美国文学进程体裁理论学习框架思维导图

美国文学进程体裁理论学习框架思维导图，包括进程，体裁，理论方法。学科。Main Topic的内容。一篇导图，带大家了解美国文学进程~

美国文学进程体裁理论学习框架思维导图

• 进程
  • History of American Literature（Colonial Period-20th Century）
    • Chronology
      • Colonial Period (1607-1775)
        • Historical Background
          • The establishment of New England
          • printing presses in the American colonies issues reading materials
          • Enlightment and Great Awakening
        • Representative Writers
          • Thomas Harriot
          • William Penn
          • George Percy
        • Representative Works
          • The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624)
          • History of Plymouth Plantation, 1620–4
          • Letters from an American Farmer
      • War of Independence to the end of Civil War (1775-1865)
        • Historical Background
          • The end of slavery and rise of bourgeosis
          • New way of thinking appears, people's perception changed
        • Representative Writers
          • Patrick Henry
          • Washington Irving
        • Representative Works
          • History of New-York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(1809)
          • Charlotte: A Tale of Truth(1791)
      • After the Civil War to the 20th century(1866-1900)
        • Historical Background
          • Rapid growth of economy and taking lead in indutrial world
          • The rise of Realism and the broke of new social form and tradition
        • Representative Writers
          • Nathaniel Hawthorne
          • Herman Melville
        • Representative Works
          • Moby-Dick
          • The Scarlet Letter
          • Twice-Told Tales
    • Forms of American Literature
      • Poetry
      • Novel
      • Short Stories
      • Drama
      • Pamphlet
    • Culture Influence
      • Puritan cultural ideals
        • England
      • Calvinism
        • France
      • Oral Literary Tradition
        • Spain
      • Myth and Legend
        • Native Indians
      • Ballad
        • Africa
    • Genres
      • Realism
      • Romanticsm
      • Transcendentalism
  • Modernism and Postmodernism
    • Modernism, as a literary style, developed after WWI, beginning in Europe and then progressing into American literature by the end of 1920s. It reached its peak in America in the 1920s up to the 1940s, including trends like symbolism, imagism, futurism, expressionism, super realism, stream of consciousness, and black humor, etc.
    • irrationalism
      • 非理性主义在现代资产阶级哲学和伦理学中流传颇广。如信仰主义者的非理性主义宣扬盲目的信仰；叔本华宣扬无意识的意志，断言理性和科学不适用于道德范围；尼采宣扬“权力意志”论，鼓吹非道德主义；柏格森宣扬直觉；存在主义宣扬存在不是客体而是主体，“存在先于本质”（萨特），否认道德规律的客观性，等等。这些都是非理性主义的表现。 从总体上说非理性主义是精神危机的哲学，但它把人作为研究的主体和主要内容，高扬主题性，在某种意义上体现了现代人的意义和精神，具有积极的意义。
      • Evolving clues
        • Willingness－Living Psychology－Existentialism－Freudism－Frankfort School
      • Representatives
        • Martin Heidegger
          • Existentialism and Time
        • Sartre
    • Symbolism
      • 象征主义文学是起源于19世纪中叶的法国，并于20世纪初期扩及欧美各国的一个文学流派，是象征主义思潮在文学上的体现，也是现代主义文学的一个核心分支，主要涵盖诗歌和戏剧两大领域，其影响力一直持续到今天。西方主流学术界认为象征主义文学的诞生是古典文学和现代文学的分水岭。 the symbolist movement in literature(1899) by Arthur Symons, an English criticpoetic revolution(fragmented and dislocated modern life) modernism
      • Psychologists
        • F. W. Nietzsche
          • Birth of Tragedy
        • Sigmund Freud
          • The Interpretation of Dreams, The Ego and the Id,
      • literary figures
        • T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)
          • The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock, The Waste Land, The Hollow Man, Four Quarters, Murder in the Cathedral
        • Wallace Stevens(1879-1955
          • Harmonium, The Man with the Blue Guitar, Anecdote of the Jar, Collected Poems
        • William Carlos Williams(1883-1963
          • Paterson, Kora in Hell, Spring and Hall, Imagination
    • Imagism
      • Modernism displayed its momentum first in the movement of Imagism as a re¬action to Victorian and Edwardian poetry. It began with Thomas Ernest Hulme (1883 - 1917), an English philosopher and writer who founded the Poets' Club in London in 1908. He called on poets to express their momentary impressions through the use of one dominant image. In America, it start¬ed in Chicago in 1912 when a new magazine was launched under the title of Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, published by Harriet Monroe (1860 - 1936), who was interested in improving the state of poetry. This event marked a poetic renaissance in the United States and the beginning of modern American poetry in rebellion against Victorian poetry and against the conventional technique of the time. One thing that characterized the modern period for poetic writing was the great number of small magazines that were published in Chicago and New York primarily9 carrying the writing of such avant-garde literature. The artists were in communication with each other. They wrote obscure things that were not easily understandable. The artists wrote for each other and tried to improve their skill and craftsmanship and make it even more difficult for the average person to understand. Imag¬ists were a group of poets prominent between 1908 and 1917. They ushered in a whole new era of poetic experimentation.
