时间安排、做题时间推荐等。

中心主题

• 考研英语是一种应试英语
• 题型
• 复习方向
  • 单词书
    • ？
  • 历年真题
    • 摸清出题者的套路
    • 真题唯一，机构后期模拟题别信？
  • 长难句
    • 考研句子就是为了长难句而长难句
  • 阅读
    • 阅读分值是40分。考研界也一直流传得阅读者得英语
    • 唐迟老师？
    • 何凯文的“KK三步法”
  • 新题型
    • 7选5
    • 排序题
    • 6选5段落标题选择题
    • 难度来说：排序＞7选5＞选标题
  • 完型
    • 推荐最后做，同四六级，低性价比
  • 作文
    • 道长的红宝书
• 复习时间安排
  • 4—6月——一轮复习打基础
    • 主攻单词和长难句
  • 7—8月——二轮攻阅读
    • 文章一定要精读。不用计时，不用看正确率？
  • 9—10月——三轮查漏补缺
  • 11—12月——巩固＋作文
• 做题时间推荐
  • 考研英语总时长为180分钟
  • 完型填空：15-20分钟 (10分)
  • 阅读理解：110-115分钟 (分值：60分，Part A为40分，其余各占10分)
    • Part A：传统阅读理解 70-75分钟(考试重点)
    • Part B：新题型 20分钟
    • Part C：翻译 20-25分钟
  • 作文：50分钟 (30分)(考试重点)
    • Part A：小作文 15分钟
    • Part B：大作文 35分钟
• 做题顺序
  • 小作文10min→大作文40min→阅读70min→新题型15min→翻译25min→完型20min
• 总结
  • 阅读
    • 掌握技巧判断题型
    • 干扰项的排除
    • 主旨题往往无同义替换，需要宏观概括
    • 推理引申题需要推理，文章无同义替换

中心主题

• 第二章 解题思路及技巧
  • 第一步：俯瞰全文，初步把握文章主题及思路
    • 技巧1：读首尾两句大致把握文章主题
      • 第一句不是主题就是铺垫
    • 技巧2：利用首段和其他各段首句及逻辑关系词快速把握文章脉络结构
      • 首段常为主题或铺垫
      • 隔段首句多为段落主旨句，为主题分论点
  • 第二部：解题时，在把握文章思路前提下，以“逐层递进、先易后难，先整体再细节”的顺序进行
    • 完型20个题目考查点不一致，难易程度相异，因此完全可以分层次解题
    • 先解答较容易有把握的题目，先从整体着手，再推断细节
    • 技巧3：利用主题和行文逻辑解题
    • 技巧4：利用上下文语义及逻辑关系解题
    • 技巧5：利用局部语境解题
    • 技巧6：利用平行句子结构解题
    • 。。。
• 笔记
  • 单独一个for可以涵盖因果关系
    • The latter may commit crimes for lack of adequate parental control.
  • noun
    • population
      • 并非仅指代数字，也具有人群的含义
      • find ways to sustain assist this growing homeless population
        • 且这里sustain没有拖延拖住稳住局势的意思。 sustain强调稳定是避免其becoming less，用于正向保持 作为维持支持意思强调的是生命支持
    • survival skill
      • 不仅包括自然法则野外求生的技能，也包含社会中立足经济独立衣食富足的能力
    • natives&inhabitants&peoples&individuals
      • natives强调土生土长原住民，与移民相对立 inhabitans意为生活到某地某区域的常住居民，强调生活常住 peoples，复数，表示的是民族种族部落 individuals，强调与整体对立
  • verb
    • transitive verb & intransitive verb
      • 及物动词即便在从句中，后面也需要接宾语
    • cover
      • 后接固定数值，而非数值的变化范围
      • 后接数字表示：行走一段距离、占一片面积
    • change&range from x to x
      • change强调变化
      • range强调范围
    • discover
      • 发现，发觉
      • 强调发现的对象是“以前不知道的事物”
    • allowed & granted
      • allowed可用于正式用语，表示“法律上”的接受、认可、承认
      • granted多表示“同意、准予他人的请求”，强调某情况属实，但该事实不影响自己想法
    • contributed
      • 作贡献之意是必需句式：A contributed to B，不能直接“B，A contributed”
    • attain & score & reach
      • attain后内容强调所达到的程度/高度
      • reach后内容表示增加之后达到的水平或实现的结果，而非增加量
      • score后能以直接具体的分数作为宾语
    • affirm & approve
      • affirm不仅有“证实，证明”之意，还包含to strengthen a feeling, belief, or idea的意味
      • approve，"赞成，同意"主语是人或机构
        • vi.时后面常用of引出动作对象
        • vt.时后面常接"计划、要求"等作宾语
  • adjv
    • cheerfully&hopefully
      • cheerfully三层含义：
        • 1. 修饰“说笑、问候”等具体、实际的动作，表明动作发出者的愉快心情
        • 2. 用于说明某人的乐观心态，但暗含“过于乐观、冒失”的意味
        • 3. 用于说明“愿意做某事（而不抱怨、不害怕）”的欣然、坦然
    • toughly、tougher
      • 去除了tough作为形容词时的“艰难”含义，仅剩"坚强坚定"之意
  • conjunction
    • Indeed
      • 既能肯定前文陈述，还可以强调前文陈述
    • likewise
      • 常用于：比较两种方法、状态、情况等，说明它们的相似性
    • provided
      • 如果；假如；在…条件下
        • used to say what must happen or be done to make it possible for sth else to happen We'll buy everything you produce, provided of course the price is right. 当然了，倘若价格合适，我们将采购你们的全部产品。 Provided that you have the money in your account, you can withdraw up to £100 a day. 只要账户存款足够，每天可提取不超过100英镑。
      • 引出某事发生的条件
    • now that
      • 既然;由于
      • 引出某事的原因
    • whereas
      • （用以比较或对比两个事实）然而，但是，尽管
      • 没有“尽管”的含义
    • while
      • （对比两件事物）…而，…然而
      • 用于句首) 虽然；尽管
        • While I am willing to help, I do not have much time available. 尽管我愿意帮忙，但是没有多少时间。
        • 用于句首等同于although
    • with
      • i agree with him的这个with需要主体
      • there was less agreement ___the leadership, 这里没有涉及主体故不能用with，用among较为合适
    • at/by/under
      • foods cooked ___ high temperatures.
      • under用于引出实现某事所需的条件
      • by用于引出“方式/方法”
      • at表示“价格、速率、程度、速度等”
    • since&while
      • since表某选择做法的原因
        • 既然也是因为的意思，不是特么转折
      • while位于句首表示虽然尽管.
  • phrase
    • to be fair
      • 说句公道话
      • 批判之余不忘客观的常见论述方式
• 应试技巧
  • ABCD分布均匀，多为5555
  • 动词转修饰词的选项记得区分主被动

中心主题

• 概述
  • 大纲考点
    • 衡量翻译效果的主要标准
      • 准确
        • 译文忠于原文，准确表达原文内容和观点
        • 不得随意增补、遗漏
        • 不能加入自己的立场观点
        • 不得机械翻译过分拘泥于原文，以致译文生涩难懂
      • 通顺
        • 译文合乎汉语规范和语言习惯
        • 杜绝语病、错别字
        • 力求明白晓畅
  • 题材选取
    • 不是议论文就是说明文
• 试题命制特点&解题步骤
  • 命题特点/具体难点
    • 英译汉部分得分普遍不高，难在英汉差异错综复杂。。。
    • 词义确定、句子理解依赖上下文
      • 英语词汇一词多类一词多义现象普遍
      • 词义对上下文依赖性大，确定充分的词义必须到上下文中寻找
    • 抽象名词多
      • 需遵循的原则：把抽象意义具体化
        • 把抽象名词转化为具体名词或含有具体特指性的词
    • 代词指代复杂
      • 代词如this, that, it, they等往往不是单纯指代一个名词，而是指代上下文的一件事或一个观点
    • 后置定语长
      • 后置定语在汉语中是没有的，是翻译定语从句的一个难点
      • 前置定语往往由做修饰语的单词构成，后置定语则通常由短语或句子来充当
    • 句子较长结构复杂
      • 划线翻译部分都是典型长难句
      • 英语长句主要长在修饰成分上，往往连用迂回曲折层见叠出
    • 英语特殊表意方式和语序？
  • 解题步骤
    • 句法切分
      • 画线句结构复杂，把握句式结构是翻译基础
      • 拆分原则
        • 保持拆分单位句法相对独立、意义相对完整
      • 拆分方法
        • 找出句子主干结构（主谓宾）再找出各种修饰成分，搞清修饰成分之间的关系
    • 词义确定方法
      • 1. 根据词性确定词义
      • 2. 根据上下文确定词义
      • 3. 根据固定搭配确定词义
    • 逻辑重组
      • 英汉语言差异归纳
        • 英语多长句/从句，汉语多短句/分句
          • 英语是形合语言非常具有逻辑性
            • 句之间，短语之间大量使用各色逻辑关系连接词介词及分词等明示逻辑关系
          • 汉语为意合语言
            • 句子结构较松散
            • 句子之间逻辑关系主要由句子本身意思和上下语境连接，很少借助连接词介词等语言形态手段
            • 句子各部分之间逻辑关系模糊，句子本身反应不出主次
          • 翻译中尽力做到：得意忘形、化繁为简，按汉语逻辑思维表达英语原意
        • 英语多前重心，汉语多后重心
          • 英语按照重点顺序论述，观点态度结论性内容放置在前，事实理由等描述性内容置后，先概括再具体，由果到因
          • 汉语按照事物发展先后顺序展开论述，由假设到推论、由事实到结论，由因到果
          • 英语定语通常在后而汉语在前
            • 将较长的英语定语从句分译，放在所修饰的名词后面来翻译成独立句子
            • 复杂状语从句安排在全局主干之前或之后
        • 英语多被动，汉语多主动
          • 有意识地在汉语译文中将英语被动句调整为主动句
        • 英语多抽象，汉语多具体
          • 英语抽象名词如果直译后不能表达具体意思，常需用增词翻译或改变说法方法将抽象名词具体化
    • 润色核校
      • 通读全句检查各句子要点难点，注意句子完整性不可漏译少译
      • 需注意
        • 人名、地名、日期、数字等翻译
        • 是否存有漏译
        • 修饰成分位置
        • 错别字
        • 标点符号
  • 英译汉技能储备
    • 词法翻译
      • 词义选择
        • 根据词性确定词义
        • 根据上下文确定词义
      • 词性转换
        • 英语中一些名词形容词介词同样具有动作含义，英译汉时需要转移译为动词或补译出动词含义
          • 名词转译成动词
            • justification for: 为...作辩护
          • 形容词转译动词
            • 系动词+形容词相当于谓语结构，要转译动词
            • be convinced——xx确信
          • 介词转译成动词
            • view others with sympathy——同情他们
          • 副词转译成动词
            • found the design behind——发现该设计落后了
        • 英语可通过改变词缀方式改变词性，翻译时需调整词性
          • 副词+形容词→形容词+名词
            • were so strikingly different from...——xx的区别如此显著
          • 介词+动词→形容词+名词
            • in its strongest form states——其极端的说法是
        • 某意象在英语中通常用某词性词表达，在汉语中则用另外词性词表达
          • 英语中由名词派生转借而来的动词，要通过汉语中的弱化动词+名词形式转换
            • symbolize——成为..象征
          • 英语中某些感觉动词，汉语中考虑换成名词
            • The flowers smell sweet——这些花气味芬芳
          • 英语中部分介词+名词结构考虑换成汉语的副词
            • he looked at me in amazement——他惊讶地看着我
      • 词义的抽象与具体
        • 英语用词多抽象，汉语多倾向具体
        • 英译汉时根据语境加上（方法、现象、状态、情况）等范畴词以具体化抽象概念
          • unification——大同理论
      • 词汇的增译和减译
        • 英语动词有人称时态情态等变化而汉语没有，故在英译汉过程中需要增译
          • have since vanished——在此之后，已经不复存在了
        • 英语频繁使用冠词代词介词关联词等，而汉语没或少有这些词，故英译汉时需减译
        • 英语频繁使用关联词，有时英译汉又需要将其增译出来
        • 英语词汇的词义范围比汉语宽则增词法，比汉语窄则用减译法
        • 虽然但是因为所以等逻辑连接词在汉语中经常成对使用，英译汉时需补充另一个连词
    • 句法翻译
      • 主语及主语从句的翻译
        • 形式主语it+主语从句做真正主语
          • 主语从句较短则将其提前与主句合并
            • It is certain that she will succeed——她会成功是毋庸置疑的
          • 若主句谓语是被动语态，一般转译为主动语态，根据具体语境补充出“有人/大家/我们”
            • It may be said that...——我们可以说...
          • 若主语从句较长则先译从句，将其译为并列句或独立句子，并在主句前加“这”
        • 形式主语it+不定时结构做真正主语
          • 按语序顺序译成无主语句子
          • 首先顺译不定式短语，之后补充主句
        • 不含形式主语it的主语从句
          • 该类主语从句一般译在句首，作为主从复合句主语，同时在主句前附加“这”
            • How well the predictions will be validated depends upon..——这些预测在多大程度上被证实，这取决于
      • 谓语及被动语态的翻译
        • 英语被动句译为汉语主动句
          • 被动句主语依然为汉语主动句主语
          • 当被动句谓语动词为感官动词时，可将主语译作宾语，增补“人们/大家”等泛指性词语做主语
            • The impact of this law can be felt——我们能够感受到这部法律的影响
          • 用汉语主动句表达被动意义
        • 译成正常被动句
          • 被、受、叫、挨、给、遭、为、把、使..
        • 常见被动式表达
          • It is hoped that——希望。。
          • It is said that——据说。。
          • It must be admitted that——必须承认。。
          • It will be seen from this that——由此可见。。
          • It is reported that——据报道。。
          • It is supposed that——据推测。。
          • It must be pointed out that——必须指出。。
      • 宾语及宾语从句的翻译
        • 不算难点，大多可以顺译法
      • 补语的翻译
        • 对补语的考查多集中在宾语补足语倒装：谓语+宾语补足语+宾语，可采用顺译法或调序译法
          • makes possible immense amounts of concrete research..——使大量研究成为可能
      • 定语及定语从句的翻译
        • 将后置定语处理为前置结构“…的”
          • 介词短语做后置定语
            • impulse for unification——寻求大同理论的冲动
          • 简短的分词或分词结构做后置定语
            • Changes identified by David——大卫所指出的这些变化
          • 简短的从句做后置定语
          • 形容词或形容词短语做后置定语
        • 后置定语较长且不适合译作前置定语时可采用分译法，将定语部分单独译为一个分句
      • 状语及状语从句翻译
      • 同位语及同位语从句的翻译
    • 特殊结构的翻译
      • 并列结构
        • 显性并列结构
        • 隐性并列结构
      • 否定结构
      • 比较结构
      • 倒装结构
      • 强调结构
• 翻译记录
  • 03
    • 41：更进一步说，人类有着改造他们所居住环境的能力，因此他们以自身奇怪的想法和幻想接受着其他生命形式。 42：社会科学是智慧探寻的分支，它以一种同样合理、有序、系统和平静的态度尝试去研究人类以及他们的努力，这样的方式态度也被自然科学家用于研究自然现象。 43：这个一手汇集的资料中的强调重点，结合了能带来文化过去和现状的跨文化观点，使得这个研究成为一个特别且独特重要的社会科学。 44：
  • 04
    • 41 希腊人假设语言的框架与思考过程存在某些联系，这种假设申根于欧洲，很久之后人们才认识到语言可以多么多样化。 42 xxxxx，因为所研究的部分语言已经消失，要么是说这些语言的人们死亡殆尽抑或是他们受到了同化，他们的原生语言也由此失传。 43 这些被崭新描述的语言通常与那些已经完善研究的欧洲的和东南亚语言存在惊人的不同，以至于一些学者甚至谴责BS二人在伪造数据 44 Whorf对语言和思维的关系十分感兴趣，他逐步形成了一个想法，即认为语言的结构决定了社会上的习惯性思维结构。 45 Whorf开始有些相信语言学决定论，以其最强大的形式之下，认为语言会禁锢心智，以及语言中的语法模式能够对一个社会文化产生遥不可及的后果
  • 07
    • 传统意义上，法律学习在这些教育机构中被视为律师的专属，而非是一名受教育者所必需的知识储备。 另一方面，如同记者通过报道和评论新闻那般铸造日常基础的联系一样，法律以同样的方式将这些概念与日常事务联系起来。 但是对于记者对法律的理解需要比普通市民更深刻的想法，它有赖于对已建立的惯例法规的理解和作为新媒体的特殊职业。 事实上，记者们对加拿大宪法的基本特征还没有一个清晰的认识，让他们优秀完成政治故事的工作是困难的。 即便来自律师的评论和反馈可以提高故事效果，但有记者来依靠他们自己的重要观念和自我判断会更讨喜一点。
  • 08
    • 他认为这种特别的困难也许带来了足以弥补的优势，强迫他刻意并且长远地去思索每一个句子，并因此使他能够在推理和他自己的观察之中检查出错误。 他同样表示，自己跟随一个长且纯粹的逻辑火车的能力非常有限，这也是他确信自己不能在数学上成功的原因 另一方面，他作为一个优秀的观察者，他同样不接受批评言论中说他没有推理能力的指控。 他另外谦虚地说道他或许是一个在观察易脱离注意力的事物方面，以及观察仔细程度方面优于普通人的这样一个人 达尔文确信这些品味的丢失并不单单是快乐的丧失，同样可能对才智产生损害，并且更有可能对道德个性产生损害。
  • 10
    • 科学家们跳出来拯救挽救一些不那么靠谱的证据，说是如果鸟类对昆虫的控制失效，虫类会把我们人类吃光。 但我们至少更近一步说明了无论我们的经济优势是现存还是缺失，鸟类应该继续作为一种直觉正确的事物存在。 这时候生物学家们不知怎么得通过过度工作得出了一个证据，那便是这些生物通过猎杀身体孱弱以及仅仅捕食无用得物种这种方式来保护生态游戏的健康性。 在欧洲，这里的林业学在生态方面更加先进，非经济树木上的物种都被视为是自然森林群落的一员，如此受到保护也是有原因的。 这种体制倾向于忽略并因此最终消灭了陆地种群许多缺乏经济价值但对其健康功能至关重要的要素。
    • to the effect that
      • 大意是;大致是
    • draw near the point of
      • 近乎
    • the presence or absence of sth
      • 是否有sth
    • Time was when
      • =There was a time when..
      • 曾经有段时间/曾几何时
    • somewhat
      • 或多或少
    • tree species
      • 树种
    • to be preseved as such
      • 得到相应的保护
  • 11
    • 因为我们并非机器人，所以我们能够控制自己的想法。艾伦的贡献在于提出了这一个我们公认的假设并且揭露了它的错误本质。 即便我们可以单凭有意识的头脑去维持这种控制的假象，现实中我们依然会不断面对一个问题，即为什么我依然不能控制自己做这做那呢？ 这像是一个对所需事物的忽略的正当化，也是一个对于高级到低级的利用的合理化 这些情况看起来就像是设计出来以展现最好的我们，并且如果我们感到错付感，我们大概率不会为逃离我们当前的局面而有意识地努力了。 上方是包含了知晓任何事物都在我们上面的一种可能性，在这之前我们是诸多限制的研究专家，如今我们成为了可能性的权威人士。
    • 我觉得核心在于汉语说明主干之后，把剩余未翻译部分塞进去
    • This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of superiority of those at the top and inferiority of those at the bottom.
      • 这似乎是在为忽视贫苦者的行为作辩护，为剥削、为社会上层人群的优越及社会底层人群的卑微找理由。 主干：这似乎是一个对...的辩护以及对...的合理化
  • 19
    • 像这种荒谬的文章在医学期刊中还有很多，并且当他们被广播以及媒体传播时，会同时催生出健康（方面的）恐慌以及短期的在膳食制定上的热情。 如今任何申请科研岗的人需要出版的文章数量要求两倍于同岗位十年前。 为遏制该趋势，也有相应措施被制定出来，例如试图将一些质量和数量的衡量指标并入进申请者文章的审核体系中。 这本应该是合理的，但事实是科学家可以在未来的论文出版中轻松引用他们自己的文章，或者联合他人帮他们这样做并给予相似的回报。 如果很在意确保我们的科学是有意义且可复制的，我们必须保证我们的机构也鼓励这一种科学。
• Eng→Chs
  • 动词？
    • continue to do
      • 继续做/依然做
    • seek to do
      • 力图去做
    • be recognized
      • 不是识别。识别是discern，distinguish 应该是认识，辨认，意识到。
    • work for sb
      • 受雇于某人 对某人有用
  • 非直译
    • until these issures are resolved,
      • 直译：这些问题解决之前 合理：如果这些问题得不到解决。
    • realized how diverse languages could be
      • 意识到语言可以有多么多样化 意识到语言的千差万别
    • a fact underlined by statistics
      • 统计数字尤其说明了这一事实
    • generally accepted
      • adj. 公认的；普遍接受的
    • traditionally
      • 长久以来，一直以来
    • link to
      • 把。。与。。相结合
    • it is difficult to see
      • 很难想象
    • do a competent job on political stories
      • 胜任政治新闻的报道工作
    • comment
      • 意见。
    • think long and intently about every sentence
      • 对每句话都进行长时间的认真思考
    • he was superior to the common run of men
      • 他优于常人
    • things which easily escape attention
      • 易脱离注意的东西。 易被忽略的东西
    • past quarter-century
      • 过去25年间
    • produce an explosion
      • 导致了激增
  • ？
    • early 1600s
      • 十七世纪初期
    • becase
      • 之所以是因为
    • been slow to change
      • 发展缓慢/变化缓慢 别翻译成什么变革缓慢，画蛇添足
    • thus
      • adv.因此;从而;这样;如此;所以;以此方式
    • Well studied
      • 经过充分研究
    • multi-media groups
      • 多媒体集团
    • his function
      • 他的职责
    • accept the obligation
      • 接受义务？ 承担职责
    • course of reasoning
      • 推理过程
    • led him to his decision:
      • 导致他这种决定
    • reveal：展示
    • profoundly
      • 深刻、透彻
    • compensating advantage
      • 补偿性优势
    • lose taste
      • 失去兴趣。 不是失去品味
  • 叠套从句最后的提前
    • Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural
      • 1. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry
      • 2. natural scientists use for the study of natural
      • 3. in the same reasoned orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner
      • 4. which seeks to study humans and their endeavors
  • 按原句结构分句直译
    • The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
      • 1. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand
        • 强调收集第一手资料。
      • 2. combined with a cross-cultural perspective
      • 3. brought to the analysis of cultures past and present
      • 4. makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
  • Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that ...
    • 他进而相信相信某种语言决定论，该理论的最极端形式声称：
  • who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision
    • accept the obligation：接受义务？承担职责 course of reasoning：推理过程 led him to his decision: 导致他这种决定 reveal：展示 他必须承担这种以尽可能清晰的方式展示他做出决定的推理过程的职责。
  • he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems
    • 即除了问题的事实层面，其他都没有解决 直接翻译成只研究了这些问题的事实方面。
    • charged with task
      • 负责承担某任务
  • they may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries
    • 他们可以教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣工资
  • 注意短语时间先后，汉译时可调整位置
    • it tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.
    • 这种保护系统往往忽视陆地群落中诸多缺乏商业价值但对其健康运行至关重要的物种，而最终导致他们的灭绝。
• 技巧总结
  • adj译为中文记得加上“的”
  • 英文名也要音译！
  • 直译和意译选取？
  • 虽然但是这种汉语逻辑关联词勿忘

中心主题

• 刘琦新题型逻辑
  • 概述
    • 排序考了5年，七选五小标题各3年；22年改革将七选五和小标题结合
    • 小标题题做完了可以完全去做英语二的小标题
  • 小标题题
    • 做题思路
      • 1. 先通读标题，记住标题，对文章进行整体理解
      • 2. 做题不必拘泥于原文顺序，最好先易后难。具体做的时候关注段首和转折后（转折后优先），找出语段特征
        • 读段落时标号句子序号，同时注意句子开头有无转折让步，有的话优先注意转折让步句，没有的话才从第一句开始
        • 其实就是找每段主题句，主题句要么是段首第一句要么就是转折句
      • 3. 作出最终判断时，必须要找到明确的匹配关系（即同义替换或复现）
  • 排序题
    • 语段特征词
      • 体现语段的连贯性和一致性
      • 逻辑关系词
        • 体现上下文逻辑，而非句内逻辑
        • 对立关系
          • 转折
            • however, but, yet, nevertheless, or
              • 这里or指否则
          • 让步
            • although, though, even though, even if, much as=as, while, whereas
          • 其他
            • againt-反对
            • instead(of)-然而
            • rather than(而不是)
            • ignoring(忽略、忽视)
            • on the contrary，by contrast(相反的)
        • 并列关系
          • and, as well as, while-而，而且
          • meanwhile, simultaneously(同时，同时的)
          • similarly, likewise(类似，相似，同样的)
        • 因果关系
          • 表原因
            • because, in that, now that, since, as, for, as a result of, considering, in response to
          • 表结果
            • so that, such that, as a result, lead to, consequently, therefore, hence, thus, so
          • 注意
            • 原因结果词在一句话中只能出现一个
        • 总分关系
          • for example, for instance, such as, including
        • 递进关系
          • still, also, indeed, furthermore(进一步)
          • moreover(而且，此外)
          • highlighting(突出， 强调)
        • 时间顺序关系
          • as, while, when(当）
          • in the meanwhile, meanwhile(与此同时)
          • at first, finally
      • 代词
        • 一定是充当指代功能的代词 （而不是it is the..那种强调功能
        • such, this, that, these, those(优质代词)
      • 冠词+名词
        • 说明该名词在上文中出现或存在同义词 a+noun the+noun
      • 前后句子意思的衔接
        • 注意衔接前后表意的同义替换
        • 若前后意思读不懂，考虑单词复现
          • 1. 专有名词
          • 2. 普通名词
          • 3. 动词
    • 做题步骤
      • 1. 每个选项首尾句中找语段特征词，若全文第一段未确定，则优先确定第一段选项
        • 若全文第一段未确定，则优先确定第一段选项：哪个选项第一句无语段特征词，则该选项为第一段
      • 2. 根据固定选项首尾句中的语段特征词去确定未固定选项的位置，注意复现关系
      • 3. 根据未固定选项首尾句中语段特征词去确定未固定选项的位置
      • 4. 难定AB两项先后时，判断A尾+B首和B尾+A首哪个更合理
  • 七选五
    • 语段特征词，与排序题技巧完全一样
    • 做题步骤
      • 1. 读每个选项第一句，划出语段特征词，根据意思推测上文内容或可能复现的词
      • 2. 根据选项在文中的位置来确定读选项的上一句还是下一句，还是上下句都读
      • 3. 运用原文内容与选项的意思的连贯性、一致性做出最终判断
• 攻略
  • 七选五做题最快心法
    • 第一轮，用选项头-去匹配-空前 （先看选项头，去配空前原文）
    • 第二轮，用空后-去匹配-选项尾 （先看空后原文，去配选项尾）
  • 排序题三句圣经
    • 1，先确定首段
    • 2，然后找必保的两对儿双连（最少一对儿），拿着两对儿必保双连就可以用排序的逻辑排除做题了。
    • 3，如果最后有两个就是不确定的谁先谁后，都蒙一个，那至少两分，不能错一对！
  • 小标题两句圣经
    • 1，用单个的关键词，容易掉坑里，一定注意全段的综合含义。
    • 2，不能见什么选什么，那就是坑，一定是全段的综合含义。

