导图社区 06动词
关于英语学科知识与教学动词的知识梳理。包含了根据功能分类、根据功能分类等等。喜欢的朋友看看哦。建议收藏细看。
编辑于2023-03-19 14:32:22 湖南英语学科知识与教学能力
动词
谓语动词
分类
根据能否加宾语
及物动词Vt
不完全及物动词 加了宾语后意思仍不完全的动词需要加补语
使役动词:叫(have、make、get)、让(let)
知觉动词:看(see、watch、notice、look)、听(hear、listen to)、感觉(feel)
任命认定动词:选举elect、指派assign、认为think、believe、deem、consider
完全及物动词
加了宾语后意思很完全的动词。eg:I like you.
主谓宾
Tom like noodles.
主谓双宾(授予动词)
授予动词如:allow、cause、give、hand、lend、offer、owe、pas、pay、promise等
eg: Please hand me the book over there.
主谓宾补
不及物动词Vi
完全不及物动词:不加宾语意思就很完全的动词 后面不能跟宾语,只能用于主谓 结构,一般要加介词后再接宾语。
句型1:主语+谓语
S+Vi
She runs.
S+Vi+adv (adv phrase)
She runs fast.
S+Vi+adv Inf
She runs to meet her friends.
不完全不及物动词 意思仍不完全,之后要接名词形容词或名词对等语 He looks happy.
仍然动词:remain、stay、keep
似乎动词:seem、appear等
变得动词:become、grow、turn、go、get等
感官(起来)动词:feel、taste、sound、look、smell
Be 动词
句型2:主语+谓语+补语
S+Vi+Prep+ing
She went on reading the book.
S+Vi+adj+to+Inf
She looks happy to meet her friends.
S+Vi+adj+that clause
I'm sure that she will love this gift.
S+Be+V+N
Jane is a young lady.
S+be+V+pron
The handbag is hers.
S+be+V+adj
She is pretty.
S+be+V+Inf
She is to leave this weekend.
S+be+V-ed+Inf
She is surprised to find this place.
S+Vi+N
She became a teacher.
S+Vi+adj
She looks nice.
S+Vi+ing
She stood watching the rainfall.
S+Vi+ed
She seems surprised.
既可以用作及物动词也可用作不及物动词
意义不变
begin, stat, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve
意义完全不同
beat vi 跳动; vt 敲、打 grow vi 生长; vt 种植 play vi 玩耍; vt 打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi 发出(气味)vt 嗅 ring vi.(电话、铃)响;vt打电话 speak vi讲话 vt . 说(方言) hang vi 悬挂. vt . 绞死 operate vi 动手术 vt 操作
根据功能分类
实义行为动词
可以单独作谓语
助动词
be (am/is/are/was/were/being/been)
be 动词+现在分词,构成进行时态
They are having a nice meeting.
be 动词+过去分词,构成被动语态
English is taught throughout the world.
be 动词+动词不定式
用现在时表最近、未来的计划或安排(这种用法可说成是一种将来时态表达法)
He is going to New York next week.
表示命令
You are to explain this.
表示征求意见
How am i to anwer him?
表示相约、商定
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
have (has/had/having)
have+过去分词,构成完成时态
By the end of this month, they had finished half of their homework.
have+been+现在分词,构成完成进行时
I have been studying English for ten years.
have+been+过去分词,构成完成式被动语态
English has been taught in China for many years.
do (does/did)
构成一般疑问句
Do you want to pass the exam ?
do+not 构成否定句
In the past , many students did not know the importance of English .
构成否定祈使句(只用do, 不用did和does)
Don ' t be so absent - minded .
放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气
Do come to my birthday party .
用于倒装句(引导此类倒装句的副never , seldom , rarely , little , only , so , well )
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English .
用作代动词
Do you like Beijing ? Yes , I do . ( do用作代词,代替 like Beijing )
shall (should)、will (would)
shall和will作为助动词可与动词原形一起构成将来时(shall只用于第人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词will通常情况下用于第二、三人称)
shall I study harder at English . He shall come . He said he would come .
系动词
状态系动词
be
持续系动词
keep、rest、remain、stay、lie、stand、continue
表像系动词
seem、appear、look
感官系动词
feel、smell、sound、taste
变化系动词
become、grow、turn、fall、get、go、come、run
终止系动词
prove、turn out
用法
系动词后+形容词 作表语
The soup tastes nicely. (nicely 应改为nice)
连系动词后+副词 作表语,不过主要限用于in , on , off , out , away , behind , up , down , over , through , around , round , below , inside , outside等少数副词小品词以及 here , there , upstairs , downstairs 等少数表示地点或方位的副词。
Mother wasn ' t in last night
系动词后+不定式
连系动词be后根据情况可自由地接不定式作表语。
My dream is to be a scientist
seem , appear , prove , turn out , get , grow , come等系动词后接不定式(尤其是to be)作表语。
The weather turned out to be fine .
sound , smell , feel , taste , become等l连系动词后接不定式
英语中所有的系动词都是不及物的,所以系动词没有被动语态
His explaination sounds reasonable.