      • Ezra Pound(1855-1972)
        • Cantos, In a Station of the Metro, A Pact,
    • Expressionism
      • 表现主义是第一次世界大战前后20世纪初至30年代流行于欧美文学地一个重要的现代主义流派。起源于德国，它首先从绘画开始，随后波及文学。 表现主义是艺术家通过作品着重表现内心的情感，而忽视对描写对象形式的摹写，因此往往表现为对现实扭曲和抽象化的这个做法尤其用来表达恐惧的情感——欢快的表现主义作品很少见。从这个定义上来说马蒂斯·格吕内瓦尔德与格雷考的作品也可以说是表现主义的，但是一般来说表现主义仅限于20世纪的作品。 表现主义（Expressionism），现代重要艺术流派之一。20世纪初流行于德国、法国、奥地利、北欧和俄罗斯的文学艺术流派。1901年法国画家朱利安·奥古斯特·埃尔韦为表明自己绘画有别于印象派而首次使用此词。后德国画家也在章法、技巧、线条、色彩等诸多方面进行了大胆地“创新”，逐渐形成了派别。后来发展到音乐、电影、建筑、诗歌、小说、戏剧等领域。
      • Eugene O'Neill
        • The Hairy Ape, Beyond the Horizon, The Emperor Jones, Nna Chistie, Long Day's Journey into Night
      • Franz Kafka
        • The Trial,The Castle, Amerika, The Metamorphosis
    • Stream of Consciousness
      • William James, a psychologist and philosopher, first used the term “stream of consciousness” in his book Principles of Psychology in 1890. In Principles of Psychology, James discussed, “‘the stream of thought, of consciousness, or of subjective life,’” (Watt, pg. 289) in reference to time and individual development (Watt, pgs. 288-289). Watt, in Conrad in the Nineteenth Century, argues that it is “unlikely” that author Joseph Conrad was even aware of James (Watt, pg. 289). On the contrary, in Stream of Consciousness in the Modern Novel, Robert Humphrey writes, in reference to “stream-of-consciousness literature,” that most of its authors were familiar with contemporary psychological theories and that these theories did, in varying degrees, influence their novels (Humphrey, pg. 8). Humphrey does note, however, that although psychology influenced this new form of writing, the primary reason that authors such as Joyce, Woolf, and Richardson chose to write stream-of-consciousness fiction was portray their characters more realistically (Humphrey, pgs. 7-8).
      • interior monologue, narrated monologe
      • James Joyce
        • Ulysess, The Dublins, Araby, The Portrait of A Young Artist,
      • Virginia Woolf
        • To the Lighthouse, A Room of One's Own, Mrs Dalloway , Orlando
    • Surrealism
      • 20年代兴起于法国，它由达达主义发展而来。1919达达派诗人：布勒东(创始人)、阿拉贡（《共产党人》，社会主义现实主义作品，反法西斯）、艾吕雅，发表了第一个《超现实主义宣言》 超现实主义是在法国开始的文学艺术流派，源于达达主义，并且对于视觉艺术的影响力深远。于1920年至1930年间盛行于欧洲文学及艺术界中。它的主要特征，是以所谓“超现实”、“超理智”的梦境、幻觉等作为艺术创作的源泉，认为只有这种超越现实的“无意识”世界才能摆脱一切束缚，最真实地显示客观事实的真面目。超现实主义给传统对艺术的看法有了巨大的影响。也常被称为超现实主义运动。或简称为超现实。 超现实主义（surrealism），探究此派别的理论根据是受到弗洛依德的精神分析影响，致力于发现人类的潜意识心理。因此主张放弃逻辑、有序的经验记忆为基础的现实形象，而呈现人的深层心理中的形象世界，尝试将现实观念与本能、潜意识与梦的经验相融合。
    • Existentialism
      • 存在主义文学是二十世纪流行于欧美的一种文艺思潮流派，它是存在主义哲学在文学上的反映。存在主义作为一个文学流派，是在第二次世界大战后出现的，主要表现在战后的法国文学中，从四十年代后期到五十年代，达到了高潮。存在主义文学史现代派文学中声势最大、风靡全球的一种文学潮流。 存在主义哲学的先驱者是丹麦人克尔凯戈尔。第一次世界大战后，存在主义在德国开始流行，它的主要代表是海德格尔阳雅斯贝尔斯。第二次世界大战后，存在主义在法国思想界占居重要地位，一些作家通过文艺作品进行宣传，扩大了存在主义的影响。六十年代后，存在主义思潮被其他新的流派所代替，荒诞派戏剧、“黑色幽默”就是存在主义文学的变种。 Existentialism requires the active acceptance of our nature. Professor Robert Olson noted that we spend our lives wanting more and more. Once we realize the futility of worldly desire, we try to accept what we have. We turn to philosophy or religion to accept less. We want to detach from our worldly needs — but we cannot do so. It is the human condition to desire. To want. To seek more, even when that “more” is “more of less.” It is a desire to prove something to ourselves, as well as others. The existentialists … mock the notion of a complete and fully satisfying life. The life of every man, whether he explicitly recognizes it or not, is marked by irreparable losses. Man cannot help aspiring toward the goods of this world, nor can he help aspiring toward the serene detachment from the things of this world which the traditional philosopher sought; but it is not within his power to achieve either of these ambitions, or having achieved them to find therein the satisfaction he had anticipated. - Existentialism; Olso
      • Jean Paul Sartre
        • Nausea, The Wall, No Exit, Being and Nothingness, Critique of Dialectical Reason
      • Albert Camus
        • The Stranger, The Myth of Sisyphus, The Plague, The Rebel
    • Absurd Theatre