中心主题

• 黄皮书配套（不是很人性化虽然系统化
  • 篇章结构&命题
    • i. 开篇方式&命题
      • 抓住开篇即成功一半？
      • A. 对比式
        • 开篇特点
          • 今昔对比
          • 传统和新异对比
          • 理想现实对比
          • ...
          • 关注点：新奇变？
        • 命题方式
          • 题干常出现traditionally，used to do，often等：以非现实的昔日传统理想命题
          • 题干为事实概括&作者观点态度：以现实如今命题
          • 结合新旧两者命题，针对变化和差异设问
          • 关键词词义推断
        • 解题策略
          • 读题判断是哪种对比
      • B. 类比式
        • 开篇特点
          • 由性质相似的B引出讨论目标A
          • 相较A，B更易理解和感受
          • 深入浅出
        • 命题方式
          • 对A或B设问均可，意在考察主旨观点，需抓住二者共同之处
          • 以“提及B的目的？”设问，考察主旨观点
          • “写作方法”题？
        • 解题策略
          • 找到类比双方并发现其共通之处，抓住作者想表达什么
      • C. 转折式
        • 开篇特点
          • 开篇不从话题正面A面落笔，而是从话题反面的B面立意，之后转折亮出作者想讨论的A面
            • Nonetheless, still,however, But, in spite of
          • 转折线索
            • 转折连词
            • 主体范围的变化
              • 如Companies have started to... Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to...
            • 比较级形式或反义词
              • What was less visible then, however, were...
        • 命题方式
          • 针对B面命制事实题
          • 针对A面命制事实题或作者观点态度题
          • 针对其中关键词命题
        • 解题策略
          • 通过转折标志获得事务问题两面性，要意识到转折后的A面才是作者关注点和真实态度
      • D. 树靶批驳式
        • 开篇特点
          • 通过揭示和批驳错误观点和做法来树立作者的观点
          • 先盘出错误观点，随后转折跟进自身更合理的观点
        • 命题方式
          • 针对靶子命制事实或观点题
          • 针对作者观点命题
          • 考察作者对文中人物观点看法
          • 针对敌论设置写作目的题，以考察文章主题
        • 解题策略
          • 通过逻辑转折区分敌论和作者立论，尤其注意先抑后扬的论述结构
      • E. 观点援引式
        • 开篇特点
          • 引用他人话语观点表明作者自身观点或讨论的对象
            • 表面是介绍，实际上暗中表明了作者态度
          • 借他人看法表明作者观点，用褒义表达说明作者所支持的观点
          • 引出讨论，凸显其争议性以表明作者写作意图
        • • 就所援引内容设置文中人物观点
            • 定位原文位置，初步判断人物观点
            • 寻找褒义表达以确定作者对其观点的态度
            • 根据后文作者对其的态度检验选项
          • 考察作者对援引观点的看法
            • 需从作者介绍过程中所用表达推断暗含的态度
            • 联系上下文
      • F. 情景虚拟式
        • 开篇特点
          • 运用虚拟语气
          • 起到：话题导入、情景设定、焦点凸显、衔接连贯等信息功能
        • 命题方式
          • 由于虚拟语气虚实难辨，作者目的不明：故一般命制事实细节题或写作目的题
        • 解题策略
          • 事件细节题
            • 将虚拟语气反推得知真实信息
          • 写作目的题
            • 从虚拟语气中抓取作者强调的观点态度
            • 搞清楚虚拟语气与之后真是论述之间的逻辑关系
      • G. 开门见山式
        • 开篇特点
          • author直接紧扣话题，指出文章讨论对象
          • 以犀利语言切中主旨，亮出全文结论或观点
        • 命题方式
          • 若开篇直述某事件并说明其原因影响，多为事实细节题或推理引申题
          • 若为主旨+详述，则多为：主旨题、写作目的题、事实细节题、作者观点态度题
        • 解题策略
          • 若开篇即某热门事件，则该时间很可能就是文章讨论对象，注意其：具体内容、引起的反响、事件的成因等
          • 若开篇为高度概括性话语，具有明显观点性，则需知道此大概率为作者全文观点集中展现
          • 借助语气词（must/should）及词汇褒贬色彩等抓取作者态度
      • H. 概念描述式
        • 开篇特点
          • 直接解释描述文中关键概念，扫清阅读障碍凸显主题
          • 常见于科普文章或介绍型文章
        • 命题方式&解题策略
          • 针对文中具体描述命制事实综合题
            • 借助关键词定位原文进行比较
          • 就某一具体细节命题
            • 定位+同义替换
      • I. 设问式
        • 开篇特点
          • 起句发问、通过质疑聚焦文章问题
          • 发问时作者心中已有答案，通过设问亮出文章话题
          • 形式上体现：自问自答、只问不答、先问厚答
        • 命题方式
          • 以开篇设问内容和设问后内容设置文章主旨题
          • 根据设问后所聚焦的内容设置事实细节题
        • 解题策略
          • 从设问中抓住文章话题
            • 主旨题需带着问题寻找答案
            • 细节题需从设问后找出作者为何发问，发问基于何种事实
      • J. 事件详述式
        • 开篇特点
          • 通过详述某事件、现象和问题以表明文章所讨论的对象
          • 类似于新闻导语开篇，直接把最重要的信息传递给读者
        • 命题方式
          • 针对开篇情景或事件设置事实细节题
          • 针对开篇情景或事件设置事实概括题
          • 针对现象的人物观点设题
        • 解题策略
          • 考察内容有：细节、事件涉及的多主体前因后果、事实的概括等
      • K. 具体事例式
        • 开篇特点
          • 以某场景事例为引，引出全文讨论的对象话题
          • 通常作者选取场景事例中一小点作为切入点，后扩展至全文讨论的普遍情形
        • 命题方式&解题策略
          • 根据引子命制细节题
            • 仔细定位解答
          • 根据引子命制写作目的题，间接考查文章主题
            • 宏观分析引子和全文的关系，重在考查文章主题
          • 针对引子中的关键词或语句命制词义推断或句意题
            • 结合全文主题和引子本身关键词做推断
      • L. 谚语名言式
        • 开篇特点
          • 借熟知的谚语习语警句切入讨论话题
          • 有时引出和名言内容相似的话题
          • 有时借名言转而引出不同观点或相反说法
        • 命题方式
          • 针对抽象名言本身设问，或针对名言引出的作者观点设问
          • 针对作者引用该名言意图设置写作目的题，考查文章主旨
          • 针对名言引出的话题命制段落主旨题或细节题
        • 解题策略
          • 注意积累名言
          • 揣摩名言与所引内容的关系是顺承还是转折
            • 名言与后文间存在转折逻辑词BUT可直接明确关系
    • ii. 典型结尾方式与命题
      • 借用抽象语言或比喻引语象征等修辞概括全文、升华主题
        • 结尾特点
          • 用较抽象的语言修辞概括升华全文，作者真情实感隐藏文字之后
        • 命题方式
          • 由于表达抽象，多以推理引申题、作者观点态度题、词义句意推断设问
          • 该类型结尾是文章主旨题的主要解答依据
        • 解题策略
          • 文尾的抽象和概括一定是基于前文的具体论述
      • 呼应开篇，完整结构并凸显主旨
        • 结尾特点
          • 与开篇呼应，重在实现首尾圆和、论述完整或呼应点题凸显主旨
        • 命题方式&解题策略
          • 针对文末设置推理引申题或句意理解题
            • 解题时借助开篇段落
          • 文章主旨题
            • 结合首尾
          • 针对文章首段命题
            • 可参考末段获得解题线索
      • 基于全文论述提出建议
        • 结尾特点
          • 基于全文讨论，文末提出措施或发出号召，表明作者写作意图和文章现实意义
          • 体现方式：To...,we must, should..
        • 命题方式
          • 针对文末的建议内容设置观点态度题
            • According to the author, what should..do about..?
            • What advice might the author give to those..?
            • The author holds that..should___
        • 解题策略
          • 选项定位原文
          • 确保逻辑为：分析问题——解决问题
      • 设问反问式
        • 结尾特点
          • 作者自问自答，明确问题原因和影响
          • 作者以反问终结全文，反映主旨和作者质疑
        • 命题方式
          • 针对反问句设置作者态度观点题
            • The author's attitude toward...is one of__
            • the author believes that..is__
        • 解题策略
          • 根据设问和反问语气判断作者态度，回顾全文确定选项
    • iii. 常用论证方法与命题
      • 论证设题
        • 对论据本身的考查
          • 事实细节题
          • 人物观点题
        • 对论据所支持论点的考查
          • 写作目的题
          • 作者观点态度题
          • 推理引申题
      • 引用论证
        • ：引用谚语俗语名人名言专家观点等
        • 作者观点题
        • 人物观点题
        • 作者对文中人物观点的态度题
        • 写作目的题
      • 举例论证
        • 事实细节题
        • 写作目的题
      • 比较、类比论证
        • 事实细节题
        • 推理引申题
        • 句意理解题
        • 人物观点题
    • iv. 篇章结构与命题
      • 为什么把握文章结构是解题关键？
        • 对文章结构宏观把握有助于预测阅读内容，增加理解和记忆
        • 每种文章结构都暗示了设题类型
          • 如以介绍现象-分析原因-说明影响为结构的文章，题目往往为细节题，因果细节和文章主旨题
        • 对于回答全局性的题目（观点态度/主旨/写作目的题），文章主体结构重要性远大于具体内容
      • 现象/案例分析题
        • 文章特点
          • 总体结构为：介绍现象-分析原因-说明影响-集中评价
            • 并非每篇文章都有全部部分
        • 命题方式
          • 根据事件细节、影响和原因等命制细节题
          • 主题虽明确但关系复杂，多设文章主旨题
          • 若作者对现象有明显态度，则多设作者态度题
          • 针对文中关键词设题
        • 总结
          • 先快速浏览文章及题干推测所分析的现象和事件
          • 再进一步从题目设问方式抓取文中（影响和因果）关系
          • 对于细节题，定位原文找同义替换
          • 宏观题目需关注全文关键词，词汇褒贬色彩等
      • 观点论证型
        • 文章特点
          • 要么在立论要么在驳斥
          • 作者观点通常只有一个，意在劝导读者接受正确观点，摒弃错误看法
          • 会采用明显的总分或总分总结构
          • 驳论文多采用先抑后扬，明褒实贬
        • 命题方式
          • 观点态度题
          • 写作目的题
        • 总结
          • 最重要为把握作者和文中人物的观点态度，分辨二者相同或相反
          • 注意作者的论据：如何通过支持性事实说服读者接受；驳斥性事实证明对方观点错误
          • 尤其注意先抑后扬的驳论逻辑、抓住强强感情色彩词汇
      • 结论论证型
        • 文章特点
          • 该类在文首文中或文尾有明确结论
          • 多数文章先给明确结论，后文列数据例证等
          • 区分结论和观点型文章
            • 结论是客观的可证明的
            • 观点是作者劝说读者相信的看法
        • 命题方式
          • 作者有观点但不强烈，介于观点论证文和介绍说明文之间
          • 考查兼顾观点和事实性的细节题
          • 考查局部论证方法的写作目的题
          • 考查全篇论证逻辑的写作主旨题
        • 总结
          • 关键是找到文章主旨句
            • 通常位于首段和二段首尾句
          • 把握文章总论点分论点和论据
      • 问题解决型
        • 文章特点
          • 开头提出一个需解决的问题、困难或任务
          • 后续内容予以解答，或多个解决方案
          • 某些文章还对每种解决方案予以评价表明态度
        • 命题方式
          • 该类文章典型结构：提出问题-分析问题-解决问题
            • 对问题情形的介绍
            • 对问题原因、问题影响的分析
            • 对问题解决的看法
          • 常见题型
            • 因果事实题
            • 观点态度题
            • 文章主旨题
        • 总结
          • 从原文和题目的关键词汇中发展问题答案
            • 明显表示因果的词汇
              • because、so、result from、due to
            • 暗含因果关系的词汇
              • adds to，hinder，prompt，contribute，celebrate，drive...
      • 介绍性说明文
        • 文章特点
          • 围绕社科等领域一个抽象概念或具体事务展开论述
          • 总体结构：提出对象-说明对象
          • 开篇说明对象，该对象即为文章主题
        • 命题方式
          • 主打内容的介绍和说明，故细节信息居多，多考察细节题
          • 或借助他人话语和数据说明现象，也考察人物观点题和写作目的题
          • 以标题提炼型设问考查对文章的宏观把握
        • 总结
          • 快速浏览文章题干推知文章说明的对象
          • 抽取题干关键词带入文章寻找答案
  • 阅读方法和技巧
    • i. 阅读是一个decode的过程
      • 解码正确率和速度的影响因素
        • 基本语言基础
        • 非语言因素
          • 读者文化知识背景
          • 思维习惯
          • 阅读方法
          • 读者具备的材料相关知识
      • 积极揣摩作者语气、观点和写作意图，展开合理联想
    • ii. 阅读常见问题和解决
      • A. 词汇量不足
        • 掌握猜测词义的方法
      • B. 句法知识缺乏，长难句难顶
      • C. 知识面过于狭窄
      • D. 有不良阅读习惯
        • 逐词阅读？
          • 正确应为眼睛按照意义单位移动目光
          • 视线停留在中心词关键词
          • 大脑速度跟上眼睛
        • 回读？
          • 初读时坚持向下
          • 出现难点短暂跳过
          • 解题时再回到定位部分精度
        • 译读
          • 培养英文思维习惯
      • E. 脱离原文，主观选择答案
        • 一切从原文出发
        • 即便作者观点态度与自身相差
      • F. 看得懂但选错
        • 精度不仓促选择
        • 熟悉干扰项设置，不轻易被蒙蔽
      • G. 阅读和答题时间分配不合理
        • 掌握正确方法技巧
        • 提高阅读速度
        • 先易后难
    • iii. 科学的阅读技巧和方法
      • 考研阅读定性
        • 研究生考试阅读为应试阅读
        • 目的是迅速准确获取所需知识和信息，无需理解和掌握文章全部内容，无需从头到尾一词不漏地读
        • 正确方法：对全文有一定了解后通过题干决定哪些需要精度哪些可忽略
      • 阅读步骤
        • 浏览全文
          • 即全文略读，跳过细节和例子，抓住基本内容、作者立场和文章框架结构
          • 对文章有个全面的理解避免来回阅读
          • 提早发现和警觉难点
        • 分析问题
          • 题干一般包含解题关键信息
          • 题干信息少时要归纳选项共有信息
            • 有助于迅速选定精度内容
        • 定位找答案
          • 迅速略过文章中不可能出现答案的部分，定位精读部分
          • 寻读法
            • 寻读的关键在于记住所需信息中最独特的词语数字或符号
      • 阅读速度和节奏
        • 首先是理解，其次是速度
        • 阅读速度即理解速度
        • 快速阅读方法
          • 阅读每段首尾句和文章首尾段迅速找出文章大意的略读
          • 读出文章基本内容，作者立场、篇章结构的略读
          • 目的性更强，寻找时间地点数字等具体信息的寻读
      • 选择性阅读
        • 浏览时略过次要信息
          • 1. 补充说明人物职务头衔社会地位等或说明事物的同位语
          • 2. 破折号后的旁支信息
          • 3. 长难句中除开主谓宾表的其他修饰成分
          • 4. 例证和引证内容不读，只读前面的观点总结句
        • 浏览时抓住重要信息
          • 1. 题干和选项
          • 2. 句子核心内容（英语主句基本框架）
            • 主+谓+宾
            • 主+系动词+表
              • 1、I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2、she looks beautiful.她看起来很漂亮。 3、this apple tastes good.苹果尝起来很可口。 4、the dog looks lovely.狗狗很可爱。 5、the milk goes bad.牛奶变坏了。 6、the house looks dirty.这个房间看起来很脏。 7、the woman looks thin.这名女子看起来很瘦。 8、the mother is a doctor.妈妈是一个老师。 9、you are a worker。你是一名工人。 10、he is young.他很年轻。
            • There+系动词+主语
          • 3. 首尾段及其他段的主题句（多为首句）
            • 读后尝试自问
              • 本文最重要的事物或观点是什么
              • 作者谈的主题是哪个或那些
              • 作者在这方面想说什么
          • 4. 路标词
            • 即在阅读中有部分表示作者思路的过渡词、短语或句子。
            • 前进型
              • 提示接下来的内容是作者要强调的重点内容，前后可能存在并列递进因果解释等关系。
              • 并列
                • and
                • also
                • more
                  • moreover
                • equally important
                • likewise
                • in addition to
              • 递进
                • adding to
                • first
                • second
                • more than that
                • furthermore
              • 因果
                • thus
                • so
                • therefore
                • consequently
                • accordingly
                • as a result
            • 转弯型
              • 之后接的往往是与前面截然不同的事物和观点，从而对作者思想进行预测
              • 转折
                • but
                • yet
                • however
                • nevertheless
                • although
                • though
                • otherwise
                • despite
                • instead
                • notwithstanding
              • 对比
                • while
                • on the contrary
                • in constrast
            • 终点型
              • 之后内容为对前面的概括总结。
              • to conclude
              • to sum up
              • in sum
              • in conclusion
              • in short
              • in brief
              • on the whole
            • 其他
              • 空间
                • near/next to/above
              • 目的
                • for this purpose, so that, in order to
              • 强调
                • indeed, in fact, surely, to be sure
              • 举例
                • for example, for instance, in particular, take..(for example
              • 条件
                • in that case, that being so, in these circumstance, if, unless
              • 观点引出
                • contend, assume, claim, submit, insist, demand, acknowledge
    • iv. 通过广泛阅读提高阅读能力
  • 命题特点与规律
    • i. 熟悉命题常考点
      • 引子部分
        • 英文议论文常用一个简短引子引入文章话题主题，几乎是必考点
        • 写作目的题
        • 事实细节题
        • 人物观点题
        • 词义句意题
        • 写作方法题
        • 段落主旨题
      • 长难句
        • 长难句信息量大，内部关系复杂，对其的考查倾向于以较隐蔽的方式、
        • 命题方式
          • 事实细节题
          • 人物观点题
          • 因果关系题
          • 推理引申题
          • 句意理解题
          • 词义理解题
        • 攻克长难句
          • 长？
            • 主干和枝叶
              • 主干
                • 主谓宾表
              • 枝叶
                • 定补状、同位语
            • 主语及其修饰成分长
      • 修辞处
      • 因果关系处
      • 转折处
      • 特殊句法语法
      • 特殊标点符号
      • 指代处
    • ii. 熟悉常见题型的解答方法
      • 题型大体分类
        • 按主客观信息
          • 事实类
            • 主要针对文中客观事实提问
            • 包括
              • 文章主旨题
                • 就总体信息提问
                • 涉及全文的事实，无需细读全文，用略读法即可找到答案
              • 事实细节题
                • 就具体/特定信息提问
                • 需理解具体内容与各种逻辑关系
          • 引申类
            • 通常不能直接从文中找到答案，需以文中事实及逻辑关系为基础，以作者思维模式为准绳进行深层次推断
            • 包括
              • 作者观点态度题
              • 写作目的题-就总体信息提问
              • 词义句意题
              • 推理引申题-就特定具体信息提问
        • 按所涉及信息的范围
          • 全局性问题
            • 文章主旨题
            • 作者观点态度题
            • 写作目的题
          • 局部性问题
            • 事实细节题
            • 推理引申题
            • 词义句意题
      • 注意事项
        • 一般每段或每个论述层次出一个题
        • 每篇只要有一题以上的全局性题目，则需把全文通读后才能解答
      • 各题型详解
        • 主旨大意题
          • 典型问题形式
            • 文章主旨题
              • 标题提炼型
                • Which of the following is///the best title for the text
              • 中心概括性
                • the author mainly discusses
                • Which of the following is the text mainly about
                • Which of the following summarizes the text
                • the text expresses the idea that
              • 话题提炼型
              • 写作意图型
              • 谚语型
              • 隐蔽型
            • 段落主旨题
          • 选项特点
            • 正确项的判断
              • 若文章段落有明确主题句，则正确项通常为同义改写
              • 文中反复出现的关键词烘托出主题
            • 干扰项的排除
              • 干扰项特点
                • 以偏概全，仅为文章细枝末节，不能涵盖全文内容
                • 过于笼统宽泛
                • 混杂无关信息
                • 偏离文章整体基调
          • 解题方法与技巧
            • 初读时留意主题句出现位置
              • 主题句特点
                • 一般是观点而非描写、说明或事实
                • 主题句大都具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点
                • 大部分段落或文章的主旨句可找到，但少部分需要读者自己总结
                • 可能出现在文章或段落的首尾部或中间部分
              • 主题句判断方法
                • 1. 首段中通过举例、引用、类比等手法引出的现象、观点结论是主题句
                • 2. 谁在总结或是被阐述对象，谁就是主题句
                  • 看段落二三句，如果他们是对第一句阐述，第一句即主题句；对第二句阐述，第二句即主题句；最后一句是对全段的总结时，最后一句为主题句
                • 3. 关注文章段落中出现的意思转折，转折所在的句子往往就是主题句
                • 4. 重复陈述的观点句或结论句通常是主旨句
                • 5. 首段出现疑问句，该问题为全文探讨内容，故该问题解答即是文章主旨
                • 6. 新事物、新观点、新情况出现出即主题句所在
                • 7. 若文章以研究作为主要论据，其研究结论即是主题句
            • 将初读时概括的各段大意加以归纳总结，得到文章主旨
            • 读首尾段和其他段首句可快速解答文章主旨题
            • 将文章主旨题作为最后一道题来做
        • 观点态度题
          • 典型问题形式
            • 作者观点题
            • 作者态度题
            • 人物观点态度题
            • 选项中表态度的常用词语
              • 中立色彩及过于强烈感情色彩/语气过重（offensive, spiteful, cynical)的选项，都不是正确选项。
              • 积极类
                • 显著
                  • favour/favourable
                  • supportive/supporting/enthusiastic support
                  • optimistic/positive
                  • admiring
                  • interesting
                  • impressive
                • 隐晦
                  • reserved consent
                  • in defense of
                    • 拥护
                  • confident
                  • appreciation
                  • sympathetic to
                  • impartial/objective/unbiased
                  • concerned
                  • understanding
              • 消极类
                • 显著
                  • strong disapproval
                  • critical
                  • opposed to
                  • hostile
                  • pessimistic/negative
                  • indignant
                  • scared
                  • intolerable
                  • indulgence
                • 隐晦
                  • slight contempt
                  • skeptical/suspicious/doubtful/skepticism
                  • biased
                  • disapponted
                  • puzzling/confused
                  • apprehensive/worried/gloomy
                  • sensitive
                  • subjective
                  • compromising
                    • 有失体面的；不宜泄露的 if sth is compromising , it shows or tells people sth that you want to keep secret, because it is wrong or embarrassing
              • 中立类
                • supportive of both sides
                • detached/take a detached attitude
                  • 超然中立的态度
                • indifferent
                • factual
                • uninterested
                • neutral
                • impersonal
          • 解题技巧
            • 1. 当作者态度未明确提出时，要根据其用词的感情色彩去判断作者观点态度
            • 2. 双方对立情况下，作者往往支持一方反对一方
            • 3. 举例或引用是为文章主题或作者论点服务的，通过例证引用话语判断作者态度观点
            • 4. 观点态度隐含字里行间，需通读全文把握基调主旨
            • 5. 作者引用观点是判断清楚是支持还是抨击的对象
        • 写作目的题
          • 典型问题形式
            • the xxx is to show/illustrate/reflect/demonstrate that
          • 解题技巧
            • 举例引用主要目的为引出主题或论证观点
              • 主题观点在论据之前或之后，故联系上下文有助于推断写作目的
              • 议论文作者写作目的一般较宏观深层，不会仅关注事例本身
            • 干扰项常利用例子中细节或常识
        • 推理引申题
          • 典型问题形式
            • xxx can be inferred/suggested in/implied/indicated that
            • the growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as?
          • 几类狭义推理引申题
            • 暗指题
              • 要求读者体会言外之意
              • 要求在理解字面含义的基础上，推测作者未说明而意欲表达的含义
            • 推理题
              • 通过已知事实为依据获得未知的信息
              • 要求以原文为基础分析推理，做出合乎逻辑的延申
            • 结论题
              • 偏向于归纳推理
              • 从个别出发推理得出一个具有必然性的一般结论
            • 文章组织结构判断题
              • 判断文章写作方法
              • 推断行文思路，猜测上下文可能出现的内容
              • 推断文章来源
          • 解题技巧
            • 不拘于表面，善于发现文中逻辑关系
            • 正确选项往往与主题和中心思想/作者观点态度一致
            • 留意话中有话的间接表达句
            • 留意含义深刻和结构复杂句子
        • 事实细节题
          • 典型问题形式
            • 五花八门难以归类
            • 可考察文章所有要素，对文中人物或事物行为特点、关系等提问
            • 其中what和why类问题涉及最多
          • 分类
            • 具体事实细节题
              • 题干+正确项=/≈原文某句信息
              • 因果细节为常考点
            • 综合事实细节题
              • 根据文中一段或多段进行提问，覆盖面广，搜索定位耗时长，故难度较大
              • 解题三部曲
                • 读懂题干及四个选项内容，提炼和记忆其主要意思
                • 带着问题阅读全文，不相干内容略过，遭遇相关内容范围后放慢读速
                • 最后对号入座，排除干扰项，排除法逐个突破
            • 隐含事实细节题
        • 词义句意题
          • 所考词汇特点
            • 超纲词
            • 熟词僻意
            • 短语
            • 指代词
          • 掌握猜测方法
            • 1. 根据构词法
              • 派生词
              • 复合词
            • 2. 根据词语搭配及上下文近义反义词
            • 3. 根据上下文重述，通常是定义、解释或同位语
            • 4. 根据句子逻辑关系
            • 5. 根据常识
            • 6. 综合线索
          • 解题技巧
            • 留意特殊标点符号
            • 留意逻辑关系连接词及信号词
            • 留意上下文句词重述
            • ...
    • iii. 熟悉正确项和干扰项的设置方法
      • 正确项的设置方法
        • 原文的同义改写：利用同义表达改写
        • 原文内容的概括：段落或文章主旨概括总结
        • 原文的言外之意：原文中没有明述的深层含义
        • 原文的合理引申
      • 干扰项设置方法
        • 望文生义，拘泥于字面理解。没有体会所表达的真实意思
        • 偷换概念，叙述内容发生改变，浑水摸鱼
        • 逻辑关系颠倒
        • 张冠李戴，将甲相关内容说成乙相关
        • 反向干扰，将原文含义反过来说
        • 生硬捏造，利用原文个别词汇捏造信息
        • 断章取义，脱离上下文孤立理解句子含义
        • 以偏概全
        • 弄错时态语气
        • 利用生活常识或人们惯性思维设置干扰
        • 遗漏信息，故意遗漏原文中必不可少的信息
        • 答非所问，是原文信息但非题目要求的内容
        • 过度引申，根据自己主观想法或生活经验推理出原文没有表达的内容
• 每篇还在错tm两三个?
  • https://www.zhihu.com/question/387056133
  • 4种文章类型
    • 经济类
      • 比如某某公司blabla、某个经济政策blabla
    • 科学技术类
      • 一些心理学、生物学、医学小知识
    • 社会生活类
      • 比如某个法律、某个社会现象
    • 文化类
      • 比如某个国家的特殊现象、某个人文宣传
  • 阅读理解本质
    • 一个作者发现一个现象，产生一些思考，写下文章
    • 故阅读理解最重要的是文章主题和作者态度，一定要找到文章想要表达的观点
    • 区分观点和证据
      • 观点只占小部分，大部分在阐述论据
  • 6种题型
    • 细节题
      • 最多，如问nm什么时候si
    • 词汇题
      • 一个词组/单词是什么意思？（可以用什么词替换）
    • 考查单词水平，正确选项最爱做同义替换
    • 例证题
      • 一个例子说明了什么？（为什么成立）
      • 围绕一个例子展开，而这个例子一般在文中是为了说明一个观点
      • 找到例证在论证哪一句话（通常在其前，可以跨段寻找
    • 推理判断题
      • 根据文章中的AABB，我们可以得到什么结论？
    • 考的是我们有没有读懂文章的某段话
    • 态度题
      • 作者对他所提出的现象抱有什么态度——支持、否定、中性？
    • 中心主旨题
      • 很容易出错！文章主要想表达什么？
    • 考查我们是否读懂文章重点（即大篇幅在讲的或作者本人最重要的东西
  • 排除法很重要
    • 以偏概全：只说了一部分或一方面。
    • 正话反说：把有的说成没有，黑的说成白的。这种选项一般会有很相似的表达，所以要特别小心！
    • 张冠李戴：把A的事安到B身上。
    • 无中生有：说一个文章里没提到的事情
    • 因果倒置：把一件事情的原因说成结果。
    • 过度推理：比如原文只说了可能，但选项说一定。相当于扩大了原文的表达
  • 练习篇
    • 1. 先看题再看文
      • 圈题干重点词
    • 2. 核心观点很重要，每一段都要找到！
      • 首尾要留心，转折多品品
    • 3. 区分作者观点和事实/大众观点。
    • 4. 一定要从原文中找到这个问题的答案，再对应选项看看哪个最符合！
  • 考试技巧：阅读做两遍，错题会不见
    • 可以尝试第一遍快速做完题目，涂好答题卡，先不检查，标注自己不确定的疑点
    • 答完试卷以后，保证最后剩半小时左右，再检查一下疑点，仔细从原文里找证据
    • 在有多余时间的情况下，加上是第二次看文章，就会更容易看到自己之前忽略的内容
    • 头一遍做思维可能定式
  • 选错的通病：
    • 文章看的模棱两可，选的时候本身的答案定位的段落也没看懂，选答案的时候完全就是凭感觉，觉得这个选项说的也没毛病啊，逻辑也能说的过去，往往这个时候就已经开始错了
  • 唐迟总结笔记
    • 单纯出现数字没有意义，唯有对比多个数字才有意义
    • 你真的可以边读边揣摩段落主旨行文逻辑和作者态度
• 自我总结
  • 选项规律
    • 连续同选项概率极小
      • 连续3同选项不可能
      • 一套4篇阅读大概有0-2个连续双同选项
  • 写作目的题
    • 不会停留在浅表的事例本身现象，写作目的一般更宏观深层
  • 推断题
    • 文中一定存在基础依据，而不是凭空依据常识推断
  • 阅读技巧
    • 揣度作者情绪态度
    • 注意抓态度转折
      • nevertheless
      • yet
    • 理清确认上下句之间的联系
      • 前面在说popular culture后面来个culture of consumption
      • 遇到直接说the xxx 的句子，通常代指本段该句之前提到过的东西
  • 做题技巧
    • 做完所有题后再重做一遍，有些题会出现认知更新
    • 二选一的时候，动用第三者的抽出感，用逻辑排除，不要靠直觉感性
    • 选项中对应原文里带引号""的关键词常表示引用、反语或讽刺，不一定是作者认同的观点
    • 模糊的选项不要放过
  • 一些细节词区分
    • doubtful & puzzled
      • 前者是dont sure
      • 后者是dont know
  • 文章或局部段落中反复出现的概念是考查重点
    • 如谈能捞到什么好处，全段反复出现和钱有关的单词
  • 警惕偷换主体
• 满分攻略？
  • 1. 第一步先看问题，根据关键词推测文章内容
    • 有时候不看视频课理解不了关键词推测文章内容的真正含义
  • 2. 题型推断
    • 主旨大意题
      • 文章中心题正确选项要素
        • 客观
          • 即必须出自原文
        • 公正
          • 蕴含的主观态度要不偏不倚
      • 干扰选项特征
        • 片面
          • 如果仅仅是文章局部讨论则排除
          • 回头作文法
            • 将所纠结的选项作为本文标题，自我想象对应标题的文章应为何内容，与现有文章内容是否匹配
    • 观点态度题
    • 写作目的题
    • 推理引申题
    • 事实细节题
    • 词义句意题
  • 3. 边读文章边做题，找出作者态度和主旨句
    • 注意转折和让步
  • 4. 唐迟课程（美国背景课？
• 最后的最后
  • at the expense of
  • defer
  • 子主题

