导图社区 英语语法
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英语语法
极简英语语法全覆盖，五大基本概念，主语，谓语，宾语，表语，宾补，定语。状语，五大基本句型，并列句，名词性从句。副词性从句。
编辑于2023-02-10 19:16:46 上海
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英语语法
五大基本概念
主语
放在谓语动词之前的成分
名词
apple, book, house
代词
I, you, he, she, they
分词、动名词
Studing, leaning, living
名词性从句
形式主语
It
谓语
1、独立于前后 (不在从句之中) 2、可以是一个过程：want to see (需要两个动作来完成)
1、实意动词
2、系动词
be动词
和be功能一样的词
3、助动词
be、have、has、had、do、did
帮助动词实现：时态、语态
4、情态动词
can may must should would
宾语
放在实意动词之后的成分
表语
放在系动词之后的成分
宾补
补充说明宾语的成分
能不能在宾语之间加入be动词
定语：对名词进行修饰限定的成分
前置定语（左二）
形容词、名词、数词、代词
后置定语（右八）
副词(时间副词、地点副词)、介词短语
状语：除去五大基本概念和形容词(定语)剩下的成分就是状语
插入语：即补充，随便插且不影响原句
⚫She is pretty. ➢She, in my eyes, is pretty.
同位语：相同代替语，特殊插入语，放n. 后面有固定位置，不能随便插
五大基本句型
五大简单基本句型是万句之源
主+谓
主+谓+宾
主+谓+宾+宾
中文翻译加“把”
主+谓+宾+宾补
中文翻译加“使、让、令”
主+系+表
并列句
简单句+并列连词+简单句 (双黄蛋)
and
He helped me and I helped him.
or
You can watch TV or you can do exercise.
but
You are nice but I don't love you.
名词性从句
一个句子做了名词的功能
that+陈述句=名词
主语从句
That Yaoming is tall is a fact.
宾语从句
隐藏的双黄蛋
We know (that) Yaoming is tall
表语从句
My opinoin is that Yaoming is tall.
同位语从句
The opinon that Yaoming is tall is right.
if/whether+疑问句的陈述语序=名词
8个特殊疑问词：what which who whose when where why how
主语从句
Whether you will come to BJ tomorrow is important to me.
宾语从句
I want to know if/whether you will come to BJ tomorrow.
if 只适用于宾语从句
表语从句
My question is whether you will come to BJ tomorrow.
同位语从句
The question whether you will come to BJ tomorrow bothers me.
陈述语序的特殊疑问句=名词
主语从句
Why you are so clever is a mystery.
宾语从句
We don’t know why you are so clever.
表语从句
My question is why you are so clever.
同位语从句
The question why you are so clever interests me.
同位语从句知识点补充
去除不影响句子的完整性
1、在句子中遇到“抽象名词”时，应条件反射地想到后面可能跟了同位语从句，常跟同位语从句的抽象名词有：
belief (信念), fact (事实), idea(主意), problem(问题), information(消息), conclusion(结论), decision(决定), news(新闻), thought(想法), explanation(解释)等
2、当同位语从句充当主语过长时，同位语从句和它所修饰的名词常常隔开。
An idea came to her that she could solve the problem in another way.
形容词性从句(定语从句)
一个句子做了形容词的功能
关系代词
人
who
This is the man who saved my life.
whom
This is the man whom I saved.
whose
This is the man whose life was saved by me.
物
that
1、不搭“，”逗号 2、不搭介词
This is the book that I read.
which
This is the book which is very popular.
as
You always work hard, as everybody knows.
as=“正如”表前面的一整个句子
as的用法
1、as不可指代具体的某个词，一般指某件事，其引导的定语从句可以置于句首（其他定语从句不可以），也可以置于句末。
2、当句子中出现such/the same 时，用as。
关系副词
另类形容词
两边必须同时满足
when
表时间+when+完整的句子
I can never forget the day when I met her.
where
表地点+where+完整的句子
I can never forget the place where I met her.
why
reason+when+完整的句子
I can never forget the reason why she dumped me.
含有way/time 的定语从句（背）
当way和time做先行词时，关系词常常省略
I don't like the way (that/ in which) he treated me.
The way (that/ in which) he explained to us is quite simple.
This is the first time (that) I come here.
This is the last time (that) I shall give you a lesson.
副词性从句(状语从句)
那些修饰动词、形容词和整个句子的可有可无的成分
完整句子①+连词+完整句子②
状语从句/副词从句
1、时间
when, while, before, after, until
when：接点时间+段时间；while：只接段时间
After I finish my homework,I will play games with you.
2、地点
where
You should have put the book where you found it.
3、原因
because, since, as
because：用于不为人知的原因；since, as：用于显而易见的原因
I didn't come to work because I was ill.
4、目的
so that, in order that
He looked down so that she could not see his eyes.
5、条件
if, unless
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.
主将从现：主语将来时，从句现在时，从句是主要的先决条件
6、结果
so…that, such…that
so：副词，后紧跟形容词/副词/限定词；such：限定词，只能跟名词性结构
Lily is so beautiful a girl that everyone loves her.