      • The Theatre of the AbsurdTheatre of the AbsurdTheatre of the AbsurdTheatre of the Absurd (French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays of absurdist fiction, written by a number of primarily European playwrights in the late 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, as well as to the style of theatre which has evolved from their work. Their work expressed the belief that, in a godless universe, human existence has no meaning or purpose and therefore all communication breaks down. Logical construction and argument gives way to irrational and illogical speech and to its ultimate conclusion, silence [1]. Critic Martin Esslin coined the term "Theatre of the Absurd", relating these plays based on a broad theme of absurdity, roughly similar to the way Albert Camus uses the term. The Absurd in these plays takes the form of man’s reaction to a world apparently without meaning or man as a puppet controlled or menaced by an invisible outside force. Though the term is applied to a wide range of plays, some characteristics coincide in many of the plays: broad comedy, often similar to Vaudeville, mixed with horrific or tragic images; characters caught in hopeless situations forced to do repetitive or meaningless actions; dialogue full of clichés, wordplay, and nonsense; plots that are cyclical or absurdly expansive; either a parody or dismissal of realism and the concept of the "well-made play". Playwrights commonly associated with the Theatre of the Absurd include Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Jean Genet, Harold Pinter, Tom Stoppard, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Fernando Arrabal, and Edward Albee.
      • Joseph Heller
        • Catch-22, Closing Time,
      • Kurt Vonnegut
        • Slaughterhouse Five, A Man Without a Country
• 体裁
  • 诗歌
    • 诗学
  • 戏剧
  • 散文
  • 小说
    • 元小说
    • 复调小说
• 理论方法
  • Feminism女性主义
    • Definition
      • refers to movements aimed at establishing and defending equal political, economic, and social rights and opportunities for women
    • Three periods
      • first wave
        • suffrage
          • Mary Wollstonecraft
          • Elaine Showalter
      • second wave
        • equality
          • Simone de Beauvoir
            • The Second Sex
            • Kate Millett？
      • third wave
        • women's organization
          • Virginia Woolf
            • A room of one's own
          • Kate Millett？
    • 影响因素
      • 政治
      • 经济
      • 文化
      • 思想
      • 观念
      • 伦理
      • 社会关系
        • 家庭
      • 教育
      • 心理发展
        • 认知
    • representatives
    • Main Idea
      • 社会性别Gender
        • There is an important distinction between sex and gender where sex describes biological differences, while gender describes social roles of masculinity and feminity,
      • 父权Patriarchy
        • a social system in where the older men are entitled to exercise sanctioned over other household
  • Post-colonialism后殖民理论
    • Definition
      • Postcolonialism is continuation of deolonization, carried on in the Western academy, often termed as Postcolonial Studies. It is a specifically post-modern intellectual discourse that consists of reactions to, and analysis of, the cultural legacy of colonialism.
    • Representatives
      • Edward Said
      • Gayatri C. Spivak
      • Homi K. Bhabha
    • Four distinct areas
      • imperial culture
      • cultures of the colonized
      • cultures of resistance that opposed imperialism
      • relationship between First World metropolitan and Third World peripheral cultures
    • Main Idea
      • Orientalism
        • Orientalism is an academic discipline or corporate institution, but basically it is the way the colonizer thinks about, talks about and represents the colonized, based on a division of two parts (West and East) in general terms
      • Hybridity
        • Hybridity, originating from the Latin hybrida, refers in its most basic sense to mixture. The term originates from biology and was subsequently employed in linguistics and in racial theory in the nineteenth century.