中心主题

• 左派和右派
  • 左派和右派两词通常被用来对政治立场、意识形态和政党进行分类。左派和右派通常用来表达完全对立的看法，尽管某个团体或个人可能对某些事物采取左派的立场、却对另一些事物采取右派的立场。 两词是相当广泛的形容用词，用以作为一种广泛的辩证法解释方式，可以用作形容或区分一种政治立场、一种政治意识形态、或是一个政治党派。除非是将其套用至多维的政治光谱上，否则这两词通常是用以描述两种完全相对的立场
  • 左派
    • 传统来说，左派通常主张积极改革
    • 主张把旧的意识形态和制度革除，从而建立新的意识形态和制度
    • 反对派一般自认为左派
    • 在西方国家的历史印象中，会认为左派指支持社会平等、反对阶级统治
    • 在范围上，左派通常包含
      • 进步主义、社会主义、世界主义、绿色政治、共产主义、社会自由主义、民主社会主义、左翼专制主义、世俗主义、平等主义、左翼民粹主义、反帝国主义、反资本主义以及无政府主义
  • 右派
    • 右派一般较为保守，主张稳妥、秩序、渐进、缓慢的改革方式，强调维护旧有传统
    • 保皇党一般自认为右派
    • 而右派认为社会分层有其自然性和不可避免性
    • 右派通常包含保守主义、反动主义、民族主义、传统主义、资本主义、右翼专制主义、神权政治、自由意志主义、保守自由主义、右翼民粹主义以及法西斯主义。
• The Mayflower Compact
  • 简介
    • 1620年11月11日，经过在海上六十六天的漂泊之后，一艘来自英国的名为“五月花”的英国3桅盖伦大帆船向美洲陆地靠近。船上有一百零二名乘客。他们的目的地本是哈德逊河口地区，但由于海上风浪险恶，他们错过了目标，于是就在现在的科德角外普罗温斯顿港抛锚。 为了建立一个大家都能受到约束的自治基础，他们在上岸之前签订了一份公约，这份公约被称为《“五月花号”公约》，签署人立誓创立一个自治团体，这个团体是基于被管理者的同意而成立的，而且将依法而治。 这是美国历史上第一份重要的政治文献。
  • 公约内容
    • Having undertaken， for the Glory of God， and advancements of the Christian faith and honor of our King and Country， a voyage to plant the first colony in the Northern parts of Virginia， do by these presents， solemnly and mutually， in the presence of God， and one another， covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic; for our better ordering， and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by virtue hereof to enact， constitute， and frame， such just and equal laws， ordinances， acts， constitutions， and offices， from time to time， as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony; unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape Cod the 11th of November， in the year of the reign of our Sovereign Lord King James， of England， France， and Ireland， the eighteenth， and of Scotland the fifty-fourth， 1620.
    • 译文
      • “以上帝的名义，阿门。 吾等签约之人，信仰之捍卫者，蒙上帝恩佑的大不列颠、法兰西及爱尔兰国王詹姆斯陛下的忠顺臣民——为了上帝的荣耀，为了吾王与基督信仰和荣誉的增进，吾等越海扬帆，以在弗吉尼亚北部开拓最初之殖民地，因此在上帝面前共同庄严立誓签约，自愿结为一公民团体。为使上述目的得以顺利进行、维持并发展，亦为将来能随时制定和实施有益于本殖民地总体利益的一应公正和平等法律、法规、条令、宪章与公职，吾等全体保证遵守与服从。 据此于耶稣公元1620年11月11日，吾王英格兰、法兰西、爱尔兰等十八世暨苏格兰第五十四世君主陛下在位之年，在科德角签署姓名如下，以资证明。
  • 重大意义
    • 《五月花号公约》的签署人立誓要创立一个不同于欧洲的自治社会，这个社会最核心的理念是：基于被管理者的同意而创立，且将依法而行自治。这就是美国在建国之前，其历史上第一份极为重要的政治文献
    • 权利来源：并非天赋人权或君权神授，是我们自己争取来的
    • 五月花公约有一个十分重要的地位，它是美国的“出生证明”
• 三权分立
  • 美国将government一词明确分为
    • 立法权-Legislation
      • 国会 Congress——代表人民
        • 三大表示方式
          • 1. 直接Congress
          • 2. 参议院+众议院：Senate+House
          • 3. Democrats+Republicans
      • 国家的主人
    • 行政区-Administration
      • 公仆，大总管，某种意义上依然要听主人：国会的话
      • 示例：
        • the Obama Administration
        • the Washington
        • the White House
    • 司法权-Justice
      • 最高法院Supreme Court
        • 9个大法官justice，包括1个首席大法官和8个大法官、大法官终身制）、联邦最高法院有权裁定联邦和各州的任何法律违宪而不被采用。
        • 首席大法官chief一般不下场，只有投票焦灼不分胜负时(4:4)，chief会投出其决定性的一票
      • 作用
        • 专业裁决
        • 判断所订立的法案与宪法是否冲突
  • 权力的制衡
    • 1. 三权分立并不是绝对的；其以权力制衡的原则来实行
      • 国会：行政官员与法官的薪金由国会所决定，但国会不能增加或减少总统的薪金，或减少法官在其任期内的薪金
    • 2. 众议院拥有弹劾行政官员与法官的权力；参议院则负责覆核所有的弹劾提议
    • 3. 国会与总统亦可影响司法部门的组成
    • 4. 美国总统亦是美国陆，海，空三军的总司令
    • 5. 法院：法院通由司法审查权来控制行政部门与立法部门
• 美国联邦最高法院
  • 1. 美国是联邦制国家，除了联邦政府拥有司法、立法、行政三权分立之机制外，州亦拥有独立于联邦而产生的司法、立法、行政机构
    • 独立立法权
      • 各个州对于同性恋、吸食大麻等是否违法认同不一致
  • 2. 宪法没有授权联邦政府亦没有禁止州和其人民行使的权利，由各州及其人民所保留。美国的州政府形象地说是一个“小国”。联邦法院与州法院同时存在且互不隶属
  • 3. 州有对非联邦案件的终审权。但当涉及到《美利坚合众国宪法》的诉讼时，当事人有权将案件一直上诉至联邦最高法院
  • 4. 美国联邦最高法院对各种提交的案件，一般由9位大法官以简单多数票的表决方法来决定。1882年开始发行的官方汇编的《美国联邦最高法院判例汇编》，其中的判例对法庭有约束力，为审理同案件的依据
  • 5. 任命制，美国联邦最高法院并不是由人民选出的，而是由参议院同意后，总统方可任命
• 两院制
  • 下议院（英）/众议院（美）：House
  • 上议院（英）/参议院（美）：Senate
  • 美国宪法第一条第一款：本宪法授予的全部立法权属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会
  • 美国国会为什么实行两院制？
    • 1. 这是现实政治的需要，是妥协的结果。在制宪会议上出现了大州与小州之间的利益冲突，以及由此产生的国会代表权问题。最终采用了康涅狄格州代表提出的妥协方案，即大州接受参议院的平等代表权，换取小州对众议院人口比例代表权的同意，即参议院的席位大小州每州2票，众议院的席位按照州的人口规模而定
    • 2. 体现了联邦制原则。在联邦制原则下，因为中央政府与州政府实行分权，公民即属于他们居住的州，又属于美国联邦。为使联邦国会体现这一代表制原则，只能实行两院制，才能与联邦制原则相适应。参议院体现了美国联邦制中的州的权利，而众议院体现了联邦的权力，这个说法虽然不是很恰当，但却反映联邦制的特点
    • 3. 有利于平衡保守倾向和激进倾向。每两年众议员全部改选，参议员只改选1/3，由于参议院任期更长，因而两院在构成上，参议院更迭较小，比较稳定，比较有连续性，而众议院则新人较多，带来的新见解、新观点也较多
  • 所以，在美国历史上，参议院往往比众议院保守，改革议案在众议院通过后，往往在参议院搁浅，或被长时间拖延。而宪法规定一项立法须经两院通过才能成为法律，这一立法程序能够制约两种倾向，迫使双方都作出一定让步，使得法律较为稳妥。
• 三大政治分歧
  • 1. 阶级因素所致政治分歧
    • 资本家青睐自由市场：小政府、低税率、低福利
      • 代表利益：共和党
    • 老百姓青睐：大政府、高税率、高福利
      • 利益代表：民主党
    • 阶级对立背后原因：全球化（资本全球化，制造业流失→中产阶级和劳工阶层面临巨大压力→贫富差距逐渐扩大
      • 故16年Trump竞选，在不损害大资本家利益前提下为工人阶级谋福利从而获胜
  • 2. 种族和宗教领域的政治分歧
    • 随着移民涌入美国白人势力逐渐下降
      • 使得美国产生和英国人同样问题：美国究竟是谁的美国
      • 由此16年Trump打出王牌（当时白人势力仍为多数）：全面收紧移民政策、美墨边境建墙
  • 3. 意识形态领域的政治分歧
    • 自由派
      • 接近民主党，美国左翼
      • 重视平等，平等先于自由是自由的保证
      • 关注黑人少数族裔弱势群体、穷人
      • 主张政府干预，自由市场导致贫富分化环境恶化等恶性效应
      • 建立在罗斯福新政基础上的自由主义，在尊重私有产权和市场经济基础上找回政府
      • 强调政府福利：纠正收入分配不公的主要办法即为各种少数群体弱势集团提供社会福利
      • 重视一系列政治正确
    • 保守派
      • 右翼，接近共和党观念
      • 更加重视自由和个人选择权
      • 坚持自由市场，反对过多政府干预管制
      • 强调经济绩效，先于社会福利的重要性，认为一味强调社会福利会导致经济不持续
      • 强调现实主义原则，关注为社会成员提供安全秩序法律保障经济机会，认为自由派的浪漫思想不够现实政治
    • 两党撕逼九个方面
      • 1. 经济政策
        • 共和党：自由市场
        • 民主党：强化政府干预加强管制
      • 2. 税收
        • 共和：全面减税
        • 民主：给富人加税
      • 3. 福利政策
        • 共和：低福利，强调个人奋斗
        • 民主：提高社会福利支出
      • 4. 医改方案
        • 都主张为美国人提供可负担的医疗方案
          • 共和更主张从市场方案和个人选择上来解决问题
          • 民主党更主张通过强制覆盖和政府兜底
      • 5. 持枪
        • 共和党：美国宪法赋予公民持枪权
        • 民主：强调严格背景审查，控制大杀伤力武器，认为持枪导致美国越发不安全
      • 6. 移民政策
        • 共和：适度控制移民，基于功绩和成就的移民政策（谁牛逼谁就来
        • 民主：自由开放移民政策，在族裔宗教上平等
      • 7. 气候变化
        • 共和：这不是个问题，认为最近的气温上升是正常，是长周期变化的一部分
        • 民主：政府不干预温室气体排放则地球危在旦夕
      • 8. LGBTI
        • 共和：更重视家庭，强调传统价值观，对同性婚姻和堕胎更加保守
        • 民主：更重视LGBT群体权利，认为该群体正当并应得足够尊重
      • 9. 防务政策
        • 共和：强化防务，保证军费开支，强大军队是全球范围保卫自由的重要力量
        • 民主：缩减防务开支拿来搞福利
          • 奥巴马时期阿富汗伊拉克撤军
• 欧美其他
  • Republican&Monarchy
    • 共和和君主立宪制作为欧美两大主要制度，水火不容