7、比较
than, as…as
You look/are younger than you are (+yong).
比较状语从句会有省略现场
8、让步
although, though, even though, even if
Although he studied hard, he didn't pass the examination.
although：更正式书面；even though：描述既定事实；even if：描述假设或者可能
9、方式
as, as if, as though, the way
You must try to hold the tool as I do.
时间状语连词（背）
常见的简单时间状语连词
when/while/as/before/after/since/till/until/
“一…就…”系列
as soon as/ (the moment/minute/second)/ once/hardly…when/no sooner…than
Time系列
every time/each time/next time/the last time/ the first time/by the time
左二右八原则
左二（已有形容词）
前置定语
限定词
1、冠词：a、an、the
2、形容词性代词：my、your、his、her、its、their
3、量词：a number of 、a plenty of、some...
4、名词：材料、用途、时间、内容、类型
形容词
右八（人为创造形容词）
后置定语
1、不定式
to do
The beautiful girl to get married is Angelababy.
2、分词
主被动
过去分词 done
The beautiful girl hugged by HXM is Angelababy.
现在分词 doing
The beautiful girl wearing sunglasses is Angelababy.
3、介词短语
The beautiful girl in blue jeans is Angelababy.
4、定语从句
The beautiful girl who is the leading actress in running man is Angelababy.
5、形容词短语
The beautiful girl slim enough is Angelababy.
6、同位语从句
The question whether the beautiful girl is Angelababy has an answer.
7、副词
The beautiful girl upstairs.
8、非谓语
悬挂结构
状语
n.
就近解释
The summer palace, the park is beautiful.
I like the Great Wall, one of the eight wonders in the world.
adj.
和主语有关
Mindful of the danger, we stopped climbing.
Beautiful as Fan Bingbing, the girl is the most welcomed one in her school.
to do
和主语有关
To become beautiful, Vic is losing weight.
To improve English, I choose to learn from Allen.
diong/when doing/by doing/ after doing/before doing
diong
1、主语 2、整句充当主语
Standing on the top of the mountain, I saw the whole Beijing.
He sat under the tree, reading a book.
The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
when doing
When doing homework, I felt sleepy.
When crossing the bridge, I saw Wu Yanzu.
by doing
By learning the cooking skill, she can cook now.
By studying English from Allen, I improved it.
done
Built in 1979, our shool is an old school.
He entered the room, followed by his dog.
having done
有先、后顺序
Having handed in the paper, he left the room.
Having been given a map, we found our way easily.
时态轴
点时态 (表达某特定时点发生的事情)
粗糙的点 （一般时态）
3. 一般过去时
I saw him yesterday.
1. 一般现在时
I like fruit.
4. 一般将来时
I will/am going to see you tomorrow.
精确的点 （进行时态）
5. 过去进行时
I was talking when you called me.
2. 现在进行时
I'm talking now.
6. 将来进行时
I will be meeting you at 6 o'clock tomorrow morning.
段时态 （表达过程感）
8. 过去完成时
I have married now.
He hasn't slept for days until now.
7. 现在完成时
I had married before I met him.
He hadn't slept for days before he arrived.
9. 将来完成时
I am 13 now, and I will have married before 80.
He will not have slept for days when he arrives tomorrow.
点和段的杂交：完成进行时
11. 过去完成进行时
I had been waiting for you when my mom came back yesterday.
10. 现在完成进行时
I have been waiting for you.
12. 将来完成进行时
I will have been wating for you if you come late tomorrow.
过去和将来的杂交：过去将来时
13. 过去将来时
He said he would love me forever.
She said she were going to have a meeting the next Friday.
14. 过去将来进行时
He said he would be living in BJ one day.
She told me that she would be studying at Peking University.
15. 过去将来完成时
He said he would have lived in BJ for 5 years by the end of 2017.
She told me she would have worked here for 5 years by May, 2017.
16. 过去将来完成进行时
He said he would have been living in BJ for 5 years by the end of 2017.
She told me she would have been working here for 5 years by May, 2017
四大特殊句型
强调句
It is/was+强调部分+that/who +其他部分
They will have a meeting in the hall tomorrow.
➢It is they that/who will have a meeting in the hall tomorrow.
➢It is a meeting that they will have in the hall tomorrow.
➢It is in the hall that they will have a meeting tomorrow.
➢It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in the hall.
倒装句
完全倒装
1、there be 句型
另外，在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有exist, appear, stand等。
There stood a dog.
There exist different opinions on this question.
2、分词前置
Standing beside the desk was a teacher.
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
3、介词或介词短语前置
In came the teacher.
Out rushed the boy. VS Out he rushed. (背)
At the foot of the hill lies a beautiful lake.
Under the tree was lying a wounded soldier.
4、形容词短语前置
Present at the meeting were Mr White and many other guests.
部分倒装
1、only短语前置
Only in this way can you learn English well. (背)
2、否定词前置
Not until 短语前置 (属于否定词前置）
⚫He didn't finish his homework until his mother came back. ➢Not until his mother came back did he finish his homework.
⚫The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep. ➢Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
Never have I seen such a beautiful place.