  • New Historicists
    • Defintion
      • aim simultaneously to understand the work through its historical context and to understand cultural and intellectual history through literature, which documents the new discipline of the history of ideas. Michel Foucault based his approach both on his theory of the limits of collective cultural knowledge and on his technique of examining a broad array of documents in order to understand the episteme of a particular time. New Historicism is claimed to be a more neutral approach to historical events, and to be sensitive towards different cultures .
  • culture studies
    • Definiton
      • an academic field grounded in critical theory and literary criticism . Characteristically interdisciplinary, cultural studies provides a reflexive network of intellectuals attempting to situate the forces constructing our daily lives. It concerns the political dynamics of contemporary culture, as well as its historical foundations, conflicts and defining traits. It is distinguished from cultural anthropology and ethnic studies in both objective and methodology. Researchers concentrate on how a particular medium or message relates toideology , social class , nationality , ethnicity , sexuality and/or gender , rather than investigating a particular culture or area of the world.Cultural studies approaches subjects holistically, combining feminist theory , social theory , political theory , history , philosophy , literary theory , media theory , film/video studies , communication studies , political economy , translation studies , museum studies and art history/criticism to study cultural phenomena in various societies. Thus, cultural studies seeks to understand the ways in which meaning is generated, disseminated, and produced through various practices, beliefs and institutions. Also politically, economically and even social structures within a given culture.
  • Reader-response theory
    • Definition
    • Main Idea
      • Reception theory
        • recognizes the reader as an active agent who imparts "real existence" to the work and completes its meaning through interpretation. Reader-response criticism argues that literature should be viewed as a performing art in which each reader creates his or her own, possibly unique, text-related performance. It stands in total opposition to the theories of formalism and the New Criticism, in which the reader's role in re-creating literary works is ignored. New Criticism had emphasized that only that which is within a text is part of the meaning of a text. No appeal to the authority or intention of the author , nor to the psychology of the reader, was allowed in the discussions of orthodox New Critics.
        • a version of reader response literary theory that emphasizes the reader's reception of a literary text. It is more generally called audience reception in the analysis of communications models. In literary studies, reception theory originated from the work ofHans-Robert Jauss in the late 1960s. It was most influential during the 1970s and early 1980s in Germany and USA (Fortier 132), amongst some notable work in Western Europe. A form of reception theory has also been applied to the study of historiography
  • structuralism
    • Definition
      • Structuralism is a theoretical paradigm that emphasizes that elements of culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger, overarching system or structure
    • Main Idea
      • emphasizing the systematic interrelationships among the elements of any human activity, and thus the abstract patterns and conventions governing the social production of meaning
      • system, interrelationships, rules, principles, pattern, convention
    • representative
      • Ferdinand de Saussure
  • 结构主义
    • Russian Formalism俄国形式主义
      • Definition
        • Formalism in the broadest sense refers to a type of criticism that emphasizes the "form" of a text rather than its content. Formalist critics also tend to avoid discussion of any elements deemed external to the text itself (history, politics, biography).
        • 1910-1920 ~1930
      • representative
        • Viktor Shklovsky
        • Roman Jakobson
      • Main Idea
        • Subtopic
          • to “place the study of literature on a scientific footing by defining its object and establishing its own methods and procedures.”
        • Defamiliarization
          • forcing the audience to see common things in an unfamiliar or strange way. distinguish poetic language from practical language
    • New Criticism
      • Definition
        • a movement in literary theory that dominated American literary criticism in the middle decades of the 20th century. It emphasized close reading , particularly of poetry , to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self-contained, self-referential aesthetic object.
      • Deconstructivism
  • 批判哲学
    • Western Marxist Criticism
      • representative
        • George Lukacs
        • Antonio Gramsci
      • Three periods
        • Classical Marxism
        • early western Marxism
        • western Marxism
      • Characters
        • Cultural critique
        • attitude toward new social problem
      • Main Idea
        • Ideology
          • Ideology is idea or belief come from social classes in their relations with each other.It is seen be rooted in the material conditions of the everyday life of classes,because classes are not equal,ideology is thought as a distorted representation of the truth,or “false consciousness”.
        • Hegemony
          • The concept of hegemony was proposed by Italian Marxist theorist and activist Antonio Gramsci to understand how social groups organize their rule.He suggested that rule involves both domination and hegemony that is the organization of consent based on establishing the legitimacy of leadership and developing shared ideas,values, beliefs and meanings.
  • 浪漫主义
  • 文化历史主义
• 学科
  • 历史
  • 心理
    • 哲学
  • 教育学
  • 语言学
  • 经济
  • 政治
  • 生态
  • 自然科学
  • 音乐 、美术
    • 诗歌中图画
• Main Topic
  • 中外差异
    • 比较文学
  • 文化
    • 移民
    • 宗教