英一作文框架及详细解析

• 积累替换
  • really
    • truly
    • seriously
    • genuinely
  • quite
    • somewhat
    • comparatively
    • considerably
    • so≈very
      • not so good≈not very good
  • progress
    • advance
    • improve
  • 表非常
    • far-reaching
      • 影响深远的；广泛的 likely to have a lot of influence or many effects far-reaching consequences/implications 影响深远的后果；意味深长
    • considerably
      • 非常；很；相当多地 much; a lot 同义词： significantly The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person. 不同的人对睡眠的需要差异相当大。
    • highly
    • largel
    • critically
    • gravely
  • 重要性
    • vital
    • essential
    • critical
    • foremost
      • ADJ 最重要的;最好的 The foremost thing or person in a group is the most important or best. He was one of the world's foremost scholars of ancient Indian culture... 他是世界上最杰出的古印第安文化研究者之一。
  • 毫无卵用
    • of no account
      • 毫无价值，毫无意义;毫不重要;无足轻重
    • be of no avail
      • The patient refuesed to accept the treatment and the doctor's efforts were of no avail
        • be of no avail_没有一点效果。
    • lead (sb) nowhere
      • 毫无成果 to have no successful result for sb
  • more
    • additional
    • further
  • about
    • with regard to
  • 需求满足
    • accommodate/meet/satisfy the needs of...
  • immoral
    • unethical
    • improper
    • unprincipled
    • wrongful
    • reprehensible
    • unscrupulous
    • nefarious=criminal
    • unsavoury
  • 一定程度上
    • partly
  • completely
    • totally
    • entirely
    • perfectly
  • sometimes
    • occasionally
  • just after
    • right after
    • simply after
  • needs
    • requires
  • unique
    • distinct
    • particular
  • immerse in
    • indulge in
  • seem to do
    • appear to do
  • cause
    • generate
    • induce
  • mental
    • psychological
  • facing with
    • confronting with
  • stay adj
    • remain adj
  • be forced to do
    • be compelled to do
  • obvious
    • apparent
  • revealed
    • demonstrated
  • achieve
    • attain
    • gain
  • huge
    • enormous
    • tremendous
    • massive
  • consider..as..
    • view
    • regard
  • including
    • involving
  • always
    • constantly
  • Just only
    • solely
  • promising
    • rosy
      • seeming to offer hope of success or happiness 充满成功希望的，美好的 a company that sees a rosy future for itself Letters to relatives in Europe painted a rosy picture of life in the United States.
  • imagine
    • to have a false or wrong idea about something 胡思乱想；误以为 Perhaps she’d never really been there at all – perhaps she’d just imagined it. 可能她从未到过那儿——也许这都是她的幻想。
    • envision
      • 1展望；想象 to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease. 他们向往一个没有贫穷和疾病的平等社会。 2= envisage They didn't envision any problems with the new building. 他们没想到这栋新楼会有什么问题。
    • envisage
      • to think that something is likely to happen in the future 展望；设想 The scheme cost a lot more than we had originally envisaged. 该计划的花费大大超出了我们最初所预想的数额。 envisage doing something I don’t envisage working with him again.
  • 对观点态度
    • endorse
      • The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view. 首相不可能赞同这一观点。
    • support
  • 滥用
    • abuse
    • strain
    • wide misuse
  • similar with
    • akin to
      • 近似于;类似的;近似;类似;类似于
  • 应试
    • sit for an examination
  • 仍然
    • nonetheless
  • give
    • provide
• 大作文
  • 不太想看的攻略
    • 英一第一段描述漫画内容（注意细节），第二段各显神通环节，内容拔高，句型变换，价值观的认识，得分要点。 第三段讲行动，如何发展？如何解决？精彩收尾
    • 模板采用 5+5+3 模式，一共有三段，553 分别对应每段句型数
      • 第一段
        • 第一句
          • As is symbolically illustrated in the cartoon
          • The above picture portrays a comic yet thought-provoking scene
          • 图画
            • cartoon
            • pic
            • drawing
            • comic
        • 第二句
          • 描述人物（水平高详细描述/水平一般简要描述即可，这一块我不会给你详细写法，自行描述，语料库有示例，结合看一看足够，也是避免重复性）
        • 第三句
          • Who is extremely+形容词 ，which can be easily demonstrated by her/his behavior and facial expression
        • 第四句
          • 重点来了，我们要分四种情况去论述，关键在于你的作文题目是什么类型的，几张漫画，漫画里有没有人还是物等等，都有相对应的写法，这么做也可以让你极大程度上以一种框架，直接契合套用所有问题，也是它的精妙之处
          • As is shown above,
            • 1. 如果画里有一个人，并且没有发生对比情况，那么你就按照下面这句话去写：Not only informative the implication is,but instructive as well.
              • 中文释义：这个暗示不仅信息丰富，而且具有教育意义
            • 2. 如果漫画中有两个人，并且出现了鲜明对比，可能是人物品质，或者是某种做法等等，你就按照这种方式去论述：谁在那里？在哪里？在做什么？看着怎么样？（用你自己的话去描述，水平高的可以用复杂句式展现，水平不高的，编一个简单句即可）。
            • 3. 如果你的题目是两幅漫画，那么这一句要这么写：The highlight part of the second picture is that +谁，在哪里，在干嘛
            • 4. 如果整幅漫画中没有人出现，那么你要这么写：By observing carefully,the astonishing feature of the picture is that+特点/描述
              • 中文释义：仔细观察，这幅漫画惊人之处在于……
        • 第五句
          • Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning is as deep as the ocean.
            • 中文释义：漫画虽然表面简单，但它背后的含义却像海洋一样深。 （起到概括总结的作用）
          • It is a mirror of an ever-growing trend
      • 第二段
        • （注意，这里我们会延展出两种情况，为了应对漫画作文的多样性，所以会分为积极和消极两种方式去选择性叙述，也是第二段的精髓）
        • 第一句
          • 如果漫画作文表现了积极的态势：The cartoon conveys the meaning that 主题词 plays a key role in modern life.
            • 中文释义：该漫画传达了这样的意义，主题词在现代生活中起到了关键作用
          • 漫画作文表现了消极的态势，The picture tells us that 主题词 is not only harmful but also detrimental.
            • 中文释义：图片告诉我们主题词不仅有害而且是毁灭性的
        • 第二句
          • In this era of information explosion and economic globalization，nobody dare fail to attach due attention to the importance of this trait/virtue/culture/device/measure.
            • 中文释义：在这个信息爆炸与经济全球化的时代，没有人敢不重视这种特质/美德/文化/手段/措施的重要性。
        • 第三句
          • “To certain extent that the problem of 主题词 becomes societal one,to understand its imperativeness can produce a significant effect on individuals,”saysSociology professor of Peking University.
            • 中文释义：北京大学的社会学教授说:“从某种程度上说，主题词问题变成了社会问题，了解它的灵活性可以对个人产生重大影响。”
        • 第四句
          • This is apparently the reason why so many scholars emphasize the link between a developed society as well as lasting feelings of fulfillment and the enhancement of 主题词
            • 中文释义：这显然就是为什么如此多的学者强调发达社会之间的联系，以及持久的成就感和主题词的提升之间的联系
        • 第五句
          • However, over the gone years, immediately we neglected 主题词 , we would never taste the real happiness of modern civilization.
            • 中文释义：然而，在过去的几年里，一旦我们忽视了主题词，我们永远不会尝到现代文明的真正幸福。
      • 结尾段落
        • 第一句
          • From my personal perspective，every individual is expected to spare no effort to remold their attitudes towards 主题词.
            • 中文释义：从我个人的角度来看，每个人都应该不遗余力地重塑他们对主题词的态度
        • 第二句
          • What' s more, the government needs to create sustainable development policies which contribute to advancing the social / educational / cultural goals associated with 主题词
            • 中文释义：另外，政府需要制定可持续发展的政策，这有助于推进与主题词相关的社会/教育/文化目标。
        • 第三句
          • For the most part,we should attempt fervently to dedicate our energies to it.
            • 中文释义：在很大程度上，我们应该努力把我们的热情奉献给它
  • 王江涛写作方法体系
    • 命题总论
      • 试题类型
        • 91-96：给出提纲或开头的命题写作
      • 命题启示
        • 97至今：给出提纲的图画或图表写作
    • 命题启示
      • 热点话题为主
      • 与历年真题一脉相承密切相关
    • 对策
      • 重视历年真题
        • 四大话题
          • 环境保护类
          • 教育文化类
          • 社会热点类
          • 人生哲理类
      • 关注热点和热门话题
      • 扎实提高硬实力，切勿押题
    • 框架
      • Introduction 3句描述图画
        • 1. 总体描述
          • 人物/动物/事物+动作+环境
          • 人物+服装+表情
          • 图画
            • cartoon
            • pic
            • drawing
            • comic
            • image
        • 2. 挖掘细节词，联结成句
        • 3. 文字说明，对图画下的中文文字进行翻译
      • Body 5句意义阐释
        • 第1句 主题句：图画深层象征寓意
          • The message delivered from the picture is an insightful reminder for each of us, indicating that
          • the picture reveals ...
            • demonstrated
        • 第2-4句 论证句
          • 五大角度
            • background
              • 政经文化社会背景
            • facts
              • 公认社会现象事实
            • others' opinions
              • 可欲扬先抑先抛出反方观点再驳斥
            • reasons
            • consequences
              • 结果一般有利有弊
          • 六种手段
            • cause and effect
              • 先果后因？
            • classification
              • 第二段写2-3点原因例证，第三段再写两点建议
              • 分类论证
            • definition and explanation
              • 定义：自问自答设问形式
              • 解释：换个角度重申上句
            • statistics and facts
              • 数据说话
            • exemplification
              • 用个人经历或具体例子例证
            • compare and contrast
              • 比较两者相同点
              • 对比两者不同点
          • 联系现实
            • 将图中每个事物和现实联系
        • 第5句 小结句
          • 对论证的三句话总结，和本段主题首尾相应
      • Conclusion 4句建议措施
        • 第1句 结论句
          • in short
        • 第2-3句 两点建议或两句评论
        • 第4句 包装结尾展望未来
          • 三大优秀句型：倒装、强调和虚拟语气
  • 黄皮书
    • 将图片信息向真题话题类型方向习惯性引申
      • 作文话题两大方向
        • 人生哲理
        • 热点现象
          • 三类呈现方式
            • 1. 彻底批判
              • 需考生思索现象的原因和影响
            • 2. 褒扬推广
              • 需考生思索现象的社会意义和价值
            • 3. 揭示利弊
              • 多针对新生事物，需考生自行对【利大于弊还是弊大于利】做出判断
    • 分析文字信息内涵
    • 综合剖析图画形象
      • 单一形象
        • 对形象特征进行解读
      • 多个形象
        • 对比关系
          • 深入分析差异产生原因，从原因分析中得出图片反映的道理
        • 互补关系
          • 找到图中形象体现的共性，从共享延伸得出图片主旨
    • 句型多样性
      • 5大基本句型
        • 主谓
          • 增添简单句丰富性
          • Optimisim works.
        • 主系表
          • this film is recommendable
        • 主谓宾
          • the garbage has spoiled the lake
        • 主谓+直接宾语+间接宾语
          • Adversity also provides an opportunity for people
            • 为谁做
          • The library has offered good services to students
            • 对谁做
        • 主谓宾补
          • The internet makes interpersonal communication more convenient
      • 句型延申
        • 扩充基本句
          • 修饰扩充
            • Constant personal growth provides a guarantee for healthier career development in the future
            • They travel together extensively with their combined legs from north to south.
          • 并列扩充
            • 主要的并列连词有and,but,or,for,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso等。2、表示转折关系的并列连词。主要有but(但是),yet(可是),while(而，却)等
        • 非谓语动词
          • 动名词结构doing充当名词
            • In facilitating cultural intergration, both developed nations and developing nations have made important strides.
          • 分词doing,done结构充当定语状语
            • Being tired very much, he still continues his journey.
          • 不定义to do结构充当名词形容词副词
            • How to preserve self-confidence is a question facing many people today.
        • 从句充当成分
          • 名词性从句
            • 连词
              • that、whether/if
                • Whther we cam succeed depends on how well we cooperate.
            • 代词
              • who/whoever whom whose
              • what/whatever
                • What the aged parents need is more love and respect from their children.
              • which/whichever
            • 副词
              • when, where, how, why
                • this is why...
          • 状语从句
            • 时间
              • as, whenever, since, till, once, as soon as
            • 地点
              • wherever, eveywhere
            • 条件
              • if, unless, so long as, in case, only if
            • 原因
              • now(that)由于/既然
                • Now that the kids have left home, we've got a lot of extra space.
                • Now you're settled, why dont you take up some serious study?
              • since, as...
            • 让步
              • though, while, however
            • 方式
              • as, as if
            • 目的
              • so that, in order that, lest, in case
                • Read in a good light lest it should hurt your eyes.
                • He wrote a letter home lest his parents worry
                • 以免
            • 结果
              • so that
            • 比较
              • than, as
          • 定语从句
            • 代词
              • who
              • which
              • that
            • 副词
              • when
              • where
              • why
    • 语意规则统一
      • 逻辑关系清晰正确
        • 1. 全句围绕一个话题展开
          • 基本逻辑
        • 2. 各层意思间必须用衔接词衔接
          • 基本语感
        • 3. 主从句安排合理
          • 主句放主旨相关的重要信息，从句仅起细节补充
          • 勿主次颠倒
        • 4. 代词必须有明确指代对象
      • 语意表述尽可能简洁
        • 1. 避免词语词组核心意义或外延意义重复
          • we much arrive at school on time and be punctual.
          • 就是不要语意重复说废话
        • 2. 省略显而易见的事实
          • 避免废话辞藻
          • i want to ask for some relevant information that i need about your university
        • 3. 不影响文意的基础上，使用简单的句式结构
          • 即如果屁大点信息别扯进复杂句式
          • The situation that made her drop out from school was that her parents couldnt support her
          • She dropped out from school because her parents couldnt support her.
        • 4. 减少句子中介词结构的个数
          • Windows 98 released by Microsoft has been rated okay by analysys in the field of computers
          • Microsoft's newly released Win98 has been rated okay by computer analysts.
    • 一些模板用句
      • 哲学教育类
        • I
          • below the drawing the caption reads:
        • II
          • The message delivered from the picture is an insightful reminder for each of us, indicating that...
          • inevitably encounter____
          • be conditioned by outside factors
          • if we interalize the philosophical wisdom that____
          • immersion in___would make us trapped in a vicious circle...
        • III
          • in short,
          • 子主题
          • __lays the foundation for us to establish ambitious goals
          • make something of life
      • 素材积累
        • in any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing. The worst thing you can do is nothing
• 小作文攻略
  • 知乎技巧
    • 考查形式类型
      • 信件
        • 情感类信件
        • 信息类信件
      • 通知
        • 活动类
        • 招募类
    • 3个框架+9种核心句
      • “框架+核心句”法
        • 框架包含情感类框架、信息类框架、通知类框架3类
        • 核心句包含建议信、感谢信、通知类等9种
        • 运用步骤
          • 1判断信件类型
            • 明确是考信件还是通知，是考哪种信件及哪种通知？
          • 2选框架
            • 情感类信件选情感框架
            • 信息类选信息框架
            • 通知选通知框架
          • 3选核心句
            • 判断题目要求需要，选择相应核心句
      • 框架
        • 表达情感类信件（感谢信、道歉信）
          • 1段：开门见山明确目的
            • I am writing this letter to extend to you my sincere (情感) for 题干事件
          • 2段：信件主题
            • 1. 段落衔接句
              • For all you/I have done, my true appreciation/apology is beyond the word's description
            • 2. 核心句1
            • 3. 核心句2
            • 结合题目要求归纳整理
          • 3段：结尾
            • 1. 表达礼仪或客套
              • To repay your kindness/To make amends,
              • I would like to do anything I could// I would like to + 具体措施
            • 2. 重申目的
              • Once again，I sincerely hope that you can accept my heartfelt appreciation/apology
          • 说明
            • 不论是因为什么事情表示感谢，也不论是因为什么事情而道歉，只要你判断出题目要求你写一封感谢信或道歉信，就可以用同一个框架
        • 传递信息类信件（介绍信、邀请信、推荐信、投诉信、建议信、辞职信）
          • 1段：开门见山明确目的
            • I am writing this letter to extend to you my sincere (情感) for 题干事件
          • 2段：信件主题
            • 1. 段落衔接句
              • To be specific, the reasons for 信件词 （或the details concerning 信件词）could be listed as follows.
            • 2. 核心句1
            • 3. 核心句2
            • 结合题目要求归纳整理
          • 3段：结尾
            • 1. 重申目的
              • I would appreciate it if you could take my 信件词 in serious consideration
            • 2. 表达祝愿
              • Best wishes/ Thanks for your time and I am looking forward to your early reply
          • 说明
            • 只要你判断出题目要求你写什么样的信息类信件，你就可以用这个框架
        • 通知
          • 1段：开门见山明确目的
            • 活动 is due to start at 9:00 a.m. this Saturday in the school hall (and we are now recruiting volunteers for the event)
          • 2段：信件主题
            • 段落衔接句
              • To be specific, the details concerning 活动/志愿者 could be listed as follows.
            • 核心句1
            • 核心句2
            • 结合题目要求归纳整理
          • 3段：结尾
            • 1. 重申目的
              • Those who are interested in taking part in the upcoming event are supposed to sign up with us before next weekend.
            • 2. 提供更多查询信息的方式
              • For detailed information, please pay vist to our website......
          • 说明
            • 不论何种类型的通知，都可以采用这一框架
      • 核心句
      • 方法拆解
        • 第1段：开门见山，明确目的
          • 阅卷老师压力很大没比时间看你啰嗦，开门见山言简意赅为上策
          • 模板
          • 示例
        • 第2段：信件主体
          • 提炼主要信息和次要信息
        • 第3段：结尾段
  • 第一章 作文思维塑造
    • 第一节 小作文审题思维
      • 捕捉话题和交际目的关键词
      • 根据交际目的确定写作格式
        • 书信格式
          • 1. 收信人称呼
            • Hon.-Honorable
            • Pres.-President
            • Dr. / Prof.
            • Dear Sir or Madam/To whom it may concern
          • 2. 常见结束语
            • 通用
              • Yours sincerely / Sincerely yours
            • 收信人地位高/长辈
              • Respectfully yours / Yours respectfully
            • 收信人不大熟悉但需客气
              • Truly yours / Yours truly
            • 针对机关的正式函件
              • Faithfully yours, Your faithfully
            • 收信人是密友或家人
              • Yours
        • 其他应用文
          • 告示类
          • 报告备忘录
          • 演讲
            • 常用称呼：Ladies and gentleman, My dear friends
      • 根据话题构思填充内容
        • 从who what when why how五个角度提问
    • 第二节 小作文行文思维
      • 引言
        • 直入主题，点名目的行为
        • 铺垫导入，简要交代写信背景或吸引对方注意、缓和语气
      • 发展部分写作
        • 回顾写作目的的情绪基础以及情绪诱因
        • 具体说明写作目的的相关信息
      • 结尾部分写作
        • 提出希望
        • 使用致谢、敦促收信人早日回信等的客套话
  • 第二章 作文框架表达积累
    • 第一节 小作文框架表达积累
      • 书信类
        • 交流欣喜、感动
          • 再现情感
          • 阐述情绪的衍生行为
            • 表祝贺
            • 表欢迎
            • 表感激
          • 表达感激
        • 交流喜欢、感兴趣
        • 交流不喜欢、厌恶
          • 衍生行为
            • 表拒绝
            • 表辞职
            • 表投诉、揭露
        • 交流困扰、担忧
        • 交流惭愧、悔恨
        • 交流悲伤、同情
      • 公务类应用文
      • 其他类
        • 告知类
        • 总结类
        • 报告类
        • 演讲类
  • 英语一小作文类型频率统计
  • 黄皮书模板
    • 中间段衔接词
      • 表并列关系
        • 后一句话和前一句话为并列关系，一般用于引出一个新的解释和例子等
        • in addition
        • moreover
        • additionally
        • what's more
          • 不能用
        • apart from this
        • meanwhile
        • in the meantime
        • furthermore
      • 表举例
        • 后一句话是前一句话的具体化。
        • to be specific
        • for example
        • for instance
      • 表结果
        • 后一句话内容是前面内容的结果。
        • therefore
        • as a result
        • as a consequence
        • as such
        • because of this
        • for this reason
        • in this way
      • 表对比
        • 后一句话某部分内容和前面句子相反
        • by comparison
        • in contrast
        • alternatively
        • conversely
        • instead
      • Conclusion
        • 写两句话：总结立场、总结1-2个重要观点
        • 仅2种开头手段
          • • To conclude
          • • In conclusion
    • 建议信
      • Dear___,
      • 1段开篇说明目的
        • As a 自我介绍，I am writing to 说明写作目的
          • express my
            • humble opinions abt xxx
            • concern over xxx
          • offer you some advice on..
          • suggest to you that...
          • extend to you my sincere (情感) for 题干事件
        • On behalf of... I would like to ...
      • 2段
        • 交代背景.
          • 最好加一个实例
            • 为体质差做建议——军训难堪，进而引导至深层原因：过度强调考试分数
          • 例: Students' deteriorating physical condition has become a burning issue
          • 引言
            • It is my pleasure to offer serveral suggestions...
            • My suggestions are as follows
        • 罗列建议
          • To solve the problem, I believe it is imperative for 主体1 to 针对主体1的建议1.
          • In addition, 主体2 should 针对主体2的建议.
          • Furthermore，I'd like to suggest that 建议3.
      • 结尾表达期待
        • I hope
          • you will find these suggestions/proposals helpful/useful/practical
          • this suggestion is of benefit to you. I will be delighted to speak to you if you require additional information.
        • I would appreciate it if you could take my 信件词 into serious consideration
        • looking forward to your early reply
      • Yours sincerely, XXX
      • 应试
        • offer/extend advice/suggestion
        • express humble opinions
        • 2段开头交待实例背景
          • a burning issue
        • suggestions as follows
        • hope you'll find these proposals helpful/useful/practical
        • I would appreciate it if you could take my propoosals into serious consideration
    • 推荐信
      • 1段开篇说明目的
        • You asked for my opinion on... I am writing to you to recommend
        • This letter serves to recommend XXX for employment
      • 2段
        • X is one of the most pleasant persons you'll ever meet or work with.
        • The characteristic that is most commendable in X is...
      • 结尾表达期待
        • For all of these reasons, I think X will make a fine addtion to your team
      • Yours sincerely, XXX
    • 邀请信
      • 1段开篇说明目的
        • As a 自我介绍，I am writing to 说明写作目的
        • On behalf of ___, I am writing to___
        • We cordially invite you to attend... / You are cordially invited to...
        • It gives me great pleasure to invite you to...
        • We would like to invite you to attend the... located at (place) on (date)
        • On behalf of____, I cordially invite you to attend the... located at (place) on (date)
      • 2段:具体说明活动内容及安排
        • 1
          • (活动名) will be held from (具体时间) to ____ at (地点).
          • （简要介绍活动安排).
          • You are expected to (介绍对方需要做的事情)
          • You are(指出收信人与活动契合的身份)，so that (指出收信人对活动的意义)
        • 2
          • This exhibition aims to...
          • The event will be held in (place) from (time) to (time).
      • 结尾表达期待
        • We will appreciate it if you could reply to our invitation at your earliest convenience.
        • We are looking forward to your participation.
        • We look forward to seeing you at ... on (date)
        • We will surely look forward to your gracious presence that day.
      • Yours sincerely, XXX
      • 应试
        • On behalf of____, I cordially invite you to attend the... located at (place) on (date)
        • 活动什么内容什么安排，你又需要做什么
          • You are expected to (介绍对方需要做的事情)
          • This exhibition aims to...
        • We will appreciate it if you could reply to our invitation at your earliest convenience.
    • 辞职信
      • 引言2句：表示感谢，告知决定
        • 1. 对此工作机会和上级的帮助表示感激
          • (it is with regret that)
          • im quit
            • formally give notice of my resignation from my post(due to personal reasons)
            • formally notify -resign from position as-
            • terminate my employment with your company as..
          • appreciate the oppo as-
          • particularly your constant assistance
        • 2. 转而告知辞职决定，并概括说明原因，如personal reason
      • 主体2句：说明原因及具体离开日期
        • 1. 说明辞职原因，如当前职位与自己专业及优势不符
          • dosent accord closely with my previous training and strength
          • help me reach my long-term carreer goals
            • Although this has been a difficult decision to make, I have been offered an opportunity that I believe will help me reach my long-term carreer goals
        • 2. 说明因此做出的辞职决定
          • decide to vacate this job/post
      • 结尾2句：表达歉意和祝福
        • 1. 表示歉意
          • Thank you very much for the opportunities for growth that you have provided me. I wish you and the company all the best. If I can be of any help during the transition, please do not hesitate to ask.
          • accept my sincere applogies
        • 2. 表示将协助完成交接工作
          • As per the terms of my employment contract, I will continue to work for my company for the next...days/weeks, completing my employment on (date).
          • My personal contacts remain the same. In case you need me to complete any administrative paper work, please do not hesitate to contact me.
          • I will do my utmost
      • 应试
        • formally give notice of my resignation from my post(due to personal reasons)
        • 辞职还需委婉谦卑
          • 要感激工作机会和上级帮助
            • appreciate the opportunity as-
            • particularly your constant assistance
        • 辞职原因
          • dosen't accord closely with my previous training and strength
          • 决定：vacate this post
        • 歉意祝福交接
          • accept my sincere applogies
          • wish you and the company all the best
            • I will do my utmost
    • 道歉信
      • 引言3句：写作目的和事情原委
        • 1. 写作目的：为借物未还道歉
          • owe you an apology for
          • very sorry for (careless mistake)
          • beg your forgiveness for..
          • plz accept this letter as my formal apology for..
        • 2. 23句交代事情原委
          • in retrospect, the situation resulted from...
          • Would it be convient for you if..
          • Would you prefer to
      • 主体2句：解决方案
        • 还东西同时可以附赠点赔偿礼
          • token
          • along with
        • to compensate for my carelessness, Id like to...
      • 结尾2句：再次致歉，期待回信
        • Again
        • im truly sorry....
          • any inconvenience
        • for my part——do my best to make up the trouble i have caused
        • Look forward to...
        • put this matter behind us.
      • 应试
        • 致歉&原委
          • owe you an apology for
          • beg your forgiveness for..
          • in retrospect, the situation resulted from...
        • 补偿
          • to compensate for my carelessness
        • 尾
          • put this matter behind us.
    • 介绍信
      • 申请信
        • 写作目的
          • Im writing to
            • formally request..
            • ask if it is possible for you to...
            • seek your assistance in...
          • Im writing in the hope that i may obtain an opportunity to...
        • 提出请求
          • if it is convenient, could you..
          • would you be so kind as to..
          • if you can manage to... it will be of great help to me.
        • 表示感谢
          • I shall be much obliged if you are so kind as to..
          • I would like to thank you for your generous help in this case
          • Your favorable consideration of this matter will be greatly appreciated.
      • 回复信
    • 通知(招募)类
      • 开篇：写作目的
        • 通用通知
          • Plz pay close attention to this announcement
          • Im writing to inform you of/that
        • we are seeking (for) ... to work with us in...
        • xxx are needed as (岗位) for (活动)
        • 可介绍各岗位的具体工作内容
        • 活动 is due to start at 9:00 a.m. this Saturday in the school hall (and we are now recruiting volunteers for the event)
      • 中间段：罗列对应聘者要求
        • To be specific, the details concerning 活动/志愿者 could be listed as follows.
        • To be considered for..., it would be preferable if you...
        • Candidates are expected to...
        • Basic requirements are ...
        • Priority will be given to those who...
          • are experienced in similar activity and familiar with ...
      • 结尾：提供招聘方联系方式
        • If you are interested in this position, you can send your resume to...
        • For more details, you can contact...
          • For detailed information, please pay vist to our website......
        • If you want to be a part of ..., call or send your resume to ... for application and for information on the interview
  • 开头结尾称呼结束语忘了你就直接寄
• 雅思里可能用得上的
  • 句子的连接+结尾段的要素
    • i. 主体段句子连接共四种方法
      • 连接词（4种）
        • 表并列关系
          • 后一句话和前一句话为并列关系，一般用于引出一个新的解释和例子等
          • in addition
          • moreover
          • additionally
          • what's more
            • 不能用
          • apart from this
          • meanwhile
          • in the meantime
          • furthermore
        • 表举例
          • 后一句话是前一句话的具体化。
          • to be specific
          • for example
          • for instance
        • 表结果
          • 后一句话内容是前面内容的结果。
          • therefore
          • as a result
          • as a consequence
          • as such
          • because of this
          • for this reason
          • in this way
        • 表对比
          • 后一句话某部分内容和前面句子相反
          • by comparison
          • in contrast
          • alternatively
          • conversely
          • instead
      • 关键词或近义词重复
      • 代词
        • 前一句出现人的复数形式
          • they或these people， these students， these users等相应的表达
        • 前一句出现一件事情
          • 用this或his+概括性名词的结构
          • 如this proble，this issue， this situation，this trend
      • 名词性从句
        • 主要是表示结果，这类从句可增加句子变化，也能避免过多使用普通连接词
        • 常用句
          • This is why...
          • This explains why...
          • The consequence is that
          • this means that
          • it follows that
          • to ensure that
          • to make sure that
    • ii. 连接词使用过多或太机械会影响成绩，使用关键词作为句子开头也可以很好和前面句子相连
    • iii. 主体部分每段中心句里也应出现一些连接词，和上面段落衔接
      • 主体部分第一段
        • 一般无需连接词（勿用to begin with, admittedly, on the one hand等老套连接词）
        • 可用one problem/the first reason/one benefit 这些表现“第一个”表达
      • 主体部分第二/三段（立场与上一致）
        • 法1：传统连接词
          • in addition/in the meantime
        • 法2：使用another
          • another problem/issue/benefit is that
        • 法3：用also
          • it is also true that
    • iv. 除句子、段落连接外还需注意三个问题，以免文章跳跃
      • A. 每一段褒贬保持一致
        • 段落和中心句不得褒贬冲突
      • B. 每段话不要出现明显转折
        • 段中段尾尽量不要出现however，nevertheless，on the other hand类的表达
        • 同样是为了保持褒贬一致，不同观点分段叙述
      • C. 整篇文章立场要保持一致
        • 若开头段支持，则整篇文章以支持作为主基调
    • v. 大作文结尾段
      • 两个功能
        • 重新阐述自己立场
        • 总结下主体部分观点
      • 处理策略
        • 没有时间
          • 不写
        • 时间很紧
          • 写一句话总结立场（可改写开头段第二句话）
        • 时间充裕
          • 写两句话：总结立场、总结1-2个重要观点
      • 千万不能出现新的信息
  • BP
    • 1. 开场段落连接词
      • To begin with
      • Consequently
      • 可用one problem/the first reason/one benefit 这些表现“第一个”表达
    • 2. 主体部分第二/三段（立场与上一致）
      • 法1：传统连接词
        • in addition/in the meantime
      • 法2：使用another
        • another problem/issue/benefit is that
      • 法3：用also
        • it is also true that
    • 3. 试着少想观点。一个段落就一个观点，剩下全是阐释支撑举例
    • 4. 不同观点分句写，长句影响阅读流畅
      • End the sentence to separate the other idea in a different statement.
  • 整体原则
    • 1. Task Response
      • 相比单词和观点重复，解释论证中出现的重复是最伤害task response的分数的。由于缺乏系统性的写作培训，大多数同学都或多或少的有这方面的问题。这种重复的最大特点是看似写了很多话，但是都是来来回回的说一件事情，没有将论证有效地推进到下一步。俗称：一顿操作猛如虎，定睛一看原地杵。 作者：<em>雅思作文</em>Chrislee 链接：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/161918467 来源：知乎 著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权，非商业转载请注明出处。
      • A. 作文对应题目的所有内容
      • B. 论述过程始终呈现一个清晰的立场
      • C. 给出主要论点后，要进行论证和拓展，不可泛泛而谈，重点不清晰
    • 2. WordCount
      • Introduction - 35-50 words
      • For an essay with a 4 body paragraph- 90-100 words
      • For an essay with a 5 body paragraph - 60-70 words
      • Conclusion- 30-35 words
    • 3. 客观写作
      • Draw out details in experiences and events but avoid using subject pronouns because it will affect the objectivity of the essay. Avoid using: “I”, “me” and “my”, also with “we”, "us", and “ours”.
      • I strongly agree with such decision Such decision is agreeable because of its benefits on to high school students in various ways considering some reasons
        • 客观写作，不要用I
          • AVOID OPINIONATED statements. The use of general pronouns is discouraged as they tend to overgeneralize or make the essay not accurate. For instance, when the topic is taking about students, you cannot simply use "we" to refer to students because the use of "we" would mean that you as the writer and the examiner as your reader are involved. Moreover, you cannot simply say "us" or "our" when the topic is about scientists or governments because you, the author, and me, the reader, are not scientists or rather have authority.
      • seldom attract our consumers’ attention due to its prevalence
    • 4. 站在读者角度，不要只把自己懂的写出来
      • The supportive details should be stated in a manner that is easily understood by the reader
    • 5. CONCISE
      • 切忌wordy，怎么学术怎么来
      • the its disadvantages of it
      • may be reduced in a passive way passively
      • 能一个单词精确说完就不要用短语或句子
    • 6. 细节错误一堆
      • 漏掉冠词
      • 单复数不一致
      • 写完一句检查一句
    • 7. 默认复数形式表达一般意义
      • Use the PLURAL FORM of the noun when talking in general
    • 8. 少用Because
    • 9. informal word use
      • kids
      • Also也是非正式用语，转成Futhermore/moreover/additionally
    • 10. avoid word repetition
      • 特别是一句话中
    • 11. 学会用the进行特指和强调
    • 12. 不要用人称代词作主语，unless you have already mentioned a specific subject in your previous statement.
    • 13. 缩略简写词是不能用的
      • What's more
      • Don't
      • can't
• 其他的再从雅思作文总结页翻（特别语法错误
  • the别乱用
    • 书名前不加the
    • 非特指的话上文提到过才用the
  • 留够时间检查错误，把自己写的原文按改错题做
  • 第一段专门挑一句描述图片标题
    • below the drawing the caption reads:
  • 二段首句一定要集中阐释图片含义
    • Purpose or intention of the picture
• 知乎上的高分技巧汇集
  • 1. 字写得工整好看
  • 2. 创作属于你自己的模板，考场上直接套用
    • 1||| 先熟悉历年真题作文，用自己的逻辑对写作命题进行归类
      • 比如按照态度积极/消极/中性类
      • 按照话题来源：科技应用/个人品质/环境污染/社会文化等
    • 2||| 为上一步的每一种归类写1-2个对应的写作框架
    • 3||| 拿着自己整理出来的写作框架（模板），去套用历年真题练习写作文
    • 4||| 如大作文都是典型的评价性话题，写作的关键在于提炼出题图画蕴含的价值观。中心论点可统一写成“xx主题/品质很重要或很有害”。即：围绕该主题的利/弊、好/坏来写
      • 首段简单描述图画内容，第二段总结文章的核心价值观，重点对其展开重要性（利益、好处）或危害性（弊端、坏处）的评价，第三段适当发出倡议或表达自己的观点即可结束全文
  • 3. 高分作文的评价标准
    • 卷面整洁，书写工整
      • 书写是阅卷第一印象，务必重视
    • 组织连贯，结构通顺
      • 行文流畅，文意通顺；恰当使用连接词，层次清晰
    • 句型、语法和词汇多样
      • 长句与短句交错，语法句式丰富
      • 比如定语从句、非谓语、短语等要综合呈现
      • 全文都是长难句会让老师觉得刻意装逼和提前背诵的，全是简单句则显得水平太差
    • 内容完整性
      • 无需过度纠结是否偏题