Seldom do I go to the cinema.
Not a single mistake did he make at the exam yesterday.
虚拟语气
⚫If I were you, I would accept his advice. ➢Were I you, I would accept his advice.
⚫If it were to rain tomorrow, I would stay at home. ➢Should it rain/Were it to rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.
⚫If I had studied harder before, I would have passed the exam. ➢Had I studied harder before, I would have passed the exam.
(should)+动词原形
在suggest, demand, order, insist等动词之后的宾语从句中用虚拟语
He suggested that we (should) set about doing the work at once.
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.
The leader ordered that the army (should) set off at once.
独立主格
悬挂结构
⚫Standing on the top of the mountain, I saw the whole Beijing.
⚫Built in 1979, our shool is an old school.
独立主格结构
独立主格结构中有自己的独立的逻辑主语！
➢The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.
主语+doing/done
➢The problem solved, we went home.
15个介词的深层含义
in (在...里面)
抽象 |维度| 自然具体
1、表示真实的位置 ：in the car/room
2、表示抽象的位置 ：in the book/movie
3、表示状态 ：in danger; in trouble; in anger
4、表示时间：in the morning/afternoon/eveni ng; in April; in 2019
5、表示方式： in the way; in English
6、表示穿着：in black shoes/T-shirt
on (紧紧地接触-连着)
1、表示真实的位置：on the table/wall
2、表示抽象的位置：on the radio/TV; on the topic/event
3、表示具体的时间：on Monday; on Monday morning;on May 4th
4、表示状态：on duty; on holiday; the game is on
at (在...点上)
1、表示真实的位置 ：at home/the company/t he store
2、表示抽象的位置 ：be good/bad at English
3、表示具体的时间：at 3 pm; at night; at the age of 20
4、表示状态 ：at work 在工作；at table 在吃饭
of (的-从属guanxi)
1、表示"无生命主体的" ：the wind ow of the room; top of the mou ntain...
A of B=A 从属于 B (左二右六)
2、某某市：the city of Beijing
3、表示数量：a piece/box/bottle/pair... of
for (为了/因为/时间/对...而言/支持,赞成)
1、表示"为了" ：go for a walk; I come here for my schoolbag
2、表示"因为" ：Thank you for helping me; for the reason
3、表示"时间"和 ：for 3 days; for a week; for a year
一段时间用
4、表示"对 而言" ：It is important for me
5、表示"支持，赞成" ：Are you for this plan or against it?
by (通过...交通工具/在...附近/截止到...时间/被)
1、表示"通过．交通工具" ：by train/subway/plane/ai r/ship/sea I learn English by watching English movies.
2、表示"在...附近" ：a table by the window; the house is by the lake
但不紧挨着
3、表示"截至到...时间" ：by the end of next week; by 2019
4、表示"被(被动语态)" ：English is spoken by people all over the world
with (伴随)
1、表示"和...一起" ：go with;play with;make friends with;cooperate with
2、表示"携有,带育" ：a country with a long history; a house with a big garden
左二右六
3、表示"用...工具" ：cut the apple with the knife
4、表示"伴随" ：with the development of the society ; with the hel p of my teacher; I don't have any cash with me.
from (远离)
1、表示"来自"：I am/come from China; a gift from my best friend; a man from America
2、由"远离"来记短语： stop/ prevent/keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 be away from... 远离... be different from 与...不同 be absent from 缺席... how far is it from here？官离这多远 The paper is made from wood. 这纸是由木头制成的
1、be made of → 能看出材质 2、be made from → 看不出材质
3、表示"从...到" ：from ...to...
to (指向...)
1、to do 2、to + doing sth. 动名词
由"指向"来理解下列用法 ： The road leads to Paris. 这条路通往巴黎 Smoking is harmful to your health. 吸烟有害健康 the answer to the question. (指向)这个问题的答案 contribute to 对...做贡献 on one’s way to... 在某人去某地的路上 belong to 属于... be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 lead to... 导致
as (作为)
He works as a tour guide.
As a teacher, you should be responsible for your students.
about (在...附近=around)
1、something about you r cou ntry .
2、the movie is about education.
3、I get u p at about 7 am.
4、The road is about 100 meters long.
5、think/talk/worry about... be angry/excited/upset about
6、He is walki ng about the city.
off (脱离，分开)
1、take off 脱掉衣服；起飞 Take off your coat;The plane is taking off
2、fall off 从...掉落 The apple fell off the tree.
3、get off the car. 下车
4、turn off the TV/light/gas 关掉电丰即灯／煤气
5、set off 出发 They set off very early in the morning.
through (内部穿过去)
1、Go though the forest
2、A river goes through the city.
3、He became rich through hard work.
强调过程(抽象)
4、He got the job through his uncle.
强调通过(抽象)
5、We worked through the night.
over (在上面，跨过去)
1、We are over.我们结束了； Game over. 游戏结束
2、go over 复习 You should go over what you learn before you take an exam.
3、come over 顺便来访 Your uncle came over yesterday.
4、turn over 翻转 If you turn over a turtle on its back, it becomes helpless.