中心主题

• 长难句
  • The government is to ban payments to witness by newspappers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.
    • 层层定语嵌套。定语即用于修饰名代词的词。 第一层：payments to witness给证人付钱，受到新闻报社的修饰。 2：报社受到-企图收买people-的修饰 3：people又受到-涉及重要案件：RW审判的人-的修饰。 政府打算禁止：向证人给予补偿这一行为，这一行为由报社所作，他们试图买通那些涉及RW案件的人。（即买通行为即政府所说的给予证人补偿
  • 注意主干后面的which前有无逗号，有逗号多为修饰无关句，之后句还上接主干
  • but in 20th, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture.
    • wider geological picture. 更广阔的地质学愿景/问题
  • Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption.
  • All that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing
    • 受误导之事业要想得逞，只需要好人无所作为
  • It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable and in California optional.
    • 排比省略句，省略重复部分death is 之后的in Cannada inevitable都是 地点状语+表语的结构。
  • I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars
    • I provide a service that people can do without ///when they're concerned about saving some dollars =people can live without my service
  • eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise
    • 迫不及待地对那些才智上没有前途的孩子表示认同
  • happiness more often than not ends in sadness
    • 幸福多数情况下以悲伤告终
  • left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right
    • left to sb to do sth=leave sth to sb，留交某人负责/处理某事 直到现在都将某事留给古怪低级的IT员工负责
  • massive leakage from organizations as diverse as xx
    • 重大泄露发生于各类机构之中，以xx为首
  • in bringing up the concept of GASP the author is making the point that
    • 不是理解成基于什么什么论述观点作者提出了GASP 而是作者提出GASP观点意在说明什么。 in bringing up就是单纯的bring up提出
  • and that few things are more likely to destroy trust than a company letting sensitive personal data get into the wrong hands
    • 没有什么事情比企业任由个人敏感信息落入别有用心的人手中更能破坏信任的了。
  • hypotheses that dare not speak its name
    • 这种观点仍然是一种不敢冠之以名的假设理论
  • The Internet——and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded reasearch by restricting access to it——is making free access to scientific results a reality
  • There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individual organism
  • poke and prod into shape
    • 挑出来打磨成形
  • So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember^for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry
  • he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning.
    • 正常语序是accept the charge made by some of his critics as well founded,由他的一些批评者所构造的一种有理有据的指责。
  • Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd.
  • The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.
  • a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are
    • 正常语序： writers who are not read apply a term of contempt to writers who are(read) 没读者的作家对有读者作家的蔑称
  • Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face
    • 对商业方法专利申请得限制或许是一次戏剧性的180°逆转
  • Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses.
    • 各银行抱怨道，他们的规则迫使自己汇报巨额损失。 moan the banks,倒装nm
  • if you want to underscore just how commonly found and present something is with a particular place, try the word endemic.
    • 如果你想强调在某个特定的地方发现和呈现事物的普遍性，可以尝试使用“地方性”一词。
  • I cant think of a single search Ive done where a board has not instructed me to look at setting CEOs first.
    • 即董事会要求每场招聘都要从在职现任的CEO中挖人
  • nothing gets people talking like the suggestion / that child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.
  • obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-sizee holes in their lives
  • in 2006 the state regulators went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license be subject to the Vermont legislature's approval.
  • By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim "behavioural" ads at those most likely to buy.
  • ...ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun.
    • Arizona州肆意挑衅联邦权威
  • But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.
  • The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them
    • 这些奖项专为其背后的人实现自我炒作而设
  • Yet its report may well set back reform by obsuring the depth and breadth of the chanllenge that congress asked it to illuminate.
  • Monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity
    • 君主能超越纯粹政治并象征国家统一精神
  • Glory and Disgrace combined
    • 毁誉参半
  • Development should be planned, not let rip.
    • 开发应该规划，而不是肆意开发
    • enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence
      • 使其能够保持令人羡慕的乡村协调性
  • it isn't just expensive, but excessive at a time
    • 不光贵还贵得离谱
• Slang&Proverb&Idiom
  • a flash in the pan
    • a flash in the pan可不是指“锅里的一道闪光”，它在美国口语里指的是“昙花一现，转瞬即逝”，多用来形容某人“红极一时”或者某事“持续时间短”
  • a little bird
    • 消息灵通人士
  • legend has it that
    • 传说中讲/相传，
  • get one's monkey up
    • 【例句】Do not get your monkey up for nothing. 【误解】不要无缘无故地让你的猴子起来。 【正确】不要无缘无故地生气。 【说明】monkey在一些短语中的意思让人费解，如get / have one's monkey up指“生气”，have a monkey on a house / up the chimney指“抵押房屋”，have a monkey on one's back指“毒瘾很深”，get the monkey off指“戒除吸毒恶习”等。
  • bite the bullet
    • 硬着头皮做;咬紧牙关应付
  • grinch
    • 扫兴之人
    • scrooge
      • [usually sing.] (informal, disapproving) 吝啬鬼；守财奴 a person who is very unwilling to spend money
  • have sb by the throat
    • 牵制，控制。
  • (it's no/small/little/ wonder)
    • 并不奇怪，不足为奇。
  • keep a close watch on
    • 密切关注
  • bite one's nail
    • 心情紧张
  • sound an alarm
    • 拉响警报
  • belt-tightening
    • n. 紧缩开支;省吃俭用;节衣缩食
  • it never rains but it pours
    • 祸不单行 不鸣则已一鸣惊人 不雨则已雨则倾盆
  • live from hand to mouth
    • live from sth to sth是指：从x到x地生活 这里即从手到嘴地活着，挣一点吃一点；仅够糊口
  • common practice
    • 普遍的做法
  • cherry-tree-chopping George
  • on the wrong planet=on the wrong place
    • 字面意思是说“放到错误的星球上”，常常寓意或引申为“这件事情不切实际”，形容脱离实际，荒谬，不靠谱
  • lined up
    • 排好，准备好，备用好
    • leaving without a position lined up
      • 没找好下家就辞职了
  • the writing on the wall
    • 墙上的文字;写在墙上的文字;墙上写下警示文字;凶兆;凶事的预兆
• 性格特质
  • positive
    • worthy
      • 值得尊敬的；值得注意的；值得敬仰的
        • having qualities that deserve your respect, attention or admiration 同义词： deserving The money we raise will be going to a very worthy cause . 我们筹集的钱款将用于非常崇高的事业。
    • bold
      • 大胆自信的；敢于表白情感的；敢于冒险的
        • brave and confident; not afraid to say what you feel or to take risks It was a bold move on their part to open a business in France.
      • 明显的；轮廓突出的
        • that can be easily seen; having a strong clear appearance the bold outline of a mountain against the sky
      • 粗体的；黑体的
    • good will
      • 善意
    • good-natured
      • 本性善良的；和蔼可亲的；友好的 kind, friendly and patient when dealing with people
    • rare bird
      • 少见的人;稀有之物;凤毛麟角
    • sober
      • (of people and their behaviour 人及其行为) 持重的；冷静的 serious and sensible a sober assessment of the situation 对形势的冷静估计 He is honest, sober and hard-working. 他诚实、稳重、勤奋。 On sober reflection (= after some serious thought) , I don't think I really need a car after all. 冷静地想了想以后，我觉得我其实并不需要车
    • unpretentious
      • (approving) 谦虚谨慎的；不事张扬的；不爱炫耀的 not trying to appear more special, intelligent, important, etc. than you really are
      • 源于pretend，假装。un+即不装不做作
    • devoted
      • adj. ~ (to sb/sth) 挚爱的；忠诚的；全心全意的 having great love for sb/sth and being loyal to them They are devoted to their children. 他们深爱着自己的孩子。
    • senior
      • ADJ-GRADED (在组织或专业领域中)级别高的，资深的 The senior people in an organization or profession have the highest and most important jobs. ...senior officials in the Israeli government. 以色列政府的高级官员
    • insightful
      • able to understand, or showing that you understand, what a situation or person is really like 领悟力强的；富有洞察力的 SYN：perceptive an insightful analysis 有见地的分析
    • intently
      • 1 ADJ-GRADED 坚决的;下决心的 If you are intent on doing something, you are eager and determined to do it. The rebels are obviously intent on keeping up the pressure... 叛乱分子显然决心继续施压。 2 ADJ-GRADED 专心的;专注的 If someone does something in an intent way, they pay great attention to what they are doing. She looked from one intent face to another... 她看着一张张专注的面孔。
    • intellect
      • [U, C] （尤指高等的）智力，思维逻辑领悟力 the ability to think in a logical way and understand things, especially at an advanced level; your mind a man of considerable intellect 相当有才智的人
      • 不要译为通俗的才智
    • vision
      • [uncountable] the knowledge and imagination that are needed in planning for the future with a clear purpose 远见卓识 We need a leader with vision and strong principles. 我们需要一位有远见、坚守原则的领导。 his enthusiasm and breadth of vision 他的热忱和远见卓识
    • bright
      • INTELLIGENT 聪明的 intelligent and able to learn things quickly 聪颖的，聪明的 He was an exceptionally bright child. 他是个特别聪明的孩子。
    • hardline
      • having extreme political beliefs, and refusing to change them 坚持立场的，执着的 a hard-line Marxist 坚定的马克思主义者
    • well-heeled
      • 富有，穿着考究
    • integrity
      • the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right 耿直，正直诚实 personal/professional/political etc integrity a man of great moral integrity 道德高尚、正直诚实的人
  • negative
    • cunning
      • 狡猾的；奸诈的；诡诈的
        • able to get what you want in a clever way, especially by tricking or cheating sb
      • 灵巧的；精巧的；巧妙的
        • clever and skilful
    • well-meaning
      • (虽常事与愿违但)出于好心的，善意的，本意良好的 If you say that a person or their actions are well-meaning, you mean that they intend to be helpful or kind but they are unsuccessful or cause problems. He is a well-meaning but ineffectual leader..
    • casualness
      • 漫不经心;随意;不经意的 not showing much care or thought; seeming not to be worried; not wanting to show that sth is important to you
    • If someone drops out, they reject the accepted ways of society and live outside the usual system.
      • 拒绝接受传统规范;离经叛道;摈弃社会习俗
    • dimmest
      • 最愚笨最迟钝
    • fledging
      • 无经验、羽翼未丰
    • crabbed
      • 1(literary) (of sb's writing 笔迹) 小而难辨认的 small and difficult to read 2(old-fashioned) = crabby：(informal) (of people 人) 脾气乖戾的；易怒的 bad-tempered and unpleasant
    • mindless
      • 1ADJ 盲目的;愚昧的 If you describe a violent action as mindless, you mean that it is done without thought and will achieve nothing. ...a plot that mixes blackmail, extortion and mindless violence. 集合了敲诈勒索和盲目暴力的故事情节 2 ADJ-GRADED 愚蠢的;无知的;不动脑子的 If you describe a person or group as mindless, you mean that they are stupid or do not think about what they are doing. She wasn't at all the mindless little wife so many people perceived her to be. 她绝对不是许多人认为的那种愚蠢的小媳妇。 mindlessly I was annoyed with myself for having so quickly and mindlessly lost thirty dollars. 我恨自己怎么会这么快就傻乎乎地损失了30美元。 3 ADJ-GRADED 单调乏味的;无需动脑筋的 If you describe an activity as mindless, you mean that it is so dull that people do it or take part in it without thinking. ...the mindless repetitiveness of some tasks. 一些工作中的机械重复
    • unreflecting
      • 无思想的, 不善思考的
    • reckless
      • not caring or worrying about the possible bad or dangerous results of your actions轻率的；鲁莽的；不顾后果的 He was accused of causing death by reckless driving. a reckless disregard for safety He ran into the burning house with reckless abandon (=without caring about the danger).
  • neutral
    • quirk
      • 怪异的性格（或行为）；怪癖 an aspect of sb's personality or behaviour that is a little strange 同义词： peculiarity （尤指偶发的）怪事，奇事 a strange thing that happens, especially by accident By a strange quirk of fate they had booked into the same hotel. 真是天缘奇遇，他们住进了同一家旅馆。
    • formidable
      • 可怕的；令人敬畏的；难对付的 if people, things or situations are formidable , you feel fear and/or respect for them, because they are impressive or powerful, or because they seem very difficult In debate he was a formidable opponent. 在辩论中他是位难应付的对手。
    • well connected
      • (formal) (of a person 人) 与达官豪富有亲友关系的；社会关系强固的 having important or rich friends or relatives
    • inherently
      • 自发地、本能地、天生地
    • average people
      • 普通人;一般人
    • average Joe
      • 普通人
    • common run of men
      • 凡胎浊物
    • herd
      • N-SING （缺乏独立思想的）一般民众，芸芸众生 If you say that someone has joined the herd or follows the herd, you are criticizing them because you think that they behave just like everyone else and do not think for themselves.
  • ？
    • moral character
      • 道德品质;道德品格
    • be characterized by
      • 的特点是;特点是;以…为特征
    • air
      • 感觉；印象；神态
        • the particular feeling or impression that is given by sb/sth; the way sb does sth The room had an air of luxury. 房间具有豪华的气派。 She looked at him with a defiant air. 她用蔑视的神情望着他。
      • 摆架子；装腔作势
        • [pl.] (disapproving) 摆架子；装腔作势 a way of behaving that shows that sb thinks that they are more important, etc. than they really are I hate the way she puts on airs . 我不喜欢她那装腔作势的样子。
    • nature
      • 基本特征；本质；基本性质
        • fragile nature：脆弱性
      • 种类；类型
• ？
  • ability to function
    • 操作性能;作用能力,操作性能;作用能力
  • responsibilities
    • 任务
  • in ruins
    • 一片废墟;满目疮痍;完全崩溃;垮掉;破败不堪
  • well-grounded
    • 基础扎实，功底深 adj. 有充分理由的，有充分根据的
  • tipping point
    • （个案积累终成大趋势的）引爆点，爆发点 the point at which the number of small changes over a period of time reaches a level where a further small change has a sudden and very great effect on a system or leads to an idea suddenly spreading quickly among a large number of people
  • inexorable
    • ormal) (of a process 过程) 不可阻挡的；无法改变的 that cannot be stopped or changed 同义词： relentless the inexorable rise of crime 阻遏不了的犯罪趋势
  • fresh off sth
    • 刚从某物中新近产出的东西
  • scene
    • 1 [C, usually sing.] ~ (of sth) （尤指不愉快事件发生的）地点，现场 the place where sth happens, especially sth unpleasant the scene of the accident/attack/crime 事故 / 袭击 / 犯罪的现场 Firefighters were on the scene immediately. 消防队立刻赶到现场。
  • behind the scene
    • 在幕后;拍摄花絮;幕后花絮;下班回家;幕后照片 背地里
  • hazy
    • adj. 朦胧的;薄雾蒙蒙的;记不清的;模糊的;主意不定的;困惑的
  • fascination
    • [U, sing.] ~ (for/with sb/sth) 入迷；着迷 the state of being very attracted to and interested in sb/sth the public's enduring fascination with the Royal Family 公众对王室的经久不衰的兴趣
  • innovation
    • in注入，nov=new innovation词源为注入新事物 1[U] （新事物、思想或方法的）创造；创新；改革 the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing sth an age of technological innovation 技术革新的时代 2[C] 新思想；新方法 a new idea, way of doing sth, etc. that has been introduced or discovered recent innovations in steel-making technology 新近的炼钢技术革新
  • desperate effort
    • 孤注一掷，拼死努力
  • beside the point
    • 离题的;不相关的
  • context
    • 环境背景
  • laureate
    • someone who has been given an important prize or honour, especially the Nobel Prize 重要奖项〔尤指诺贝尔奖〕获得者 Nigeria’s Nobel laureate, Wole Soyinka 尼日利亚的诺贝尔奖获得者沃莱·索因卡
  • stay put
    • 固定不动;留在原地
  • mass produced
    • 大量生产;大规模生产的 大众快销
  • outgrow
    • 1  to grow too big for something 因长大而不适用… SYN grow out of They outgrow their clothes so quickly. Harry outgrew his cot when he was about two. 2  to no longer do or enjoy something that you used to do, because you have grown older and changed 因长大而不再…，因改变而不再… Most children eventually outgrow a tendency toward travel sickness. 3  if a business outgrows a building, it begins to have too many people or too much work to fit into the building 〔业务〕因做大而使…不够用 His furniture-making business soon outgrew his garage. 4  to grow or increase faster than someone or something else 长得比…快，增加得比…快 a population outgrowing its resources
  • intention
    • a plan or desire to do something 意图，目的；打算 → intend have no/every intention of doing something I have no intention of retiring just yet. 动机
  • do justice to
    • 完全彻底展现/发挥某物的内在价值
  • transcendence
    • N-UNCOUNT 超越 Transcendence is the quality of being able to go beyond normal limits or boundaries. ...the transcendence of class differences. 对阶级差别的超越
  • dearth
    • a lack of something that people want or need 缺乏 dearth of a dearth of job opportunities 工作机会的缺乏
  • strike terror into
    • 使xx陷入恐惧
  • in place
    • 准备就绪
• philosophy
  • defining term of sth
    • 对某物的定义术语
  • stripe
    • 类型、类别
  • to the limit
    • 挑战极限;到极限;惊爆死亡线;冲向极限;到最大限度
    • budget to the limits
      • 开支预算达到极限
  • 利益
    • on behalf of
      • 代表某人，作为某人的代言人;为了某人的利益，为了某人
  • 原则
    • practice
      • 通常做法；常规；惯例 You can refer to something that people do regularly as a practice .
  • paradoxical
    • ADJ-GRADED 自相矛盾的；似矛盾而（可能） 正确的（看似矛盾但可能为真 If something is paradoxical, it involves two facts or qualities which seem to contradict each other. Some sedatives produce the paradoxical effect of making the person more anxious... 一些镇静剂适得其反，加重了患者的焦虑。
  • 基础
    • bedrock
      • n. 基岩(松软的沙、土层下的岩石);牢固基础;基本事实;基本原则
  • missing the point
    • 没抓住核心矛盾重点
  • true nature
    • 本质
• 做事态度评价
  • cursory
    • adj. (often disapproving) 粗略的；仓促的 done quickly and without giving enough attention to details 同义词： brief, perfunctory a cursory glance/examination/inspection 匆匆的一瞥；粗略的审查 / 检查
  • rush through
    • PHRASAL VERB 加急处理;匆忙处理 If you rush something through, you deal with it quickly so that it is ready in a shorter time than usual. The government rushed through legislation aimed at Mafia leaders... 政府匆忙通过了针对黑手党首领的立法。
  • crack on
    • （尤指更努力地）继续干;抓紧时间干
    • ...agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests
• 事态
  • picture
    • 事态；情况；局面 When you refer to the picture in a particular place, you are referring to the situation there. But as with other charitable bodies, these figures mask the true picture... 但和其他慈善机构一样，这些数字掩盖了实情。
  • heads rolling
    • 2、释义：原来的意思是很多人的脑袋要掉了，现在用来比喻事态极其严峻。
  • state of affairs
    • 事态;情势;情形
• 隐藏
  • turbulent
    • adj. 骚乱的;动荡的;汹涌的;混乱的;动乱的;骚动的;猛烈的;湍动的;混乱而难以控制的
    • turbulent business environment
      • 动荡不安的商业环境
  • take hold
    • 开始完全控制 1 have or hold in one's hands or grip Hold this bowl for a moment, please A crazy idea took hold of him Synonym: hold 2 assume control Synonym: take charge、take control
  • pick-up
    • IMPROVEMENT 改善 [countable] an improvement in something which will be good for economic success 〔对经济有益的〕好转 pick-up in There are signs of a pick-up in high street spending. 商业区消费出现好转迹象。
  • case
    • SITUATION 情况 [countable usually singular] a situation that exists, especially as it affects a particular person or group 〔尤指影响某个人或群体的〕状况，情形；场合 in somebody’s case Like the others, he produced a written explanation, but in Scott’s case this was a 30-page printed booklet. 斯科特和其他人一样也写了份书面说明，但他的是一本打印出来30页的小册子。
  • 趋势变化
    • descend from...to...
      • 由...降至...
    • top-down
      • 自上而下
  • aggressive
    • encounter
      • 1~ (with sb/sth) | ~ (between A and B) （意外、突然或暴力的）相遇，邂逅，遭遇，冲突 a meeting, especially one that is sudden, unexpected or violent Three of them were killed in the subsequent encounter with the police. 他们中有三个人在后来与警察的冲突中被杀死。 2（体育）比赛，交锋 a sports match against a particular player or team She has beaten her opponent in all of their previous encounters. 她在以前的所有交锋中都击败了这个对手。
• 范围
  • sphere
    • 范围；领域；阶层；界 an area of activity, influence or interest; a particular section of society 同义词： domain the political sphere 政界
  • scope
    • （题目、组织、活动等的）范围 the range of things that a subject, an organization, an activity, etc. deals with Our powers are limited in scope . 我们的权限不大。 This subject lies beyond the scope of our investigation. 这一问题超出了我们的考察范围。 These issues were outside the scope of the article. 这些问题不属本文论述范围。
  • prevailing
    • 1普遍的；盛行的；流行的 existing or most common at a particular time 同义词： current, predominant the prevailing economic conditions 普遍的经济状况 the attitude towards science prevailing at the time 当时对科学的流行看法 The prevailing view seems to be that they will find her guilty. 一般人的看法似乎认为她会被判有罪。 2（指风）一地区常刮的，盛行的 the prevailing wind in an area is the one that blows over it most frequently
  • an epidemic
    • N-COUNT （坏事的）盛行，泛滥，猖獗 If an activity that you disapprove of is increasing or spreading rapidly, you can refer to this as an epidemic of that activity. ...an epidemic of serial killings... 连环杀人现象的猖獗
  • sweeping
    • affecting many things, or making an important difference to something 影响大的；范围广的；彻底的 sweeping changes/cuts/reforms etc They want to make sweeping changes to education policies. 他们想要对教育政策进行大刀阔斧的改革。
• 度量单位
  • $后hundred million不带s
  • parts per trillion
  • two feet & two-foot
  • double-digit
    • ADJ 两位数的 A double-digit number is between 10 and 99.
  • a host of
    • 一群、许多
  • arrays
    • 一大批；一大群，大量
  • an array of
    • 一批;一系列;大量;一排;大量的
  • a round of
    • 一轮、一场、一连串
  • a good deal of
    • 很多的;好些 大量
  • one-shot
    • adj. 一次性成功的，一次性使用的;只有一次的
  • a string of
    • 一系列
• 事物一般描述
  • 差不多
    • or so
      • ninety or so
        • 大约90
    • practically
      • especially spoken almost 几乎，差不多 I’ve read practically all of his books. 我差不多读过他所有的书。
    • more or less
      • (of quantities) imprecise but fairly close to correct 或多或少;大概;几乎
      • How much will it cost, more or less?
      • For many, there is a more or less unwritten code here
  • 多远大
    • handsome
      • 数量大的 large in amount or quantity a handsome profit 一大笔利润 He was elected by a handsome majority (= a lot of people voted for him) . 他以高票当选。
      • a handsome profit
        • 一大笔利润
    • way
      • adv. 很远;大量
      • But the sources of distrust go way deeper
        • means ：much more
    • wholesale
      • (especially of sth bad 尤指负面的事物) 大规模的 happening or done to a very large number of people or things the wholesale slaughter of innocent people 对无辜人民的大屠杀
    • far-reaching
      • 影响深远的；广泛的 likely to have a lot of influence or many effects far-reaching consequences/implications 影响深远的后果；意味深长
    • considerably
      • 非常；很；相当多地 much; a lot 同义词： significantly The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person. 不同的人对睡眠的需要差异相当大。
    • substantial
      • ADJ-GRADED 大量的;相当程度的;重大的 Substantial means large in amount or degree. →see usage note at: important The party has just lost office and with it a substantial number of seats... 该党刚刚竞选失利，同时还失去了许多席位。
      • substantial height
        • 身材过高
    • fair
      • ADJ (数量、程度、尺寸或距离)相当多(或大、长)的 A fair amount, degree, size, or distance is quite a large amount, degree, size, or distance. My neighbours across the street travel a fair amount... 我街对面的邻居游历甚广。
    • outsize
      • adj. 较大的;超过一般型号的;特体的;特大号的 n. 特大型；特大品
    • abound
      • to exist in very large numbers 大量存在 Rumours abound as to the reasons for his resignation. 有关他辞职的原因有各种各样的谣传。
    • much of
      • 许多的
  • 少近小
    • Peaparation for a parachute jump is minimal at best
      • 跳伞的准备工作充其量是最小的
  • 快慢
    • headlong
      • ADV 快速地 If you move headlong in a particular direction, you move there very quickly. He ran headlong for the open door. 他飞快地朝敞开着的门跑去。
      • headlong retreat
        • 急速衰落
  • 详略清晰显著度
    • pronounced
      • 显著的；很明显的；表达明确的 very noticeable, obvious or strongly expressed 同义词： definite He walked with a pronounced limp. 他走路明显跛足。
    • at length
      • 最后;最终;终究;终归;长久地;详尽地
      • write in detail and at length about the events they covered
        • 对所报道的事件撰写详尽入微的评论
    • fine grained
      • 细粒的；细纹的 精准细致的？
  • 充分度
    • due
      • 适当的;适合的;充分的
        • Due attention or consideration is the proper, reasonable, or deserved amount of it under the circumstances. After due consideration it was decided to send him away to live with foster parents... 充分考虑之后决定将他送到养父母那儿生活。
      • 应有的;应得的;应得到的
    • undue
      • adj. 不适当的;过分的;过度的
  • 主次重要程度
    • more than anything
      • 最重要的是;胜过一切;主要地
    • radically
      • ADJ-GRADED 重大的;根本的;基本的;彻底的 Radical changes and differences are very important and great in degree. The country needs a period of calm without more surges of radical change... 国家需要一段时间的稳定，其间不要再有重大的变革。
    • solely
      • ADV 只;仅仅;完全 If something involves solely one thing, it involves only this thing and no others. Too often we make decisions based solely upon what we see in the magazines... 太多的时候，我们仅仅根据在杂志上面所看到的东西就作出了决定。 =just only
      • I shall hold you solely responsible for anything that goes wrong.
      • 出现任何差错的话，我唯你是问。
    • to the point of
      • 达到。。的程度
      • It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader
        • 对于普通读者而言，他们难以，甚至不可能
  • 普遍性
    • unusually
      • 1 ADV-GRADED 出奇地；不寻常地 You use unusually to emphasize that someone or something has more of a particular quality than is usual. He was an unusually complex man. 他是个极其复杂的人。 2 ADV-GRADED 异常地；不常见地 You can use unusually to suggest that something is not what normally happens. Unusually among British prime ministers, he was not a man of natural authority. 他不是那种天生一副官派的人，这在英国首相中并不常见。
  • 非常，极其
    • glowingly
• 一般评价
  • positive
    • acclaim
      • U] （尤指对艺术成就的）称誉，高度评价 praise and approval for sb/sth, especially an artistic achievement international/popular/critical acclaim 国际上的 / 公众的 / 评论家的赞扬
    • foremost
      • ADJ 最重要的;最好的 The foremost thing or person in a group is the most important or best. He was one of the world's foremost scholars of ancient Indian culture... 他是世界上最杰出的古印第安文化研究者之一。
    • get the nod
      • 得到认可
    • well-orchestrated
      • orchestrate /ˈɔːkəstreɪt $ ˈɔːr-/ verb [transitive] 1  written to organize an important event or a complicated plan, especially secretly 〔尤指秘密地〕精心策划 The riots were orchestrated by anti-government forces. 骚乱是由反政府势力策动的。 well-orchestrated: 精心策划组织有序
    • fulfilling
      • making you feel happy and satisfied because you are doing interesting, useful, or important things 令人满意的 SYN satisfying Nursing is still one of the most fulfilling careers. 护理仍是最令人有成就感的职业之一。
    • life-enriching
      • 丰富生活
    • rosy
      • seeming to offer hope of success or happiness 充满成功希望的，美好的 a company that sees a rosy future for itself Letters to relatives in Europe painted a rosy picture of life in the United States.
    • progressive
      • supporting new or modern ideas and methods, especially in politics and education 〔尤指在政治和教育方面〕进步的，先进的 a progressive administration 进步的政府 progressive and forward-looking policies 有前瞻性的进步政策 革新性的
  • negative
    • faint praise
      • 牵强的赞美
    • middle-brow
      • 品味一般的，平庸的
    • low level？
      • 低级的
    • of no account
      • 毫无价值，毫无意义;毫不重要;无足轻重
    • be of no avail
      • The patient refuesed to accept the treatment and the doctor's efforts were of no avail
        • be of no avail_没有一点效果。
    • lead (sb) nowhere
      • 毫无成果 to have no successful result for sb
    • untested
      • 1 ADJ 未经考验的；未测试的 If something or someone is untested, they have not yet been tried out or have not yet experienced a particular situation, so you do not know what they will be like. The Egyptian Army remained an untested force... 埃及军队依然有待考验。 2 ADJ 未经检验的；未经测试的 If you describe something such as a drug or chemical as untested, you mean that it has not been subject to scientific tests to find out if it is safe to use. ...the dangers of giving untested drugs to people. 把未经检验的药物给人吃的危险
    • misplaced
      • 1 不合时宜的；不适宜的 not appropriate or correct in the situation misplaced confidence/optimism/fear 不应有的信心 / 乐观精神 / 恐惧 2 (of love, trust, etc. 爱情、信任等) 给错对象的；不该给的 given to a person who does not deserve or return those feelings misplaced loyalty 无谓的忠诚
  • neu
    • curious
      • strange or unusual
• 时间
  • 开端
    • emerging
      • （机构、行业等）形成，兴起，出现 When something such as an organization or an industry emerges, it comes into existence. 新兴，刚出现的
    • start-up
      • adj. [only before noun] （新企业或工程）开办阶段的，启动时期的 connected with starting a new business or project start-up costs 启动经费 noun 刚成立的公司，新企业（尤指互联网公司） a company that is just beginning to operate, especially an Internet company
    • infancy
      • 初期早期
    • the turn of
      • the turn of the 20th century
        • 世纪之交,指新世纪的来临 这里指20世纪的到来，也就是世纪之初
  • 时间关系
    • preceding
      • VERB 发生在…之前；先于 If one event or period of time precedes another, it happens before it. Intensive negotiations between the main parties preceded the vote... 主要政党在选举前进行了集中的谈判。
    • formerly
      • 以前；从前 in earlier times
    • far-off
      • 很久以前的；久远的 a long time ago 同义词： distant memories of those far-off days 久远往昔的回忆
    • only recently
      • 直到最近
    • prior
      • existing or arranged before something else or before the present situation 先前的；较早的；事先安排的 SYN previous You do not need any prior knowledge of the subject. 你无需事先具备该方面的知识。 先验的。
      • prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience
    • up until a few decades ago
      • 直到几十年前 up until:一直到
    • overdue
      • something that is overdue should have happened or been done a long time ago 早该发生的；早该完成的；期待已久的 overdue for He was overdue for a shave. 他早该刮胡子了。 We welcome this announcement and think it’s long overdue. 我们欢迎这个声明，并且对此期待已久。
      • long overdue
        • 形容早该实现完成得东西
  • 时间段
    • around the clock
      • without stopping. 昼夜不停、连续一整天、毫不疲倦地、不松劲地
      • People who do very important jobs sometimes have to work around the clock
    • from time to time
      • now and then or here and there 不时地;间或;偶尔
      • Keep your head up, and look around you from time to time.
    • stretch
      • NOUN 一段时间
        • A stretch of time is a period of time. He was fluent in French, having spent stretches of time in Southern France. 他曾在法国南部呆过一段时间，法语流利。
      • VERB (从一个时间)持续(至另一个时间)
        • If something stretches from one time to another, it begins at the first time and ends at the second, which is longer than expected. ...a working day that stretches from seven in the morning to eight at night. 从早上 7 点持续到晚上 8 点的工作日
    • moment-to-moment
      • 即时即地;即时反馈
      • moment-to-moment joy
    • prime
      • the time in your life when you are strongest and most active 盛年，壮年时期 in your prime She’s now 40 and still in her prime. 目前她年已四十，依然风华正茂。
    • drawn-out
      • taking more time than usual or more time than you would like 拖长了的，冗长的 The government wants to avoid a long drawn-out war against the rebel forces. 政府想避免与叛军打持久战。
  • trace
    • ~ sth (back) (to sth)
      • to find the origin or cause of sth
        • 追溯；追究 to find the origin or cause of sth She could trace her family tree back to the 16th century. 她能把本族家谱追溯到16世纪。
  • yet
    • （表示将来可能发生，尽管现在似乎没有可能）早晚，总有一天 used to say that sth could, might, etc. happen in the future, even though it seems unlikely We may win yet. 我们迟早会赢的。 (formal) She could yet surprise us all. 总有一天，她会让我们都大吃一惊。
  • No longer.
    • 可直接单用作为整个句子：不复存在。
  • 时间描述
    • longstanding
      • having continued or existed for a long time 长久持续的；长期存在的 a long-standing member of the committee 委员会里的资深委员
    • precedent-setting
      • 开创先例的
    • fleeting
      • lasting for only a short time 短暂的，飞逝的 SYN brief a fleeting smile 一闪即逝的微笑 For one fleeting moment, Paula allowed herself to forget her troubles. 就在这一片刻，葆拉让自己暂时忘却了烦恼。
  • 时间变动
    • extension
      • EXTRA TIME 额外时间 [countable usually singular] an additional period of time allowed for something 展期，延期 Donald’s been given an extension to finish his thesis. 唐纳德获准延期完成他的论文。 The pub’s got an extension tonight (=it will stay open longer than usual). 酒馆今晚延时关门。
  • perpetuate
    • to make a situation, attitude etc, especially a bad one, continue to exist for a long time 使持续，使长久〔尤指不好的事物〕 an education system that perpetuates the divisions in our society
• 生育
  • mom-to-be
    • 准妈妈 即怀孕并即将成为母亲的女性
  • paternity
    • [U] 父亲的身份（或地位） the fact of being the father of a child He refused to admit paternity of the child. 他拒不承认是那孩子的父亲。
  • procreation
    • 生殖;繁殖;生育;繁衍后代;生育或生产
  • parenthood
    • the state of being a parent 父母的身份 → motherhood Story-reading should be one of the great joys of parenthood. 读故事是做父母的最大快乐之一。
• 思维意识
  • 想象猜想
    • occur to sb
      • (of an idea or a thought 观念或想法) 被想到；出现在头脑中 to come into your mind it never occured to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.
    • dream up
      • 凭空想出;凭空想象出;虚构出
    • envision
      • 1展望；想象 to imagine what a situation will be like in the future, especially a situation you intend to work towards They envision an equal society, free of poverty and disease. 他们向往一个没有贫穷和疾病的平等社会。 2= envisage They didn't envision any problems with the new building. 他们没想到这栋新楼会有什么问题。
    • suspect
      • VERB 猜想;觉得 You use suspect when you are stating something that you believe is probably true, in order to make it sound less strong or direct. I suspect they were right... 我感觉他们是对的。
    • imagine
      • to have a false or wrong idea about something 胡思乱想；误以为 Perhaps she’d never really been there at all – perhaps she’d just imagined it. 可能她从未到过那儿——也许这都是她的幻想。
      • scolds her for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her
    • envisage
      • to think that something is likely to happen in the future 展望；设想 The scheme cost a lot more than we had originally envisaged. 该计划的花费大大超出了我们最初所预想的数额。 envisage doing something I don’t envisage working with him again.
  • 意志
    • gather up
      • take and lift upward
        • 集中（精力、思想等）;鼓起（勇气）;振作（精神）
    • in one's will
      • 遗嘱遗愿
    • collective acceptance
      • 共识
  • 逻辑理解
    • if you catch on to something, u understand it, or realize that it is happening
      • 明白;懂得;认识到
    • analogy
      • 类比；比拟；比喻
      • 类推；比拟
        • the process of comparing one thing with another thing that has similar features in order to explain it learning by analogy 用类推法学习 以及IQtest里的类推题
    • quickness of apprehension or wit
      • 理解力或智慧的敏锐
    • train of thought
      • 思绪;思路;解题思路;思想列车;一系列的想法 英英释义 noun： the connections that link the various parts of an event or argument together
    • follow
      • VERB 理解，跟得上(解释或故事情节) If you are able to follow something such as an explanation or the story of a film, you understand it as it continues and develops. Can you follow the plot so far?... 目前为止剧情你能看得懂吗？
    • think for themselves
      • 独立思考
      • Independent thinking
  • 思虑
    • preoccupation
      • 1[U, C] ~ (with sth) 盘算；思虑；长久思考的事情 a state of thinking about sth continuously; sth that you think about frequently or for a long time 同义词： obsession She found his preoccupation with money irritating. 她对他一心只想着钱感到很厌烦。 2[U] 心事重重；忧心忡忡；全神贯注 a mood created by thinking or worrying about sth and ignoring everything else She spoke slowly, in a state of preoccupation. 她说话慢吞吞的，显得心事重重。
• 逻辑辩论
  • modification or refutation
    • 修改甚至推翻
  • contested
    • 受质疑的
    • contested provision
  • controversial
    • 有争议的
  • row
    • [countable] a situation in which people disagree strongly about important public matters 〔对重要公众事件的〕争议，争论 SYN controversy row about/over a new row over government secrecy 关于政府机密的一个新争议
  • presuppose
    • 1  to depend on something that is believed to exist or to be true 以…为前提，预先假定 SYN assume The idea of heaven presupposes the existence of God. 天堂的说法首先认定了上帝的存在。 presuppose that Your argument presupposes that Dickens was a social reformer. 你这个论点的前提是: 狄更斯是一位社会改革者。 2  to have to happen if something is true 以…为先决条件 Without struggle there can be no progress, and struggle presupposes winners and losers. 没有斗争就没有进步，而有斗争就必有胜负。
  • indefensible
    • too bad to be excused or defended 不可原谅的；无法辩解的 The law is morally indefensible and in need of reform. 这项法令在道德上说不过去，需要改进。
  • lame
    • a lame excuse or explanation is weak and difficult to believe 〔解释或借口〕无说服力的，站不住脚的 lame excuse/explanation She gave some lame excuse about missing the bus. 她找了个拙劣的借口，说是没有赶上公共汽车。 a lame attempt to deflect criticism 转移批评的一个无力的尝试
  • sentiment
    • [countable, uncountable] formal an opinion or feeling you have about something 意见，观点，感想 Similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians.q popular/public sentiment (=what most people think) He was more in touch with public sentiment than many of his critics. 比起许多批评他的人，他更了解公众的意见。
• 喜好
  • take delight in
    • （以…）为乐;喜欢;爱好
    • They clearly take a perverted delight in watching others suffer
  • distaste
    • n. 不喜欢;反感;厌恶 vi. 厌恶;不喜欢不喜欢 a feeling that sb/sth is unpleasant or offensive He looked around the filthy room in distaste. 他厌恶地环顾着这肮脏的房间。
  • fondness
    • 1 a quality proceeding from feelings of affection or love Synonym: affectionatenesslovingnesswarmth 2 a predisposition to like something he had a fondness for whiskey Synonym: fancypartiality 3 a positive feeling of liking he had trouble expressing the affection he felt the child won everyone's heart the warmness of his welcome made us feel right at home 是爱还是喜欢，love or fondness
  • pursuit
    • [C, usually pl.] 事业；消遣；爱好 something that you give your time and energy to, that you do as a hobby 同义词： hobby, pastime outdoor/leisure/artistic pursuits 户外活动；休闲活动；艺术爱好
  • earnestness
    • n. 认真；诚挚；正经；一本正经的文风 热切
• 普适行为
  • 追求
    • in quest of
      • 追求;寻求;探寻;寻求,探求;为了寻求
    • in hot pursuit of
      • 对某物穷追不舍
  • 支持
    • side with
      • 支持;与（某人）站在同一边，和（某人）抱同样的见解;向
      • I'll side with whoever's right.
    • endorse
      • ated topics: Advertising & marketing endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs $ -ɔːrs/ ●○○ verb [transitive] 1  to express formal support or approval for someone or something (正式)赞同，认可，支持 endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc The prime minister is unlikely to endorse this view. 首相不可能赞同这一观点。 ► see thesaurus at support 2. if a famous person endorses a product or service, they say in an advertisement that they use and like it 〔名人在广告中〕宣传〔某一产品或服务〕► see thesaurus at recommend 3. to sign your name on the back of a cheque to show that it is correct 〔在支票背面〕签名，背书 4  British English if your driving licence is endorsed for a driving offence, an official record is made on it to show that you are guilty of the offence 在〔驾驶执照〕上记录违章事项
  • 反对拒绝否认
    • object to sb./sth.
      • Yon dont object to my calling you by your first name, dont you?
    • disclaim
      • VERB 否认;拒绝承认 If you disclaim knowledge of something or disclaim responsibility for something, you say that you did not know about it or are not responsible for it. She disclaims any knowledge of her husband's business. 她否认对她丈夫的事知情。
  • 开始起源
    • set in
      • (不好的事情)产生，开始，到来，恶化 If something unpleasant sets in, it begins and seems likely to continue or develop. Then disappointment sets in as they see the magic is no longer there... 当他们发现魔力已失的时候，失望的情绪开始蔓延。
    • lead sth↔off
      • 开始（某事） to start sth Who would like to lead off the debate? 谁愿带头发言开始辩论？
    • lead off (from) sth
      • 起始于（某地） to start at a place and go away from it
  • 挑战
    • pose a challenge
      • 提出挑战。
    • If you take someone on, you fight them or compete against them, especially when they are bigger or more powerful than you are.
      • take sb on与(尤指实力比自己强的人)较量;接受…的挑战
  • 帮助
    • help
      • help sb↔out
        • 帮助某人摆脱（困境） to help sb, especially in a difficult situation
      • help sb with sth
        • with 表：关于。。。，在。。。方面 sth必须是“有待参与操作或帮忙改进的具体方面”，不能是某达成的结果
      • help sb toward sth
        • toward后面接帮助达成的目的 传达“产生、达成某种结果”的意思
    • Most jumpers have their chutes packed for them
      • 这里是主语的sth被人done
  • 满足
    • cater
      • cater for sb/sth
        • 满足需要；适合 to provide the things that a particular person or situation needs or wants The class caters for all ability ranges. 这个班对各种不同水平的人都适合。
      • cater to sb/sth
        • 满足需要；迎合 to provide the things that a particular type or person wants, especially things that you do not approve of They only publish novels which cater to the mass-market. 他们只出版迎合大众市场的小说。
    • look out for
      • 留心；注意；留意
      • 考虑…的利益；关照
        • If you look out for someone, you make sure that they have all the advantages that they can. I'm just trying to look out for you... 我只是想要为你着想。
  • 造成导致
    • lead up to sth
      • 是…的先导；是导致…的原因 to be an introduction to or the cause of sth the weeks leading up to the exam 临近考试的几个星期
    • Commonly a morning of instruction and practice can result in a person's first jump the same afternoon
    • bring about
      • PHRASAL VERB 导致；引起 To bring something about means to cause it to happen. The only way they can bring about political change is by putting pressure on the country. 要使该国进行政治变革，唯一的办法就是向其施压。
  • 攻击相关
    • (in boxing 拳击运动) （用…手）率先出击，开始进攻
      • to use a particular hand to begin an attack
    • pepper sb/sth with sth
      • [usually passive] （以小物体）频繁击打；（尤指）向…不断射击 to hit sb/sth with a series of small objects, especially bullets
    • buffer
      • vt. 缓存;减少(伤害);保护;使不受…的侵害;缓冲;存储
      • buffer us from stress
    • disruption
      • N-VAR 中断;扰乱;混乱 When there is disruption of an event, system, or process, it is prevented from continuing or operating in a normal way. The strike is expected to cause delays and disruption to flights from Britain... 预计罢工将导致英国航班的延误和中断。
    • earn
      • 招惹
  • 引领
    • lead on
      • 引到，率领。。。继续前进？
    • lead from the front
      • 带头；带动；引导 to take an active part in what you are telling or persuading others to do
    • lead sb by the nose
      • 牵着某人的鼻子走；完全操纵（或控制）某人 to make sb do everything you want; to control sb completely
    • lead sb on
      • (informal) 使误信，误导某人（尤指谎称自己喜爱对方或认为对方有魅力） to make sb believe sth which is not true, especially that you love them or find them attractive
    • lead sb up/down the garden path
      • 给某人误导的信息（或提示）；误导某人 to make sb believe sth which is not true
    • lead out
      • 领舞伴起舞 话引出;导出;导出区;出发;离场
    • campaign
      • 参加运动，领导运动（如为实现政治变革或赢得竞选胜利） to take part in or lead a campaign, for example to achieve political change or in order to win an election [V] We have campaigned against whaling for the last 15 years. 我们最近15年一直参加反对捕鲸的运动。
    • 引向（某个话题）
      • lead up to
  • 跟进
    • keep abreast of
      • 跟上;（使）保持与…并列；了解…的最新情况，跟上某事物的发展 use agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in database
    • keep track of
      • 跟上…的进展;掌握…的最新消息
  • 停止
    • lay off
      • 住手；闭嘴
        • If you tell someone to lay off, you mean that they should stop touching or criticizing you or someone else. He went on attacking her until other passengers arrived and told him to lay off
  • 影响
    • weigh with
      • 对。。。有影响
  • 消减删除
    • do away with
      • 消除;终止;废除
        • To do away with something means to remove it completely or put an end to it. The long-range goal must be to do away with nuclear weapons altogether
      • 杀死;干掉;自杀
        • If one person does away with another, the first murders the second. If you do away with yourself, you kill yourself a woman whose husband had made several attempts to do away with her.
    • If you cross out words on a page, you draw a line through them, because they are wrong or because you want to change them.
      • 划掉;删除，删去（字句）
    • wear off
      • 逐渐消失;（感觉等）消逝
      • if a sensation or feeling wears off, it disappears slowly until it no longer exists or has any effect.
    • swamp
      • 淹；淹没 to fill or cover sth with a lot of water
    • drop
      • VERB 停止;终止;放弃 If you drop an idea, course of action, or habit, you do not continue with it. He was told to drop the idea... 他被告知要打消那个主意。
  • 妨碍阻止
    • get in the way
      • He wouldn't allow emotions to get in the way of him doing his job. 他不会让情绪妨碍自己的工作。
    • rule out
      • 阻止，防止发生
      • 阻止…发生;使…成为不可能
  • 排除排外
    • rule out
      • 阻止，防止发生
      • 排除;不予考虑
    • shut out
      • 1 PHRASAL VERB 把…关在门外;使…不能进入 If you shut something or someone out, you prevent them from getting into a place, for example by closing the doors. 'I shut him out of the bedroom,' says Maureen... “我把他关在了卧室外面，”莫琳说。 2 PHRASAL VERB 摒弃，阻断(念头、情感等) If you shut out a thought or a feeling, you prevent yourself from thinking or feeling it. I shut out the memory which was too painful to dwell on... 我不再去回忆那些痛苦不堪的往事了。 3 PHRASAL VERB 把…排除在外 If you shut someone out of something, you prevent them from having anything to do with it. She is very reclusive, to the point of shutting me out of her life... 她遁世索居，以至将我排除在她生活之外。
    • knock out of sth
      • 把…敲出；从……中敲出来
      • konck out much of Arizona's immigration law
  • 暴露揭露显露
    • come to light
      • be revealed or disclosed显露;揭露;为人所知 The truth finally came to light
      • Some new evidence has come to light. I can't go into detail.
    • If something takes on a new appearance or quality, it develops that appearance or quality.
      • 呈现，显出(新面貌或新特点)
    • come across as
      • 给人的印象是，显得，表现出
    • wear
      • wear意同exhibit, show，让人们的视觉得到满足
      • wear their learning lightly
        • 以轻松活泼的方式展现的自己的学识 “wear one's learning lightly”的意思大概是这样：一个人很博学，但，1）它并不把自己的那些知识特别当回事儿，不拿这事儿贬损他人；2）而那些知识尽管复杂，他用起来却驾轻就熟。要是一定翻译过来的话，就是“一个博学却又低调的人”。
  • 掩盖
    • obscure
      • VERB 遮掩；遮蔽；使模糊不清 If one thing obscures another, it prevents it from being seen or heard properly. Trees obscured his vision; he couldn't see much of the Square's southern half... 树木遮挡了他的视线，南半广场的一大部分他都无法看清。
  • 取消
    • If you call off an event that has been planned, you cancel it.
      • postpone indefinitely or annul something that was scheduled
  • 命名
    • name after
      • named my son after her name for 用(别人,别物的名字)命名
  • 证实
    • It's hard to pin down why they provole such violent emotion
    • substantiate
      • VERB 证实;证明 To substantiate a statement or a story means to supply evidence which proves that it is true. There is little scientific evidence to substantiate the claims. 这些主张几乎找不到科学依据来证实。
  • 打算企图
    • be to do
      • 打算做
      • the government is to ban payments...
    • be seeking up to do
      • 企图
      • newspapers seeking up to buy up people
        • N-COUNT 报馆;报社 A newspaper is an organization that produces a newspaper.
  • 处理应付问题
    • field
      • 处理，应付（问题或意见） to receive and deal with questions or comments The BBC had to field more than 300 phone calls after last night's programme. 英国广播公司在昨夜的节目播出以后，不得不答复了300多次电话
    • weather
      • 经受住，平安地渡过（困难） to come safely through a difficult period or experience The company just managed to weather the recession. 这家公司勉强渡过了衰退期。
    • absorb
      • 经受，承受（变革、影响等）；承担（费用等） If a system or society absorbs changes, effects, or costs, it is able to deal with them. The banks would be forced to absorb large losses... 银行将被迫承受巨大的损失。
    • sort out
      • 解决(问题);理清(细节) If you sort out a problem or the details of something, you do what is necessary to solve the problem or organize the details. India and Nepal have sorted out their trade and security dispute... 印度和尼泊尔已经解决了贸易与安全方面的争端。
    • keep one's end up
      • 精神饱满地对付;
    • work one's way through
      • 排除克服困难朝特定方向前进
    • navigate
      • [intransitive, transitive] to understand or deal with something complicated 理解，应付〔困难复杂的情况〕 A solicitor will help you navigate the complex legal system. 会有一位律师来帮助你应对错综复杂的司法制度
  • 费解
    • elude
      • 使达不到；使不记得；使不理解 if sth eludes you, you are not able to achieve it, or not able to remember or understand it He was extremely tired but sleep eluded him. 他累极了，却睡不着。 Questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
    • obscure
      • VERB 使晦涩；使费解；使难懂 To obscure something means to make it difficult to understand. ...the jargon that frequently obscures educational writing... 经常让普教著作变得艰深晦涩的术语
  • 占据
    • populate
      • 在…中占有位置；占据 The people or characters who populate an area of public life or a piece of entertainment are the people or characters in it. ...the diligent and discreet technocrats who populate the upper reaches of French power. 占据法国政权上层的勤勉、审慎的技术专家型官员
  • 改变变化转变
    • transform
      • 转换;改变;改造
        • To transform something into something else means to change or convert it into that thing. Your metabolic rate is the speed at which your body transforms food into energy... 新陈代谢率是身体把食物转换为能量的速度。 transformation： Norah made plans for the transformation of an attic room into a study... 诺拉计划把一个阁楼间改建成书房。 Chemical transformations occur. 发生了化学转换。
      • 改善;使改观;使改头换面
        • To transform something or someone means to change them completely and suddenly so that they are much better or more attractive. The Minister said the Urban Development Corporation was now transforming the area... 部长声称城市开发公司如今正使该地区改头换面。 transformation： In the last five years he's undergone a personal transformation. 过去 5 年里他整个人发生了全新的转变。 …one of the most astonishing economic transformations seen since the second world war. 二战以来最惊人的经济改革之一
    • ever-changing
      • 不断变化
    • about-face
      • N-COUNT （态度或观点的）彻底改变，大转变 An about-face is a complete change of attitude or opinion. Few observers believe the president will do an about-face and start spending more. 没有几个观察家认为总统会彻底改变态度而增加开支。
  • 纠正改正
    • put right
      • settle or put right we need to iron out our disagreements
  • 弥补
    • be made up with
      • 弥补，补偿
  • 检查
    • peer into
    • scrutiny
      • careful and thorough examination of someone or something 仔细的审视；彻底的检查 careful/close scrutiny Careful scrutiny of the company’s accounts revealed a whole series of errors.
  • 表态
    • make point
      • 表明观点
  • 失去
    • astray
      • 遗失；丢失 If something goes astray, it gets lost while it is being taken or sent somewhere. Many items of mail being sent to her have gone astray. 许多寄给她的邮件都不知所终。
  • 蒙羞
    • overshadow
      • 1 使显得逊色；使黯然失色 to make sb/sth seem less important, or successful He had always been overshadowed by his elder sister. 他与他姐姐相比总是相形见绌。 2 使扫兴；使蒙上阴影 to make an event less enjoyable than it should be 同义词： cloud News of the accident overshadowed the day's events. 出事的消息给这一天的活动蒙上了阴影。 3 掩盖；遮蔽 to throw a shadow over sth The garden is overshadowed by tall trees. 花园中大树浓荫密布。
  • 装逼
    • vaunt
      • v. 吹嘘;自负 n. 自吹自擂;大话;吹牛
  • 提高
    • sharpen
  • 归因
    • put down to
      • PHRASAL VERB 归咎于…；归因于… If you put something down to a particular thing, you believe that it is caused by that thing. You may be a sceptic and put it down to life's inequalities. 你或许是个怀疑论者，会把它归因于生活的不公正。
  • 给予
    • render
      • 提供;使成为;使变得;使处于某状态;给予;回报;递交;呈献;提交
      • 将事物想法加工后再体现出来
  • 刺激鼓舞促进
    • spur
      • VERB 促进;加速;推动 If something spurs a change or event, it makes it happen faster or sooner. The administration may put more emphasis on spurring economic growth... 政府可能会更加重视推动经济增长。
  • 妥协
    • compromise
      • com是过来一起 promise是作出承诺 双方一起作出承诺，相互照顾彼此立场——妥协，折中;互让;和解;
  • 催促迫使
    • railroad
      • ~ sb (into sth/into doing sth) 迫使…仓促行事；强迫…做 to force sb to do sth before they have had enough time to decide whether or not they want to do it
  • 充实
    • flesh out
      • 1become round, plump, or shapely The young woman is fleshing out Synonym: roundfill out 2 add details, as to an account or idea She elaborated on the main ideas in her dissertation Synonym: elaboratelucubrateexpatiateexpositenlargeexpandexpounddilate 3 make fat or plump We will plump out that poor starving child
  • 误认为
    • dismiss as
      • 误认为…
  • 费力做某事
    • bother
      • VERB 操心；费力；麻烦 If you do not bother to do something or if you do not bother with it, you do not do it, consider it, or use it because you think it is unnecessary or because you are too lazy. Lots of people don't bother to go through a marriage ceremony these days... 如今很多人不再费心思举行婚礼。
  • 维系，继续
    • perpetuate
      • VERB 使（尤指不好的情况、制度、信仰等）继续，延长 If someone or something perpetuates a situation, system, or belief, especially a bad one, they cause it to continue. We must not perpetuate the religious divisions of the past... 我们绝对不能让过去的宗教分裂继续下去。
    • press on
      • press on 1 PHRASAL VERB 坚定地继续 If you press on or press ahead, you continue with a task or activity in a determined way, and do not allow any problems or difficulties to delay you. Organizers of the strike are determined to press on... 罢工的组织者决心将罢工进行到底。 2 PHRASAL VERB 继续前进 If you press on, you continue with a journey, even though it is becoming more difficult or more dangerous. I considered turning back, but it was getting late, so I pressed on. 我想往回走，但天色已晚，只好继续前行。
      • some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway
  • 归并聚合集中聚拢
    • lump together
      • PHRASAL VERB 把…归并在一起；把…混到一块儿 If a number of different people or things are lumped together, they are considered as a group rather than separately. Policemen, bankers and butchers are all lumped together in the service sector... 警察、银行家和卖肉的全被一股脑儿地并在了服务行业里。
    • pool
      • VERB 共用，聚拢（资金、知识、设备等） If a group of people or organizations pool their money, knowledge, or equipment, they share it or put it together so that it can be used for a particular purpose. We pooled ideas and information... 我们集思广益，共享信息。
  • 嘲笑
    • deride
      • [VN] [often passive] ~ sb/sth (as sth) (formal) 嘲笑；愚弄；揶揄 to treat sb/sth as ridiculous and not worth considering seriously 同义词： mock His views were derided as old-fashioned. 他的观点被当作旧思想受到嘲弄。
  • 能做，有时间做
    • afford
      • [no passive] (usually used with can , could or be able to , especially in negative sentences or questions 通常与can、could或be able to连用，尤用于否定句或疑问句) 买得起；（有时间）做，能做 to have enough money or time to be able to buy or to do sth [VN] Can we afford a new car? 我们买得起一辆新车吗？
  • 看待
    • take an approach to
      • 以某种方式处理/看待
  • 被看到听到
    • reach
      • [VN] 被…看到（或听到） to be seen or heard by sb Through television and radio we are able to reach a wider audience. 通过电视和收音机，我们能够为更加广泛的观众和听众所熟悉。
  • 惊讶赞叹
    • marvel
      • VERB 惊讶不已;不胜惊羡;大为赞叹 If you marvel at something, you express your great surprise, wonder, or admiration. Her fellow members marveled at her seemingly infinite energy... 她的同事们对她似乎无穷的精力大为惊叹。
  • 不禁想做，被诱惑去做
    • be tempted to do
  • 分配
    • allocation
      • 1 N-COUNT 分配物；分配额；（尤指）划拨款项 An allocation is an amount of something, especially money, that is given to a particular person or used for a particular purpose. The aid allocation for Pakistan was still under review... 拨给巴基斯坦的援助物资仍在审核当中。 2 N-UNCOUNT 分配；分派 The allocation of something is the decision that it should be given to a particular person or used for a particular purpose. His sons quarrelled bitterly over the allocation of family resources... 他的儿子们为家产如何分配而吵得很凶。
      • asset allocation
        • 资产配置
  • 缩小
    • scale back
      • PHRASAL VERB 同 scale down To scale back means the same as to scale down . Despite current price advantage, UK manufacturers are still having to scale back production. 尽管目前在价格上占据优势，英国生产商还是不得不减少产量。 按比例缩减，相应缩减
  • 遵从服从符合
    • comply with
  • 限制约束控制
    • curb
      • verb [VN] 控制，抑制，限定，约束（不好的事物） to control or limit sth, especially sth bad 同义词： check He needs to learn to curb his temper. 他得学着控制自己的脾气。
    • check
      • STOP STH 停止某事 [transitive] to stop something bad from getting worse or continuing to happen 阻碍，制止；抑制 The police are failing to take adequate measures to check the growth in crime. 警方未能采取适当的措施来阻止犯罪率上升。 NOT DO STH 不做某事 [transitive] to suddenly stop yourself from saying or doing something because you realize it would be better not to 克制〔自己〕；制止[阻止]〔自己〕做〔某事〕 I had to check the urge to laugh out loud. 我只得憋住不让自己大声笑出来。 check yourself He grinned, and then checked himself, not wanting to upset Jack. 他咧嘴一笑，然后克制住自己，因为他不想让杰克不开心。
  • 激增爆发
    • explosion
  • 明确表明，清楚界定（立场、要求等）
    • stake out
      • PHRASAL VERB 明确表明，清楚界定(立场、要求等) If you stake out a position that you are stating or a claim that you are making, you are defending the boundaries or limits of the position or claim. Those who want to take child abuse seriously today must stake out a humane child protection practice... 当前想要认真对待虐待儿童问题的人们必须明确保护儿童的人道主义行为的具体做法。
  • 接受
    • embrace
      • [VN] (formal) 欣然接受，乐意采纳（思想、建议等）；信奉（宗教、信仰等） to accept an idea, a proposal, a set of beliefs, etc., especially when it is done with enthusiasm to embrace democracy/feminism/Islam 信奉民主 / 男女平等主义 / 伊斯兰教
  • 传播
    • propagate
  • 针对，抨击
    • take aim at
  • 抱怨
    • moan
  • 陷入危险
    • is being compromised
      • VERB 使（自己）声誉受损;违背(信念) If someone compromises themselves or compromises their beliefs, they do something which damages their reputation for honesty, loyalty, or high moral principles. ...members of the government who have compromised themselves by co-operating with the emergency committee... 因与紧急委员会合作而使自己名誉受损的政府成员
  • 招致
    • spell
      • 招致，意味着（通常指坏事）
        • to have sth, usually sth bad, as a result; to mean sth, usually sth bad The crop failure spelt disaster for many farmers. 对许多农民来说，庄稼歉收就意味着灾难。
      • (NAmE, informal) （短时间）替换，顶替
        • to replace for a short time sb who is doing a particular activity so that they can rest Carter will be here in an hour to spell you. 卡特一小时后过来替换你。
    • invite
  • 大量存在
    • abound
      • 1 to exist in very large numbers 大量存在 Rumours abound as to the reasons for his resignation. 有关他辞职的原因有各种各样的谣传。 Examples of this abound in her book. 这样的例子在她书中比比皆是。
  • 打破颠覆
    • invert
      • fundamentally inverted
        • 被彻底颠覆
    • upset
      • 1CHANGE STH 改变某事 to change a plan or situation in a way that causes problems 打乱，搅乱〔计划、形势等〕 The chemicals upset the balance of the environment. 这些化学品破坏了环境的平衡。 3upset the apple cart informal to completely spoil someone’s plans 彻底破坏某人的计划
      • Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between..
  • 利用
    • leverage
      • to spread or use resources (=money, skills, buildings etc that an organization has available), ideas etc again in several different ways or in different parts of a company, system etc 充分利用〔资源、观点等〕 leverage something across something Reusable software is leveraged across many applications. 可重复使用的软件得到广泛应用。
  • 养育
    • [transitive] to look after a person or animal until they are fully grown 养育，抚养〔孩子〕；饲养〔动物〕 SYN raise It’s a good place to rear young children. 这地方非常适合抚养小孩子成长。
    • child rearing
  • 赞美赞扬颂扬
    • celebrate
      • [transitive] formal to praise someone or something poems that celebrate the joys of love 赞美爱之喜悦的诗歌
      • in a society that so persistently celebrates procreation
    • credit
      • PRAISE 赞扬 [uncountable] approval or praise that you give to someone for something they have done 赞扬；赞许 credit for Credit for this win goes to everybody in the team. 这次胜利是队里每个人的功劳。
      • once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit.
        • 学术上的赞誉
  • 激起引起
    • provoke
    • set off
      • PHRASAL VERB 引发;触发;激起 If something sets off an event or a series of events, it causes it to start happening. The arrival of the charity van set off a minor riot as villagers scrambled for a share of the aid... 救济物资车的到来引发了小小的骚乱,村民们争先恐后地想抢到一份援助物资。
      • set off the row
        • 挑战争论争端
  • 大开，敞开
    • gape
      • (also gape open) to open widely or be wide open 大开；洞开；敞开 Dan stood at the door, his shirt gaping open. 丹敞着衬衫站在门口。
      • gaping baby-sized hole
  • 承诺保证&食言违背
    • renege
      • renege on an agreement/deal/promise etc to not do something you have promised or agreed to do 违背协议/协定/诺言等 SYN go back on They reneged on a pledge to release the hostages. 他们违背承诺，没有释放人质。
    • dishonor
      • to refuse to keep an agreement or promise 违反，违背〔协议或承诺〕 OPP honour Union leaders accused management of dishonouring existing pay agreements.
    • pledge
      • PROMISE 保证,诺言 formal a serious promise or agreement, especially one made publicly or officially 〔尤指公开或正式作出的〕誓言，誓约；保证 pledge of a pledge of support for the plan 支持该计划的誓约 pledge to do something the government’s pledge to make no deals with terrorists 政府不向恐怖分子妥协的保证 make/take/give a pledge Parents make a pledge to take their children to rehearsals. 家长作了保证答应带孩子去参加排练。 keep/fulfil/honour a pledge Eisenhower fulfilled his election pledge to end the war in Korea. 艾森豪威尔结束了战争，履行了他的竞选承诺。
  • 遵从遵守
    • abide by something phrasal verb to accept and obey a decision, rule, agreement etc, even though you may not agree with it 遵从〔决定〕；遵守〔法规〕；信守〔协议等〕 You have to abide by the referee’s decision.
  • 同意
    • go along
      • 同意
  • 力争，争取
    • enlist
    • aim to be
  • 滥用
    • abuse
    • strain
    • wide misuse
  • 制定
    • lay down
      • 规定；制定；颁布
        • If rules or people in authority lay down what people should do or must do, they officially state what they should or must do.
    • fashion
      • 1  to shape or make something, using your hands or only a few tools 〔用手或几件工具〕使成形，制作 fashion something from something He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood. 他用几块旧木板做了一个箱子。 fashion something into something Jamie could take a piece of wood and fashion it into a wonderful work of art. 2  to influence and form someone’s ideas and opinions 塑造 We are all unique human beings, fashioned by life experiences. =establish
  • 过分出格越轨
    • overstep
      • 1  overstep the limits/bounds/boundaries to do something that is not acceptable or allowed 〔行为〕越轨/过分/出格 He has overstepped the bounds of acceptable behaviour. 他的行为超出了可接受的限度。 2  overstep the mark to offend someone by doing or saying things that you should not do or say 言行过分 She overstepped the mark and lost her job. 她的言行太过分，结果丢了工作。
  • 侵犯打扰干涉
    • intrude
  • 保留扣留
    • withhold
  • 主张声明
    • assertion
      • something that you say or write that you strongly believe assertion that the assertion that house prices are falling assertion of her assertion of independence
  • 愉悦蹦跳
    • skip down
  • 遍布分布
    • infest
      • 1  if insects, rats etc infest a place, there are a lot of them and they usually cause damage 〔昆虫、老鼠等〕成群侵扰，大批出没于 be infested with something The kitchen was infested with cockroaches. shark-infested/rat-infested etc shark-infested waters 2  if a place is infested with things or people you do not want, there are too many of them there 〔不想要的人或物〕遍布于 be infested with something an area infested with holiday homes到处都是度假屋的地区
  • 结束完成
    • conclude
      • 2  [transitive] formal to complete something you have been doing, especially for a long time 完成，结束〔尤指做了很长时间的事〕 When the investigation is concluded, the results will be sent to the US Attorney’s office. 等到调查结束后，结果会被送到联邦检察官办公室。 Francis, having concluded his business with James, left for Miami. 弗朗西斯完成了和詹姆斯的买卖后就去了迈阿密。 ► see thesaurus at finish 3  [intransitive, transitive] to end something such as a meeting, book, event, or speech by doing or saying one final thing 结束，终止 〔会议、书、事情或演说〕 conclude with Each chapter concludes with a short summary. 每一章节都以一个简短的总结作为结束。
  • 依赖依靠指望
    • bank on
      • somebody/something phrasal verb to depend on something happening or someone doing something 依靠，指望 SYN count on bank on (somebody) doing something I was banking on being able to get some coffee on the train. 我指望在火车上能弄点咖啡喝喝。
  • 丢弃放弃
    • ditch
      • [transitive] informal to stop having something because you no longer want it 扔掉，抛弃，丢弃 The government has ditched plans to privatise the prison. 政府放弃了监狱私有化的计划。
  • 相形见绌
    • dwarf
      • to be so big that other things are made to seem very small 〔因自身巨大而〕使显得矮小，使相形见绌 The cathedral is dwarfed by the surrounding skyscrapers. 周围的摩天大楼使得大教堂显得很矮小。 矮化
• 比赛竞争
  • fair play
    • [U] 按规则比赛；公平办事；公平竞争 the fact of playing a game or acting honestly, fairly and according to the rules a player admired for his sense of fair play 因公正比赛而受人尊敬的球员
    • fair play to sb
      • (BrE, informal) （表示赞许）做得对，公道，公平合理 used to express approval when sb has done sth that you think is right or reasonable
• 像
  • akin to
    • 近似于;类似的;近似;类似;类似于
  • If you take after a member of your family, you resemble them in your appearance, your behaviour, or your character.
    • Ted's always been difficult, Mr Kemp — he takes after his dad
• 生存
  • earn one's keep
    • 谋生。
  • lodging & shelter & dwelling & house
    • lodging强调寄宿借宿或出租的房屋 shelter，可指a structure built to give protection, especially from the weather or from attack如战争中的避难所；也可指收容所，庇护所（a building, usually owned by a charity, that provides a place to stay for people without a home, or protection for people or animals who have been badly treated dwelling和house强调一般意义的住宅住所
  • bed down
    • PHRASAL VERB 睡在…；在…过夜 If you bed down somewhere, you sleep there for the night, instead of in a bed. On those nights when they could find no monastery or inn to take them in, they bedded down in the fields. 那几天晚上，他们找不到可以投宿的修道院和客栈，只好露宿野外。
  • doze off
    • (尤指在白天)打瞌睡，打盹儿
      • If you doze off, you fall into a light sleep, especially during the daytime. I closed my eyes for a minute and must have dozed off. 我闭了会儿眼，肯定是睡着了。
  • house（verb
    • vt. 给(某人)提供住处;是(某物)的贮藏处(或安置处);收藏;安置
    • both parks house recreational facilities
  • outlive
    • 比…活得长
      • to live longer than sb He outlived his wife by three years. 他比妻子多活了三年。
    • （在…结束或消失后）继续存在
      • to continue to exist after sth else has ended or disappeared The machine had outlived its usefulness (= was no longer useful) . 这机器已无用了。 they may outlive their retirement money 退休养老金都用完了还活着=退休金不足以养老
  • fallout
    • 后果；余波 the bad results of a situation or an action
• 言语
  • persuasive
    • ADJ-GRADED 有说服力的；令人信服的 Someone or something that is persuasive is likely to persuade a person to believe or do a particular thing. What do you think were some of the more persuasive arguments on the other side?... 你认为对方哪些观点更有说服力？
  • back-and-forthing
    • 闪烁其词
  • verbal
    • 文字的；言语的；词语的
    • 口头（而非书面）的
    • (grammar 语法) 动词的
      • a verbal noun 动名词 verb+al
  • meaningfully
    • ADV-GRADED 有用意地;有目的地;意味深长地 You use meaningfully to indicate that someone has deliberately chosen their words in order to express something in a way which is not obvious but which is understood by the person they are talking to. 'I have a knack for making friends, you know,' she added meaningfully... “你知道，我交朋友有一套的，”她故意补充说。
  • wordy
    • ADJ-GRADED 啰唆的；冗长的；堆砌词藻的 If you describe a person's speech or something that they write as wordy, you disapprove of the fact that they use too many words, especially words which are very long, formal, or literary. The chapter is mostly wordy rhetoric. 这一章多为冗长的华丽词藻。
  • observation
    • [C] ~ (about/on sth) （尤指据所见、所闻、所读而作的）评论 a comment, especially based on sth you have seen, heard or read 同义词： remark He began by making a few general observations about the report. 开头他先对这个报告作了几点概括性的评论。
  • assert
    • v. 明确肯定;断言;坚持自己的主张;表现坚定;维护自己的权利(或权威);生效
  • submit
    • [V that] (law 律 or formal) 表示；认为；主张；建议 to say or suggest sth Counsel for the defence submitted that the evidence was inadmissible. 被告律师认为这一证据不可采纳。
  • account
    • 描述；叙述；报告 a written or spoken description of sth that has happened She gave the police a full account of the incident. 她向警方详尽地叙述了所发生的事情。 note at report 7 （思想、理论、过程的）解释，说明，叙述 an explanation or a description of an idea, a theory or a process the Biblical account of the creation of the world 《圣经》对创世的解释
  • hooray
    • 1 also hurrah, hurray （表示快乐或赞同）好极了，好哇 used to show that you are happy or that you approve of sth 2 also hooroo (AustralE, NZE) 再见 goodbye
  • abuzz
    • ADJ 议论纷纷的;嘈杂的;闹哄哄的 If someone says that a place is abuzz with rumours or plans, they mean that everyone there is excited about them. Washington has been abuzz with stories about disarray inside the White House. 整个华盛顿都对白宫内发生的混乱议论纷纷。
  • signal
    • (用手势、声音等)发信号，发暗号，示意
    • 预示;表明;显示
  • chatter
    • verb(also chatter away/on) to talk quickly in a friendly way without stopping, especially about things that are not serious or important 唠叨，喋喋不休 She chattered away happily until she noticed I wasn’t listening. 她开心地说个不停，直到发觉我没在听才停下来。 noun informal talk, especially about things that are not serious or important 聊天，闲谈；唠叨 chatter of the excited chatter of the audience 观众兴奋的交谈
  • reaffirm
    • to formally state an opinion, belief, or intention again, especially when someone has questioned you or expressed a doubt 〔尤在某人提出质疑时〕重申，再次确定 SYN reiterate The party reaffirmed its commitment to nuclear disarmament. 该党重申其核裁军承诺。
  • has it that
    • 据说
    • An old saying has it that...
    • Rumor has it that
• 语句常用adv
  • in perspective
    • 正确地看待（或判断）
  • in effect
    • 其实;实际上
  • devoted to
    • 强调被修饰成分唯一、专属的功能 关于....的，专用于....的
  • open to
    • 为…打开门;对（某人）开放（某处）;使通车
  • in bringing up sth
    • 提出xx
  • in question
    • 被提及的;讨论中的;相关的 the group in question are a particular people originated from central Europe.
  • more than anything
    • 最重要的是;胜过一切;主要地
• 逻辑算术关系
  • So, take the length unit to be equal to the radius
    • 等于
  • as opposed to
    • 而不是 We ate in the restaurant, as opposed to the bistro. 我们是在餐厅吃的饭，而不是在小饭馆。
  • 包含关系
    • part and parcel
      • 必要部分；重要的部分
  • 因果
    • in that
  • 目的
    • about
      • what they are about
        • 他们为什么这样做 他们做这样的目的是什么
  • 否定
    • anything less than
      • 亚于;绝非
      • child rearing is anything less than a completely fulfilling, life-enriching experience.
        • 育儿绝非是一个完全有意义且丰富生活的经历。
• 话语态度
  • we are in full conviction that the current situation will be improve
    • 确信无疑
  • presumably
    • 很可能；大概；想必是 used to say that you think that sth is probably true Presumably this is where the accident happened. 这大概就是事故现场。 You'll be taking the car, presumably? 想必您是要买这辆汽车了？
  • threaten
    • 预示凶兆；有…危险；带有可能的风险意味 to seem likely to happen or cause sth unpleasant [V] A storm was threatening. 暴风雨即将来临。
  • civility
    • 1 [U] 彬彬有礼的行为；礼貌；客气 polite behaviour Staff members are trained to treat customers with civility at all times. 全体职员接受训练，以便在任何时候对顾客都以礼相待。 2 civilities [pl.] 客套；客气 remarks that are said only in order to be polite
  • provocative
    • provocative behaviour, remarks etc are intended to make people angry or upset, or to cause a lot of discussion 〔行为、话语等〕使人生气的，挑衅的，煽动的，引起争论的 provocative comment/remark/statement The minister’s provocative remarks were widely reported in the press. 部长的煽动性言论被媒体广为报道。
  • very much
    • 确实，完全
    • Broadcasting his ambition was "very much" my decision
      • 公布他的追求目标完全是自己的决定。
  • to the letter
    • （执行指示）毫厘不爽地，不折不扣地
• 事物联系
  • concern
    • [VN] [often passive]
      • 影响，涉及，牵涉（某人） to affect sb; to involve sb
    • [VN] also be concerned with sth
      • 与…有关；涉及 to be about sth
      • may help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
  • separate out
    • 使某物分开；划分 to divide into different parts; to divide sth into different parts to separate out different meanings 区分出不同的意思
  • attendant
    • 伴随的；随之而来的
      • closely connected with sth that has just been mentioned attendant problems/risks/circumstances 随之而来的问题 / 风险 / 情况
  • intricate
    • adj. 错综复杂的
  • delicate
    • ADJ-GRADED 微妙的;棘手的;需要小心处理的 You use delicate to describe a situation, problem, matter, or discussion that needs to be dealt with carefully and sensitively in order to avoid upsetting things or offending people. The European members are afraid of upsetting the delicate balance of political interests... 欧洲成员国害怕会打乱各政治利益集团间的微妙平衡。
  • draw from
    • 从中提取;根据（记忆、构想等）绘画，以…为依据、样板或原形塑造，复制…;从（某处）取出;从…搞到
  • independent of
    • 独立于;不依赖于;无关;不受支配;独立 The police force should be independent of direct government control. 警方应该不受政府的直接控制。
  • rest with
    • 取决于、归于属于
  • parallel
    • 极相似的；同时发生的；相应的；对应的 very similar or taking place at the same time a parallel case 同类型事例 parallel trends 并行发展的趋势
  • alike
    • adv. 同样地;十分相像地;很相似地;两者都
    • misunderstood by economists and politicians alike
      • 都误解了
  • episode
    • N-COUNT 插曲;事件;时期 You can refer to an event or a short period of time as an episode if you want to suggest that it is important or unusual, or has some particular quality. This episode is bound to be a deep embarrassment for Washington... 这一事件肯定会让华盛顿非常难堪。
  • save
    • PREP 除…之外 You can use save to introduce the only things, people, or ideas that your main statement does not apply to. There is almost no water at all in Mochudi save that brought up from bore holes. 除了从钻孔中抽上来的水外，莫丘迪几乎滴水无存。
    • his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialist
  • stem from
    • v. 源于;出于;基于
  • have little to do with
    • 和……有些关系（或没有关系，关系不大）
  • tie
    • CONNECTION/RELATIONSHIP 联系/关系 [usually plural] a strong relationship between people, groups, or countries 〔人、团体或国家之间的〕关系，联系
  • at odds with
    • 与。。。不一致 与……不和，与……争吵
  • on top of
    • 在上面，在…之上;完全控制某事物，对某事物摸得一清二楚;除…之外（还有其他问题）;（危险或威胁）非常接近某人，逼近某人;胜任（工作等）;掌握（情况等）
    • 区分on the top of
      • on the top of就是单纯方位关系
  • alongside
    • 1  next to the side of something 靠在[沿着]…旁边 A car drew up alongside. Children’s prices are shown alongside adult prices. 2  used to say that people or things do something or exist together at the same time （与…）一起；（与…）同时 Charles spent a week working alongside the miners. Organized crime continued to flourish alongside the mainstream economy. 3  in comparison with something （与…）相比 His achievement may seem small alongside the great triumphs of 20th-century technology. Athletics should rank alongside (=be equal to) soccer and cricket as a major sport.
    • the countryside alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the NHS
• 习性
  • grow out of
    • （因自身长大或改变而）改掉（或戒除）（习惯、爱好等）;（孩子）长大穿不下（原来的衣服）
  • delay gratification
    • 延迟享受
  • deploy skills
    • 运用技能
• 比较
  • by a wide/large/narrow/ margin
    • 以较大/悬殊/微弱 优势..
  • clear advantage
    • 明显优势
  • weigh A against B
    • 二者中权衡比较利弊
  • be less of sth
    • be less of a setback 少一点挫折
  • disproportionate
    • 不成比例的；不相称的；太大（或太小）的 too large or too small when compared with sth else The area contains a disproportionate number of young middle-class families. 此地年轻的中产阶级家庭特别多。
• politics
  • filing
    • N-COUNT 档案;卷宗 A file is a collection of information about a particular person or thing. There was stuff in that file that was private between me and Dr Denny... 那份档案的有些内容是只应我和丹尼医生知道的。
  • usurp
    • vt.篡夺; 侵权; usurp the throne
  • consorts
    • 专指统治者的配偶
  • authentic & authoritative
    • 真正的； 有权威的，当局的
  • bill
    • noun
      • 账单
        • 1账单 a piece of paper that shows how much you owe sb for goods or services the telephone/electricity/gas bill 电话费 / 电费 / 煤气费账单 We ran up a massive hotel bill . 我们累积了大笔的旅馆费。 2(especially BrE) NAmE usually check （餐馆的）账单 a piece of paper that shows how much you have to pay for the food and drinks that you have had in a restaurant Let's ask for the bill. 我们结账吧。
      • 货币
        • (NAmE) = note n.(6) a ten-dollar bill 一张十元的钞票
      • 议会
        • （提交议会讨论的）议案，法案 a written suggestion for a new law that is presented to a country's parliament so that its members can discuss it to introduce/approve/reject a bill 提出 / 通过 / 否决一项议案 the Education Reform Bill 教育改革法案
      • 节目单
        • （剧院等的）节目单 a programme of entertainment at a theatre, etc. a horror double bill (= two horror films/movies shown one after the other) 双场恐怖片节目单
      • 广告
        • 海报；招贴；广告 a notice in a public place to advertise an event 同义词： poster see also handbill
      • 鸟嘴；喙
        • the hard pointed or curved outer part of a bird's mouth 同义词： beak
        • -billed
          • (in adjectives 构成形容词) 有…形喙的 having the type of bill mentioned long-billed waders 长嘴涉禽
      • Slang
        • fill/fit the bill
          • 符合要求；合格 to be what is needed in a particular situation or for a particular purpose On paper, several of the applicants fit the bill. 从书面材料看，有几位申请人符合条件。
        • a clean bill of health
          • 健康证明；合格证明 a report that says sb is healthy or that sth is in good condition
        • foot the bill
          • (informal) 负担费用 to be responsible for paying the cost of sth Once again it will be the taxpayer who has to foot the bill. 这一次掏腰包的又得是纳税人。
    • verb
      • 要求付款 ask for payment
        • [VN] ~ sb (for sth) 给（某人）开账单，发账单（要求付款） to send sb a bill for sth Please bill me for the books. 请就所购的书开列账单
      • 做广告 advertise
        • 1[VN] [usually passive] ~ sb/sth as sth 把（某人或事物）宣传为… to advertise or describe sb/sth in a particular way He was billed as the new Tom Cruise. 他被宣传为新汤姆∙克鲁斯。 2[VN to inf] [usually passive] 宣布…将做某事 to advertise that sb/sth will do sth She was billed to speak on ‘China─Yesterday and Today’. 据宣传她要发表题为“中国——昨天和今天”的演讲。
      • Slang
        • bill and coo
          • (old-fashioned, informal) 卿卿我我；情话绵绵 if two people who are in love bill and coo , they kiss and speak in a loving way to each other
  • draft bill
    • 草案。
  • release
    • 1. 释放 set sb/sth free
    • 2. 松开 stop holding sth
    • 3. 发泄；宣泄
      • to express feelings such as anger or worry in order to get rid of them
    • 4. 免除职责 free sb from duty
      • The club is releasing some of its older players.
    • 5. 松开；拉开
      • to remove sth from a fixed position, allowing sth else to move or function to release the clutch/handbrake/switch, etc. 松开离合器、手闸、开关等
    • 6. 使不紧张；使松弛；放松
      • to make sth less tight You need to release the tension in these shoulder muscles. 你需要放松肩部肌肉。
    • 7. 公开；公布；发布
      • to make sth available to the public声明报告的公布和影片或书籍的发布。 Police have released no further details about the accident. 关于这次事故，警方没有透露更多的细节。
    • 8. 开放；放开；解禁
      • to make sth available that had previously been restricted The new building programme will go ahead as soon as the government releases the funds.
  • institutional
    • 制度上的，公共机构的，团体的。 对应personal。
    • institution
      • N-COUNT 习俗;制度 An institution is a custom or system that is considered an important or typical feature of a particular society or group, usually because it has existed for a long time. I believe in the institution of marriage.
  • entitle
    • [often passive] ~ sb to sth
      • 使享有权利；使符合资格 to give sb the right to have or to do sth [VN] You will be entitled to your pension when you reach 65. 你到65岁就有资格享受养老金。
    • [VN-N] [usually passive] 给…命名（或题名）
      • to give a title to a book, play, etc. He read a poem entitled ‘Salt’.
  • economy
    • （就经济体制而言）国家；经济制度
      • a country, when you are thinking about its economic system Ireland was one of the fastest-growing economies in Western Europe in the 1990s.
  • lobby
    • 游说（从政者或政府）
      • to try to influence a politician or the government and, for example, persuade them to support or oppose a change in the law [VN] Farmers will lobby Congress for higher subsidies. 农民将游说国会提高对农业的补贴。
  • jurisdiction
    • 司法权;审判权;管辖权;管辖区域;管辖范围
  • package deal
    • N-COUNT （政府或机构制订的）一揽子协议（或提议） A package deal is a set of offers or proposals which is made by a government or an organization, and which must be accepted or rejected as a whole.
  • homogenize
    • （尤指不适宜地）使统一，使单一，使类同 If something is homogenized, it is changed so that all its parts are similar or the same, especially in a way that is undesirable. Even Brussels bureaucrats can't homogenize national cultures and tastes. 哪怕是布鲁塞尔的官僚也无法使民族文化和品位单一化。
  • democratize
    • [VN] (formal) 使民主化 to make a country or an institution more democratic
  • auditor
    • 1 审计员；稽核员 a person who officially examines the business and financial records of a company 2 (NAmE) （大学课程的）旁听生 a person who attends a college course, but without having to take exams and without receiving credit
  • 加强管制和放松管制
    • 管制即control，fasten只能接具体名词，control为抽象名词 故用tighten control 和 loosen control
  • populism
    • n. 平民政治;民粹主义;民意论 a type of politics that claims to represent the opinions and wishes of ordinary people
  • draw up
    • 草拟;制定
  • lay down
    • 规定；制定；颁布
      • If rules or people in authority lay down what people should do or must do, they officially state what they should or must do.
  • sovereign and independent
    • 有主权并且独立。 即独立自主。
  • representative government
    • 代议制政府
  • economically viable
    • 经济上独立
  • peoples
    • people做单数时意味“人”，集合名词，本身表示复数概念 表示民族时存在单数变化。
  • cry
    • 迫切需要；恳求
      • an urgent demand or request for sth Her suicide attempt was really a cry for help . 她企图自杀实际上表明她迫切需要帮助。
    • 用于构成复合词) 口号
      • a word or phrase that expresses a group's beliefs and calls people to action a battle cry 战斗口号 rallying cry 集结口号
  • 主义
    • egalitarian
      • 主张人人平等的；平等主义的 based on, or holding, the belief that everyone is equal and should have the same rights and opportunities
    • chauvinistic
      • 1 ADJ-GRADED 沙文主义的;本国至上主义的 If you describe someone as chauvinistic, you believe that they think their own country is more important and morally better than any other. ...national narrow-mindedness and chauvinistic arrogance. 民族主义的狭隘和大国沙文主义的傲慢 2 ADJ-GRADED 大男子主义的;男人至上的 If you describe a man or his behaviour as chauvinistic, you disapprove of him for believing that men are naturally better and more important than women. My ex-boyfriend Anthony was very chauvinistic. 我的前男友安东尼大男子主义思想很重。
  • 组织
    • trade union
      • an organization, usually in a particular trade or profession, that represents workers, especially in meetings with employers SYN American English labor union
    • clique
      • n.小集团;派系;私党;小圈子 vi.结派;结党
  • 人员
    • civil-servant
      • someone employed in the civil service 公务员；文职人员
  • political stories
    • 不是政治故事。 是政治新闻
    • story低频含义
      • 新闻报道 a report in a newspaper, magazine or news broadcast a front-page story 头版报道 Now for a summary of tonight's main news stories. 现在是今晚主要新闻综述。
  • congressional representation
    • 国会代表权
  • electoral college
    • 1 the Electoral College 总统选举团（在美国由各州选民投票推选组成，集中在一起选举总统和副总统） (in the US) a group of people who come together to elect the President and Vice-President, based on the votes of people in each state 2 (BrE) 领袖选举团（经推选组成，代表政党党员选举领导人） a group of people who are chosen to represent the members of a political party, etc. in the election of a leader
  • in office
    • 执政;在办公室;在职;在位;就职
  • practice of sth
    • 某事物的推行。
  • crown
    • 王国，王国政府，王室
  • authorize
    • 批准；授权 to give official permission for sth, or for sb to do sth [VN] I can authorize payments up to £5 000. 我有权批准的付款限额为5 000英镑。
  • setter
    • (often in compounds 常构成复合词) 制订者；规定者；安排者 a person who sets sth a quiz setter 命题人
    • standard setter
      • 准则制定者
  • regulator
    • 1 （某行业等的）监管者，监管机构 a person or an organization that officially controls an area of business or industry and makes sure that it is operating fairly 2 （速度、温度、压力的）自动调节器 a device that automatically controls sth such as speed, temperature or pressure
  • commissioner
    • n. (委员会的)委员，专员，特派员;警察局长;警长;(政府部门的)首长，长官;总干事，主管人
  • clean up
    • 3 PHRASAL VERB (警方或当局)肃清，整肃(犯罪、腐败等) If the police or authorities clean up a place or area of activity, they make it free from crime, corruption, and other unacceptable forms of behaviour. After years of neglect and decline the city was cleaning itself up... 多年的玩忽职守和经济萧条过后，这个城市在进行自我整顿。 整顿、
  • state regulator
    • 州监管机构
  • 部门机构
    • sector
      • a part of an area of activity, especially of business, trade etc 〔尤指商业、贸易等领域的〕部门；行业 sector of the agricultural sector of the economy 经济中的农业部门
      • public-sector
    • body
      • GROUP 团体 [countable] a group of people who work together to do a particular job or who are together for a particular purpose 团体，机构，群体 The British Medical Association is the doctors’ professional body. 英国医学会是医生的专业团体。
    • institution
      • [countable] a large organization that has a particular kind of work or purpose 机构，团体 financial/educational/research etc institution the government and other political institutions 政府和其他政治机构
  • 行动
    • shut down
      • the closing of a factory, business, or piece of machinery, either permanently or for a short time 〔工厂〕停工；〔企业〕歇业；〔机器〕停机 shutdown of Environmental groups had called for the permanent shutdown of the plant. 环境保护团体呼吁永久关闭这家工厂。
    • clamp down
      • sudden firm action that is taken to reduce crime 严禁；取缔；镇压，压制 clampdown on a clampdown on drug dealers 对贩毒者的严厉打击
    • on a five to three vote
      • 5:3的投票
  • naturalization
    • be naturalized if someone born outside a particular country is naturalized, they become a citizen of that country 使归化，使〔外国人〕入国籍
  • liberals
    • someone who supports or belongs to the former Liberal Party in Britain or the Liberal Party in Canada 〔英国先前的或加拿大的〕自由党支持者，自由党党员
  • stand down
    • PHRASAL VERB (从重要职位上)退下，下台(常为了让位给别人) If someone stands down, they resign from an important job or position, often in order to let someone else take their place. Four days later, the despised leader finally stood down, just 17 days after taking office... 4天后，这位遭到鄙视的领导人终于下台了，离他就职只有 17 天
  • absolutist
    • n绝对论者；专制主义者; adj. （与）极权主义（有关）的;
  • tough line
    • 强硬路线
  • poll
    • 1  [countable] the process of finding out what people think about something by asking many people the same question, or the record of the result 民意调查，民意测验；民意调查结果 SYN opinion poll, survey A recent poll found that 80% of Californians support the governor. Polls indicate that education is the top issue with voters. Labour is ahead in the polls.
• feeling
  • sensory
    • [usually before noun] (technical 术语) 感觉的；感官的 connected with your physical senses
  • self-sufficiency
    • 自足/自立
  • sensual
    • adj. 1感官的；肉欲的；愉悦感官的 connected with your physical feelings; giving pleasure to your physical senses, especially sexual pleasure sensual pleasure感官之乐 2喜欢感官享受的；耽于肉欲的 suggesting an interest in physical pleasure, especially sexual pleasure sensual lips性感的嘴唇 He was darkly sensual and mysterious.他耽于肉欲，而且让人捉摸不透。
  • confide
    • ~ (sth) (to sb) （向某人）吐露（隐私、秘密等） to tell sb secrets and personal information that you do not want other people to know [VN] She confided all her secrets to her best friend. 她向她最要好的朋友倾吐了自己所有的秘密。 [V that] He confided to me that he had applied for another job. 他向我透露他已申请另一份工作。
    • confide in sb
      • 向（认为可信赖的人）透露秘密（或个人隐私） to tell sb secrets and personal information because you feel you can trust them It is important to have someone you can confide in. 有一位心腹知己很重要。
  • apprehensive
    • adj. 忧虑;担心的;疑惧的;恐惧的
  • dispassioned
    • dispassionate dispassion 冷静
  • frenzy
    • n. 狂热;疯狂;狂乱;狂暴 vt. 使发狂;使狂乱;使狂怒
  • grievance
    • 不满，不平的事；委屈；抱怨；牢骚 something that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about Parents were invited to air their grievances (= express them) at the meeting. 家长们应邀在会上诉说他们的苦衷。
  • seethe
    • 强压怒火；生闷气
  • distasteful
    • adj. 讨厌的;令人反感的;使人不愉快的
  • state of mind
    • N-COUNT (某一特定时刻的)情绪，心态 Your state of mind is your mood or mental state at a particular time.
  • light-hearted
    • dj. 轻松愉快的;轻松的;愉快的;无忧无虑的
  • gloom and doom
    • 前景暗淡/厄运/对未来悲观失望
  • self-conscious
    • （因顾虑自己的外表或表现）局促不安的，害羞的，不自然的
      • nervous or embarrassed about your appearance or what other people think of you He's always been self-conscious about being so short.
    • 刻意的；自己意识到的
      • done in a way that shows you are aware of the effect that is being produced The humour of the play is self-conscious and contrived.
  • bummer
    • [sing.] (informal) 失望（或不愉快）的局面 a disappointing or unpleasant situation It's a real bummer that she can't come. 她不能来，实在令人失望。
  • readily
    • 欣然地；乐意地
      • in a way that shows you do not object to sth 同义词： willingly Most people readily accept the need for laws. 大多数人都毫不迟疑地认为法律是必要的。
  • sentiment
    • [C, U] (formal) （基于情感的）观点，看法；情绪
      • a feeling or an opinion, especially one based on emotions the spread of nationalist sentiments 民族主义情绪的传播
    • 失之过度或不恰当的）伤感，柔情，哀伤
      • feelings of pity, romantic love, sadness, etc. which may be too strong or not appropriate There was no fatherly affection, no display of sentiment. 没有像父爱般的亲昵，没有显得过于激动。
  • content
    • ADJ-GRADED 满足的;知足的 If you are content with something, you are willing to accept it, rather than wanting something more or something better. I am content to admire the mountains from below... 我满足于从山脚下观赏山景。
  • inadequacy
    • [U] 不胜任；缺乏信心 a state of not being able or confident to deal with a situation a feeling/sense of inadequacy 不称职之感
  • make heavy reading for sb.
    • 某种东西让某个人读起来感到沉重。
  • vibrant
    • 充满生机的；生气勃勃的；精力充沛的 full of life and energy 同义词： exciting a vibrant city 充满生机的城市 Thailand is at its most vibrant during the New Year celebrations. 在欢度新年期间，泰国举国欢腾。
  • compelling
    • 引人入胜的；扣人心弦的 that makes you pay attention to it because it is so interesting and exciting Her latest book makes compelling reading. 她新出的书读起来扣人心弦。 note at interesting 2 非常强烈的；不可抗拒的 so strong that you must do sth about it a compelling need/desire 非常强烈的需要 / 欲望 3 令人信服的 that makes you think it is true There is no compelling reason to believe him. 没有令人信服的理由让人相信他。 compelling evidence 有说服力的证据
  • bruising
    • adj. 艰难讨厌的；繁重麻烦的 difficult and unpleasant, making you feel tired or weak a bruising meeting/experience 令人厌烦的会议；艰辛的经历
  • passionate
    • if you are passionate about something, you like it a lot 热爱的，酷爱的 She developed a passionate interest in wild flowers. 她对野花产生了强烈的兴趣。
    • passionate about
      • Consumers passionate about a product may create "earned" media
  • dampen
    • (also dampen down British English) to make something such as a feeling or activity less strong 减退〔情绪〕；抑制〔活动等〕 The light rain dampened the crowd’s enthusiasm. 小雨使观众的热情减退了。
    • dampen our moods
  • soothing
    • adj. 安慰性的;减轻(痛苦)的;起镇定作用的;催眠的 平静的，令人宽慰的
  • stunning
    • very surprising or shocking 令人惊奇的；令人震惊的 SYN staggering stunning news 令人震惊的新闻
  • uneasy
    • 1  worried or slightly afraid because you think that something bad might happen 心神不安的，不自在的；忧虑的 uneasy about Ninety percent of those questioned felt uneasy about nuclear power. 受访者中有90%的人对核能感到忧虑。 ► see thesaurus at nervous, worried 2  used to describe a period of time when people have agreed to stop fighting or arguing, but which is not really calm 不稳定的；不安定的 uneasy peace/truce/alliance/compromise The treaty restored an uneasy peace to the country. 这个条约让该国恢复了暂时的和平。 3  not comfortable, peaceful, or relaxed 不舒服的；不踏实的；不安的 She eventually fell into an uneasy sleep. 她终于睡着了，但睡得并不踏实。
  • unsettling
    • making you feel nervous or worried 令人紧张[不安]的 an unsettling experience 令人不安的经历
• travel
  • canopy
    • n. 天蓬; 天篷; (床、座位等上面的)罩篷，遮篷，罩盖; 顶篷; (尤指森林里)天篷似的树荫; (飞机的)座舱盖; v. 用华盖遮蔽; [例句]The trees are so dense that they form a canopy. 而且树木茂密形成了诺大的天蓬。n. 天蓬; 天篷; (床、座位等上面的)罩篷，遮篷，罩盖; 顶篷; (尤指森林里)天篷似的树荫; (飞机的)座舱盖; in paragliding the pilot lays out their canopy on the ground.
  • phrasebook
    • n. （供游客到国外旅行时用的）（外国语）常用语手册;
  • atlas
    • n. 地图册; 地图集; 复数atlases
  • walking guides
    • 步行指南
  • voyager
    • n. 航行者; 远行者; (尤指)远航探险者;
  • idyllic
    • adj. 田园诗般的;平和美丽的;完美无瑕的
  • cornucopia
    • noun 1 also horn of plenty 丰饶角，丰饶角饰（艺术作品中装满水果和鲜花、形似动物角的装饰物） a decorative object shaped like an animal's horn, shown in art as full of fruit and flowers 2 (formal) 丰盛；丰富；丰饶 something that is or contains a large supply of good things
  • carrier
    • 运输公司
  • shipper
    • n. (船运货物的)托运人，发货人
• law
  • 上诉控诉
    • indict
      • to officially charge someone with a criminal offence 控告，起诉 indict somebody for something He was indicted for vehicular homicide in 1987. 1987年他因车祸致人死亡被起诉。
    • allegation
      • 说法、指控
    • appeals
      • VERB 上诉;申诉 If you appeal to someone in authority against a decision, you formally ask them to change it. In British English, you appeal against something. In American English, you appeal something. He said they would appeal against the decision... 他说他们将对该决议提出申诉。
      • Court of Appeals
        • 上诉法院;上诉法庭;美国联邦上诉法院;上诉法院法院;上訴法院
    • lawsuit
      • nuisance-lawsuit
        • 妨害公共利益的行为的诉讼案件
  • interpretation
    • 有解释权的意思，法律中条款的解释权。
  • binding
    • adj. 必须遵守的;有法律约束力的 that must be obeyed because it is accepted in law a binding promise/agreement/contract
  • code
    • 道德准则；行为规范
      • a set of moral principles or rules of behaviour that are generally accepted by society or a social group a strict code of conduct
    • 法典；法规
  • arbiter
    • n. 仲裁人;公断人;裁决人;决定者;权威人士
  • witness
    • Slang
      • be (a) witness to sth
        • 1. to see sth take place
        • 2. to show that sth is true; to provide evidence for sth
      • bear/give witness (to sth)
        • to provide evidence of the truth of sth
    • noun
      • 目睹者 person who sees sth
        • also eyewitness [C] 目击者；见证人 a person who sees sth happen and is able to describe it to other people Police have appealed for witnesses to the accident.
      • [C] 证人 a person who gives evidence in court
      • [C] 见证人；连署人 a person who is present when an official document is signed and who also signs it to prove that they saw this happen
      • [U] 见证（以言行证实信仰）evidence of a person's strong religious beliefs, that they show by what they say and do in public
    • verb
      • to see sth happen (typically a crime or an accident)
      • to be the place, period, organization, etc. in which particular events take place
      • to be present when an official document is signed and sign it yourself to prove that you saw this happen
      • to be a sign or proof of sth
      • used when giving an example that proves sth you have just said
      • to speak to people about your strong religious beliefs
        • （为宗教信仰）做见证
  • infringement
    • n. 侵权;(对他人权利等的)侵犯，侵害;(对法律、规则等的)违反，违背
  • ensure （guilty）verdict
    • 使有罪判决得以保证。
  • in one's own right
    • by reason of one's own ability or ownership etc.凭自己的能力;依照自己的权利;凭本身的条件 she's a rich woman in her own right rather than by inheritance an excellent novel in its own right
  • exercise responsibility
    • 履行责任
  • justified
    • adj. 正当的;(做某事)有正当理由的;事出有因;合乎情理
  • theft
    • 偷窃;盗窃罪
    • 不单有窃贼的意思
  • use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents
    • 利用一起特殊案件对商业方法专利开展广泛复审
  • ruling
    • noun ~ (on sth) 裁决；裁定；判决 an official decision made by sb in a position of authority, especially a judge The court will make its ruling on the case next week. 法庭下周将对本案件作出裁决。
  • dismiss
    • VERB (法官)驳回，不予受理 When a judge dismisses a case against someone, he or she formally states that there is no need for a trial, usually because there is not enough evidence for the case to continue. An American judge yesterday dismissed murder charges against Dr Jack Kevorkian. 昨天一个美国法官驳回了对杰克·凯沃尔基安医生的谋杀指控。
  • legal practice
    • 法律实务 司法工作
  • upheld
    • v. 支持，维护(正义等);维持，确认(原判、裁决等)
  • constitutionality
    • lated topics: Government, Law constitutionality /ˌkɒnstətjuːʃəˈnæləti $ ˌkɑːnstətuː-/ noun [uncountable] the quality of being acceptable according to a constitution 符合宪法，合宪性 A decision on the proposal’s constitutionality still has to be made.
  • stake (out) a claim
    • stake (out) a claim to say publicly that you think you have a right to have or own something 公开声明（对…）拥有所有权 stake (out) a claim to Both countries staked a claim to the islands. 两国都宣称对这些岛屿拥有主权。
  • provision
    • [countable] a condition in an agreement or law 〔协议或法律中的〕规定，条款，条件 The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons. 协议有项规定，允许双方互查武器。 under the provisions of something Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment. 该法令规定，雇主必须提供安全设备。
  • justices
    • a) American English a judge in a law court 法官 b) British English the title of a judge in the High Court 高等法院法官〔头衔〕 大法官。
  • Act
    • LAW 法律 (also Act) [countable] a law that has been officially accepted by Parliament or Congress 〔由议会或国会正式通过的〕法令，法案 the Housing and Community Development Act of 1977 1977年《住房和社区发展法》 an act of Parliament 议会法令
  • legal status
    • 合法身份
  • filer
    • 诉讼律师
  • tort
    • an action that is wrong but not criminal and can be dealt with in a civil court of law 〔不构成刑事罪的〕民事侵权行为
• military
  • moat
    • 护城河
• entertain
  • venues
    • n. 聚会地点(如音乐厅、体育比赛场馆、会场
  • congregation
    • 聚集，集会
  • playscape
    • 游乐园
  • liven up
    • 1 PHRASAL VERB-ERG （使)(某地或某事）有生气；（使）变热闹 If a place or event livens up, or if something livens it up, it becomes more interesting and exciting. How could we decorate the room to liven it up?... 我们怎么才能把这房间装饰得更有生气呢？ 2 PHRASAL VERB-ERG （使）（某人）愉快起来；（使）活跃起来 If people liven up, or if something livens them up, they become more cheerful and energetic. Talking about her daughters livens her up... 谈到她的女儿时，她的心情愉快起来。
  • get back to even
    • 回本，不赢不输
  • bet on
    • 押注打赌
• education
  • short loan book
    • 短期外借书
  • coin
    • vt. 创造(新词语); (用金属)铸(币)，造(硬币); APEC blue was coined on social media to describe the clear sky.
  • Sage
    • wise man in history
  • periodical
    • 期刊
  • worse qualification
    • 学历较差
  • literacy
    • N-UNCOUNT 读写能力；识字；有文化 Literacy is the ability to read and write. Many adults have some problems with literacy and numeracy... 很多成年人在读写和计算方面都有困难。 泛指教育
    • full literacy
      • 全民教育
  • If someone drops out of college or a race, for example, they leave it without finishing what they started
    • 退学;退出(比赛等)
  • When a police, army, navy, or air force cadet passes out, he or she completes his or her training
    • 警校、军校学员）毕业
  • If a person or organization is looking into a possible course of action, a problem, or a situation, they are finding out about it and examining the facts relating to it.
    • He had once looked into buying his own island off Nova Scotia 研究调查
  • astrological
    • “astrologic”的变体，占星的
  • science
    • forerunner
      • n. 先驱; 先行者; 预兆; 前兆;/鼻祖
    • scientific community
      • 科学界
    • publication
      • n.出版;发表;出版物;公布;(书刊等的)发行;刊登
    • referee
      • noun
        • the official who controls the game in some sports
        • (BrE) 介绍人；推荐人
        • 仲裁员；调解人
        • a person who reads and checks the quality of a technical article before it is published
          • （专业性强的文章的）审阅人，鉴定专家
      • verb
        • 担任裁判；裁判
        • to read and check the quality of a technical article before it is published
          • [VN] 审阅，鉴定（专业性强的文章）
    • formulate
      • to create or prepare sth carefully, giving particular attention to the details
        • 制订；规划；构想；准备 to create or prepare sth carefully, giving particular attention to the details [VN] to formulate a policy/theory/plan/proposal 制订政策；创立理论；构想计划；准备建议
      • to express your ideas in carefully chosen words
        • [VN] 确切表达；认真阐述 to express your ideas in carefully chosen words She has lots of good ideas, but she has difficulty formulating them. 她有很多好的想法，但就是不善于表达。
    • scientific endeavour
      • 科学探索
    • publisher
      • 出版人（或机构出版商）；发行人（或机构） a person or company that prepares and prints books, magazines, newspapers or electronic products and makes them available to the public
    • subscribe to sth
      • 订阅（报纸或杂志期刊）同意、赞成
  • ecology
    • taint
      • n. 污点;玷污;污染;腐坏 vt.污染;使腐坏;玷污，败坏(名声)
    • flora
      • n. (某地区、环境或时期的)植物群 复数： floras florae 记忆技巧：flor 花 + a → 花群 → 植物群
    • fauna
      • n. (某地区或某时期的)动物群 复数： faunas
  • intellectual equipment
    • 知识素养;知识才能
  • general education
    • 普通教育 区别于非普通教育（成人教育、职校技校）。普通教育应以升学和基础学科知识教育为目的
  • review
    • 评审，审查，检查，检讨（以进行必要的修改） an examination of sth, with the intention of changing it if necessary the government's review of its education policy 政府对其教育政策的检讨
  • informed
    • ADJ-GRADED 有知识的;了解情况的;见多识广的 Someone who is informed knows about a subject or what is happening in the world. Informed people know the company is shaky.
  • academies
    • a college where students are taught a particular subject or skill 专科学院 a military academy 军事学院 the Royal Academy of Music 皇家音乐学院
  • charter school
    • 特许学校
  • sit for
    • 参与;参加;参加考试
  • liberal education
    • a kind of education which encourages you to develop a large range of interests and knowledge and respect for other people’s opinions 通识教育，博雅教育
• monetary
  • pound sterling
    • 英磅;英镑;六英镑;英国英镑 Pound是英镑，sterling的原意是银子（并不纯，92.5%）。当初英镑是有银子做后盾的，也就是说一张一英镑的支票是能直接到银行兑换出相应的银子。这样的做法是控制英镑发行量，有一镑的银子才能印一镑纸币，防止乱印纸币造成通货膨胀。因此英镑的全称是Pound Sterling。复数Pounds Sterling. 都是英镑，但是用法不同。Sterling不能作为量词，只能用作名字。能说“接受英镑” we accept payments in Sterling，但是不能说“一英镑”, one Sterling.
  • indices
    • 指数;index 的复数形式之一
  • better off
    • 境况（尤指经济性）较好的
    • Families will be better off under the new law.
  • fork over
    • 付出；支付
  • buy up
    • PHRASAL VERB 大量买进，全部买下（土地、房产或商品） 也有买通，收买人之意。 If you buy up land, property, or a commodity, you buy large amounts of it, or all that is available.
  • interest rate
    • 利息率
  • shell out
    • 为…花费一大笔钱，支付交付
  • put up for
    • 拿出…供（销售或拍卖）
    • put up for sale
  • hawk
    • 3 VERB 叫卖;兜售 If someone hawks goods, they sell them by walking through the streets or knocking at people's houses, and asking people to buy them. ...vendors hawking trinkets. 沿街兜售小饰品的小贩 4 VERB （竭力）推销，兜售 You can say that someone is hawking something if you do not like the forceful way in which they are asking people to buy it. Developers will be hawking cut-price flats and houses. 开发商会竭力推销减价的公寓和房子。
  • banker
    • n. 银行家;银行老板(或要员);(某些赌博游戏中的)庄家
  • fetch
    • [VN] 售得，卖得（某价） to be sold for a particular price 同义词： sell for The painting is expected to fetch $10 000 at auction. 这幅画预计拍卖可得 10 000 元。
  • share
    • N-COUNT 股份;股票 A company's shares are the many equal parts into which its ownership is divided. Shares can be bought by people as an investment. This is why Sir Colin Marshall, British Airways' chairman, has been so keen to buy shares in US-AIR... 这就是为什么英国航空公司主席科林·马歇尔爵士一直如此热衷于购买美国航空公司的股票。
  • book value
    • 1 N-COUNT （公司资产的）账面价值 In business, the book value of an asset is the value it is given in the account books of the company that owns it. The insured value of the airplane was greater than its book value. 该飞机的投保价值高于它的实际账面价值
  • dead market
    • 冷落的市场；萧条的市场
  • stock option
    • N-COUNT (公司内部职工的)优先认股权 A stock option is an opportunity for the employees of a company to buy shares at a special price. He made a huge profit from the sale of shares purchased in January under the company's stock option program. 他出手了自己1月份根据公司的优先认股方案购买的股票，赚了一大笔钱。
  • stakeholder
    • someone who has invested money into something, or who has some important connection with it, and therefore is affected by its success or failure 参与人，投资者，有权益关系者——利益相关者 stakeholder in Citizens should be stakeholders in the society they live in. 公民应该是与所处的社会休戚相关的一分子。
    • 区分stockholder
  • order in volumes
    • 批量订单
  • lucrative
    • a job or activity that is lucrative lets you earn a lot of money 〔职业或活动〕可赚大钱的；获利多的 SYN profitable lucrative business/market/contract etc He inherited a lucrative business from his father.
  • handsome
    • [only before noun] a handsome amount of money is large 〔钱〕可观的，丰厚的 He managed to make a handsome profit out of the deal. 他从这笔买卖中赚取了丰厚的利润。 a handsome fee 一大笔费用
    • handsome reward
  • upstart
    • someone who behaves as if they were more important than they really are and who shows a lack of respect towards people who are more experienced or older 目中无人的新人[年轻人]；自命不凡的家伙 a cheeky young upstart 暴富的
  • overhead
    • money spent regularly on rent, insurance, electricity, and other things that are needed to keep a business operating 〔企业的〕经常性支出，运营费用〔如租金、保险费、电费等〕 Their offices are in London so the overheads are very high. 他们的办事处在伦敦，所以经常性开支非常大。
• food
  • musty
    • adj. 有霉味的;发霉的
  • diner
    • n. (尤指餐馆的)就餐者;(尤指较便宜的)小餐馆，小饭店 区分dinner n. 晚餐;宴会;(中午或晚上吃的)正餐，主餐
  • bun
    • 小面包;小圆甜蛋糕;小圆甜饼;圆面包;圆发髻;屁股
  • be fed up with
    • 吃…吃得过饱;厌倦 Little by little, I began to be fed up with examinations
• fashion
  • bell-bottom
    • 喇叭裤
  • vintage style
    • 复古
  • sticker shock
    • n. 价格震惊(发现价格比想象的要高得多)
  • stand out
    • 脱颖而出;突出;引人注目;显眼;出色;更为重要;凸起;凸出
  • sandal
    • 凉鞋
  • if something cathches on, it becomes popular
  • rage
    • N-SING 风靡一时;非常流行 When something is popular and fashionable, you can say that it is the rage or all the rage . The 1950s look is all the rage at the moment. 目前，20世纪50年代的装扮正流行。
  • passing fad
    • 一时的狂热，短暂的风潮
• media
  • readership
    • the number or type of people who read a particular newspaper, magazine, etc.
      • （统称某报刊杂志等的）读者
    • the position of a Reader at a university
      • (BrE) （英国大学）准教授职位
  • newsletter
    • （某组织的）内部通讯，简讯 a printed report containing news of the activities of a club or organization that is sent regularly to all its members
  • publishing house
    • 出版社
  • news anchors
    • 新闻主播;新闻节目主持
  • newspaper supplement
    • 报纸增刊 报纸副刊
  • daily
    • N-COUNT 日报 A daily is a newspaper that is published every day of the week except Sunday. Copies of the local daily had been scattered on a table. 几份当地的日报散放在桌子上。
  • circulation
    • N-COUNT (报纸、杂志的)发行量，销售量 The circulation of a newspaper or magazine is the number of copies that are sold each time it is produced. The Daily News once had the highest circulation of any daily in the country... 《每日新闻报》的发行量曾位居全国所有日报之首。
    • general-circulation
      • 大众发行的
  • unfocused newspaper reviews
    • 无重点/杂感式报纸评论。
  • promote
    • SELL 销售 to help sell a new product, film etc by offering it at a reduced price or by advertising it 促销，推销；推广 She’s in London to promote her new book. 她来伦敦宣传她的新书。
  • newsstand
    • a place on a street where newspapers and magazines are sold 书报摊，报刊亭
  • feature
    • a piece of writing about a subject in a newspaper or a magazine, or a special report on television or on the radio 〔报纸或杂志的〕特写；〔电视或广播的〕专题节目 feature on a feature on holidaying with your dog 一档带上狗去度假的专题节目 verb：对...进行专题报道/特别报道
  • anecdotal
    • adj. 逸事的；趣闻的；传闻的 based on anecdotes and possibly not true or accurate anecdotal evidence 传闻的证据
  • correspondence
    • the letters that someone sends and receives, especially official or business letters 信件，函件〔尤指公函或商业信函〕 A secretary came in twice a week to deal with his correspondence. 一个秘书每个星期来两次处理他的信件。
  • story低频含义
    • 新闻报道 a report in a newspaper, magazine or news broadcast a front-page story 头版报道 Now for a summary of tonight's main news stories. 现在是今晚主要新闻综述。
• enterprise
  • 人员
    • boss
      • 1老板；工头；领班 a person who is in charge of other people at work and tells them what to do I'll ask my boss if I can have the day off. 我要问一下老板我能不能请一天假。 2总经理；领导 a person who is in charge of a large organization the new boss at IBM 国际商用机器公司的新领导
    • board
      • 董事会；理事会 The board of a company or organization is the group of people who control it and direct it. Arthur wants to put his recommendation before the board at a meeting tomorrow. 阿瑟希望在明天的会议上把自己的建议书提交董事会。
    • staff
      • verb
        • 在…工作;任职于;为…配备职员
    • clientele
      • [sing. + sing./pl. v.] （统称）顾客，主顾，客户 all the customers or clients of a shop/store, restaurant, organization, etc. an international clientele 国际客户网
    • shareholder
      • 股东
  • 财务
    • pay rise
      • 加薪;涨工资;增加工资
    • paycheck
      • 工资;薪金;工资支票;播音演出的主办人 a check issued in payment of wages or salary
    • accounting
      • 会计、财务
    • paycheck to paycheck
      • 英语含义中的月光族
  • compliance
    • 合规，复合（行业）标准
  • downsize
    • [V , VN] (business 商) （公司、企业等）裁员，精减 to reduce the number of people who work in a company, business, etc. in order to reduce costs note at cut
  • downscaling
    • 缩减...的规模
  • merger
    • noun [C] ~ (between/of A and B) | ~ (with sth) （机构或企业的）合并，归并 the act of joining two or more organizations or businesses into one
    • a merger between the two banks
  • in-house
    • [only before noun] （公司或机构）内部存在的，内部进行的 existing or happening within a company or an organization an in-house magazine 机构内部发行的杂志
  • opening
    • 1[C] 空缺的职位 a job that is available 同义词： vacancy There are several openings in the sales department. 销售部有几个空缺。 2 a good opportunity for sb Winning the competition was the opening she needed for her career. 在这次比赛中获胜是她未来事业发展的良好开端。
  • line of work
    • 行业,行当;行业, 行当;工作类型 本身line具有行业的意思
  • dealership
    • 代理权、经销权
  • box office
    • 售票处；票房 the place at a theatre, cinema/movie theater, etc. where the tickets are sold The movie has been a huge box-office success (= many people have been to see it) . 那部电影十分卖座。
  • business concentration
    • 企业合并
  • lateral move
    • 平级调动。
  • supply-cuts
    • 削减供应
  • rate relief
    • 费率的减免。
  • 胜任
    • I could't find a person who can be equal to this work.
  • lay off
    • 通常指因工作岗位不足而）辞退，解雇，使下岗
      • If workers are laid off, they are told by their employers to leave their job, usually because there is no more work for them to do.（
  • shirk
    • v. 逃避(工作);偷懒 n. 逃避者;偷懒者
    • shirk one's responsibility
  • professional ranks
    • 专业团队，职业团队 rank有（团体或组织的）成员 的意思
  • pink slip
    • 粉色小纸条 (NAmE, informal) 解雇通知单 a letter given to sb to say that they must leave their job
  • corporation governance
    • 公司治理
  • Executive Suite
    • 行政管理层
  • businesses of every variety
    • 各行各业
  • contractor
    • 承包人；承包商；承包公司 a person or company that has a contract to do work or provide goods or services for another company a building/haulage, etc. contractor 建筑、货运等承包商
  • preserve
    • N-COUNT 专属工作；独占的活动领域 If you say that a job or activity is the preserve of a particular person or group of people, you mean that they are the only ones who take part in it. The conduct of foreign policy is largely the preserve of the president... 外交政策事宜主要由总统专门负责。
    • special preserve
      • 专属工作
  • agency
    • 1服务机构；（尤指）代理机构，经销机构 a business or an organization that provides a particular service especially on behalf of other businesses or organizations an advertising/employment agency 广告公司；职业介绍所 2(especially NAmE) （政府的）专门机构 a government department that provides a particular service the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) （美国）中央情报局
  • appointment
    • 1N-VAR 任命；委派；指派 The appointment of a person to a particular job is the choice of that person to do it. His appointment to the Cabinet would please the right-wing. 他被任命为内阁成员会让右翼党派很高兴。 2N-COUNT 职位；职务 An appointment is a job or position of responsibility. Mr Fay is to take up an appointment as a researcher with the Royal Society. 费伊先生将担任皇家学会研究员的职务。
  • calling
    • 1 使命感；（尤指想帮助他人的）强烈愿望，责任感 a strong desire or feeling of duty to do a particular job, especially one in which you help other people 同义词： vocation He realized that his calling was to preach the gospel. 他体悟到宣讲福音是他的使命。 2 (formal) 职业；事业 a profession or career
  • name
    • VERB 提名;任命 If you name the person for a particular job, you say who you want to have the job. The England manager will be naming a new captain, to replace the injured David Beckham... 英格兰队主教练将任命新队长，接替受伤的大卫·贝克汉姆。
  • executive
    • N-COUNT 主管;管理者;经理 An executive is someone who is employed by a business at a senior level. Executives decide what the business should do, and ensure that it is done. ...an advertising executive. 广告主管 高管
    • senior executive
      • 高级管理人员 高管。
    • CEO:cheif executive officer
      • 首席执行官、汇总裁决人（总裁）
  • move on
    • PHRASAL VERB (结束某活动后) 改做别事，换份工作 If you move on, you finish or stop one activity and start doing something different. She ran this shop for ten years before deciding to move on to fresh challenges... 在决定涉足新的领域时，她经营这家商店已有10年。
  • deputy chief
    • 副总裁、副局长；副科长；副处长；副警长；副总警监
  • search
    • 招聘
  • sitting
    • ADJ (总统或议员)现任的，在任期内的 A sitting president or member of parliament is a present one, not a future or past one. ...the greatest clash in our history between a sitting president and an ex-president. 在我们的历史上发生的现任总统与前任总统之间最为严重的一次冲突
  • between jobs
    • 暂时赋闲在家
  • craft
    • [singular] formal the skills needed for a particular profession 〔某一行业所需的〕技能 The musician spends years perfecting his craft. 这位音乐家多年来不断提高自己的艺术造诣。
  • CV
    • curriculum vitae) a short written document that lists your education and previous jobs, which you send to employers when you are looking for a job 简历，履历
  • benefit
    • [countable usually plural] extra money or other advantages that you get as part of your job or from insurance that you have 〔工作单位提供的〕福利，补贴；保险金 → perk We offer an excellent benefits package. 我们提供非常好的综合福利。 medical benefits 医疗福利
• health
  • infirm
    • adj. (长期)病弱的;体弱的人;年老体弱的
  • If you pass out, you faint or collapse
    • 昏倒；晕过去
  • wear-and-tear
    • 折磨，消耗（磨）；磨损
  • available without prescriptions
    • 无需医师处方即可购买。
  • over-the-counter
    • 1 (of drugs and medicines 药品) 无需处方可买到的；非处方的 that can be obtained without a prescription (= a written order from a doctor)
  • swab
    • 1 （医用的）拭子，药签 a piece of soft material used by a doctor, nurse, etc. for cleaning wounds or taking a sample from sb's body for testing 2 用拭子对（人体）化验标本的采集 an act of taking a sample from sb's body, with a swab to take a throat swab 用棉签从咽部采集化验样品
• technology
  • auto-pilot
    • 自动驾驶;自动驾驶仪;自动舵;自动导航;自动飞行系统
  • automotive-assembly
    • 汽车装配
    • 区分automatic和automotive
      • 自动的 汽车的
• technique
  • virtuosity
    • [U] (formal) （表演或演奏方面的）高超技艺，精湛演技 a very high degree of skill in performing or playing technical virtuosity 技术的娴熟
• PCnet
  • search agent
    • 搜索引擎
  • if there are mails for you after your leave, i will send them on you
    • 转寄，转发，转达（尤指文件）
  • boot up
    • PHRASAL VERB 启动（计算机） When you boot up a computer, you make it ready to use by putting in the instructions which it needs in order to start working. I can boot up from a floppy disk, but that's all... 我可以用一张软盘来启动，但其他的就无能为力了。
• house
  • lineage
    • n. 世系;宗系;家系;血统
  • bloodline
    • N-COUNT 血统；世系；遗传 A person's bloodline is their ancestors over many generations, and the characteristics they are believed to have inherited from these ancestors.
  • dependent
    • =dependant noun 受扶养者（尤指孩子）；靠他人生活者、侍从仆人 a person, especially a child, who depends on another person for a home, food, money, etc.
• religion
  • minister
    • N-COUNT (尤指新教的)神父，牧师 A minister is a member of the clergy, especially in Protestant churches. His father was a Baptist minister. 他的父亲是浸礼会牧师。 mini小，minist，最小，直译是最小的人。即官权位越大越高，其身份越卑微，越为人民服务（名义上
  • theological
    • adj. 神学(上)的;神学性质的;根据圣经的
  • sign
    • N-VAR 迹象;征兆;表象;痕迹 If there is a sign of something, there is something which shows that it exists or is happening. They are prepared to hand back a hundred prisoners of war a day as a sign of good will... 他们准备每日遣返100名战俘以示友好。 神迹
  • sermon
    • 1 布道；讲道 a talk on a moral or religious subject, usually given by a religious leader during a service note at speech 2 (informal, usually disapproving) 冗长的说教 moral advice that a person tries to give you in a long talk
• art
  • composition
    • 2[C] （音乐、艺术、诗歌的）作品 a piece of music or art, or a poem one of Beethoven's finest compositions 贝多芬最优美的音乐作品之一 3 [U] 作曲；创作 the act of composing sth pieces performed in the order of their composition 按作曲顺序表演的作品 4 [U] 作曲艺术 the art of writing music to study composition 学习作曲艺术
  • concertgoer
    • N-COUNT 经常去听音乐会的人 A concertgoer is someone who goes to concerts regularly.
  • conductor
    • （管弦乐队、合唱队等的）指挥；职业指挥 a person who stands in front of an orchestra , a group of singers etc., and directs their performance, especially sb who does this as a profession
  • instrumentalist
    • 乐器演奏者 a person who plays a musical instrument
  • collection
    • N-COUNT (故事、诗歌或文章的)集子，作品集 A collection of stories, poems, or articles is a number of them published in one book. Two years ago he published a collection of short stories called 'Facing The Music'... 两年前，他出版了短篇小说集《勇敢面对》。
  • stylist
    • 语言风格优美（或独特）的人；文体家 a writer who takes great care to write or say sth in an elegant or unusual way
  • upholster
    • [VN] [usually passive] ~ sth (in sth) 为（椅子等）装软垫（或套子等） to cover a chair, etc. with soft material (= padding ) and cloth 引申义：对文章加以修饰
• environment
  • corrupted
    • something that is corrupt is not pure or has been damaged or partly ruined 不纯的；有缺陷的；有错误的 corrupt data
    • corrupted landscape
• culture
  • institution
    • N-COUNT 习俗;制度 An institution is a custom or system that is considered an important or typical feature of a particular society or group, usually because it has existed for a long time. I believe in the institution of marriage. 我相信婚姻制度。
• Grammar
  • Attributive Clause
  • 虚拟语气
    • 虚拟语是一种表示假设状态的句型，是一种特殊的动词形式；表示所说的话不是一个事实，而只是说话者的一种假设，主观愿望，建议，猜测或不大可能实现的空想
    • 与现在事实相反的虚拟语气——过去时
    • 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气——过去完成时
      • would have done if had done
      • if had done would have done
    • 与将来事实相反的虚拟语气——主句用过去时
  • 逗号后动词记得ing
  • 独立主格结构？
  • hyper&hypo
  • out of +数词+名词
    • outof 这里表范围 在xx人中
  • 词根
    • trans- & cis-
      • trans-
        • 经由; 越; 横过; 透过; 移; 转; 变
        • transgender : 跨性别的
      • cis-
        • 同侧的; 顺式的
        • cisgender : 顺性别的
  • in the x years prior to 2000
    • 2000年之前的x年中
  • bear的被动语态：borne
  • It is a +形容词+名词+that表含蓄否定
    • It is a wise father that knows his own child
    • It is a good workman that never blunders
      • 智者千虑必有一失
    • It is a good horse that never stumbles
      • 金无足赤，人无完人
    • It is a silly fish that is caught twice.
      • 鱼再蠢也不会上钩两次
  • has fallen victim
    • 成为受害者
  • be subject to groundless doubts
    • 易遭到无根据的质疑
  • blame sb for st
    • 为某事责怪某人 将某事归咎于某人
    • blaming themselves for their troubles
      • 将他们遭遇的麻烦归咎于自身
  • plus
    • used after a number to mean an amount which is more than that number 〔用于数字后面表示〕多，余 an income of $50,000 plus 五万多美元的收入 Most children start school when they’re five plus. 大多数孩子五岁多开始上学。
    • 2300-plus stores
      • 2300多家商店
• 面部毛发
  • hair
    • 统称
  • earlock
    • 鬓发
  • beard
    • 下巴和面颊下部胡子
  • goatee
    • 山羊胡
  • moustache
    • 嘴唇上胡须
  • whisker
    • 络腮胡