情态动词
基本用法
can/could
may/might
must/have to
should/ought to
will/would
dare/need
shall
used to
情态动词+have done 本……(而实际……)
must have done
can/cannot have done
could/could not have done
may/may not have done
might have done
should/ought to have done
should not/ought not to have done
needn't have done
形式(5种)
分类和构成
现在时:动词原形
一般现在时:第三人称单数
一般情况在动词后+s
work-works , write-writes
以s、x、ch、sh结尾的动词+es
guess - guesses , mix - mixes , finish - finishes , catch - catches
以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,改y为i+es
study - studies
注意:不规则变化有
have - has , be - is , go - goes , do - does
过去式:-ed
一般情況直接+ed
ask-asked、work-worked
以不发音的e结尾+d
love-loved、dance-danced
以辅音字母+y结尾,改y为i+ed
try-tried、study-studied
以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,双写末尾的字母+ed
stop-stopped、permit-permitted
过去分词:-ed
同上(过去分词-ing的变化规则与过去式-ed一样)
现在分词:-ing
一般情况在动词后+ing
study - studying , work - working
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,去e+ing
write - writing , move - moving .
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词,双写末尾一个辅音字母+ing
get - getting , begin - beginning
以ie结尾的名词,一般改ie为y+ing
lie - lielying , die - dying , tie - tying
时态(16种)
一般时态
一般现在时
构成
do/does(连系动词:am/is/are)
用法
表经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言、目前的特征、状态、能力等
主句是一般将来时,时间,条件状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。
以here、there开头的句子里,go come等少数动词的一般现在时表正在发生的动作
一般过去时
构成
动词的过去式,注意不规则动词的变化
用法
过去的经常性、习惯性动作或状态
iintended、thought、expected等:原以为/本来认为/原希望
used to + 动词原形:过去的习惯性动作
一般将来时
子主题
子主题
子主题
子主题
一般过去将来时
子主题
子主题
子主题
进行时态
现在进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
过去进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
将来进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
过去将来进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
完成时态
现在完成时
子主题
子主题
子主题
过去完成时
子主题
子主题
子主题
将来完成时
子主题
子主题
子主题
过去将来完成时
子主题
子主题
完成进行时态
现在完成进行时
概念
表示过去发生的动作或状况一直持续到现在,这个动作可能仍在继续进行或刚刚结束
构成
肯定句:主语+have/has+been+现在分词
否定句:主语+have/has+not+been+现在分词
疑问句:Have/Has+主语+been+现在分词?
疑问代词/疑问副词+have/has+主语+been+现在分词
用法
子主题
子主题
子主题
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
子主题
过去完成进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
将来完成进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
过去将来完成进行时
子主题
子主题
子主题
语态(2种)
主动语态
子主题
子主题
被动语态
子主题
子主题
语气(3种)
陈述语气
肯定句:They like skating,
否定句:He didn't go shopping yesterday.
祈使语气
肯定祈使句:Practise oral Englishe everyday.
否定祈使句:Don't be afraid of making mistake.
虚拟语气
定义:
表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。
与if相关
if 引导的条件状语从句
真实条件句
非真实条件句
与现在事实相反
if+主语+did, 主语+should/would/could/might+do
If he were here, everything would be all right.
与过去事实相反
if+主语+had done, 主语+should/would/could/might+have done
I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time.
与将来事实相反的假设
条件从句谓语
if+主语+did
if+主语+were to+do
if+主语+should+do
主句谓语
主语+should/would/could/might+do
eg: If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do?
错综时间条件句
定义:当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,在英语中通常称为“错综时间条件句”。其主从句谓语动词的形式则要根据其所表示的时间做出相应的调整以对应其所表示的动作行为。
If it hadn't rained so much, we would have a good harvest in autumn.
If you had worked hard, you would be very successful now.
If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party yesterday.
省略if
如果条件从句中包含有were、had、should,有时可把if省略掉,把were、had、should放在主语前,变成倒装句式。
If you had come earlier, you would have met him. 变为:Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
代替if
介词或介词短语 without、thanks to、but for等+名词结构代替if条件句表示的虚拟语气。 要不然,否则:without、or、or else、otherwise、but 要不是:but for、but that
与过去事实相反
主语+should/would/could/might+have done
Without your help (If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
与现在事实相反
主语+should/would/could/might+do
But for electricity (If there were no electricity), there would be no modern industry.
与将来事实相反的假设
主语+should/would/could/might+do
与愿望、建议、要求、命令等相关
宾语从句
suggest、require、order……+宾语从句
在一些表示建议、愿望、要求、请求、劝告、意志、欲望、命令、安排、决定等的动词的宾语从句中,要用虚拟语气。 这类动词有:ask , require , request , demand , pray , insist , desire , maintain , propose , suggest , move , urge , advise , recommend , command , order , arrange , decide
坚持:insist
He insisted ( that ) the meeting ( should ) be put off .
命令:command , order
建议:advise , suggest , propose , recommand
They proposed ( that ) all the plans ( should ) be discussed at the meeting
要求:inquire , demand , ask , desire , urge
She demanded ( that ) the paper ( should ) be rewritten
注意:如suggest ,insist 用于其本意“暗示、表明”“坚持认为”,且后面从句中的动作已经发生时,使用陈述语气。
He insisted that she was seriously ill . The evidence suggests that single fathers are more likely to work than single mothers .
主语从句
It is important、required……主语从句
it is+表示要求、建议、必要、命令等意思的形容词或分词+主语从句 这类形容词和分词有:proposed , suggested , advised , recommended advisable , desirable , preferable , better , essential , important , natural necessary , possible , probable , strange , urgent , incredible
demanded , required , requested
desired , decided , insisted
ordered , commanded
表语从句或同位语从句
在一些表示愿望、建议、要求、命令等意义的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句后,谓语动词要用虚拟语气。 advice , decision , idea , order , plan , proposal , recommendation , suggestion , opinion , requirement , direction , policy
My opinion is that we ( should ) review their proposal right now. He made the request that the problem ( should ) be settled at once.
“要是……就好了/好像”
wish+宾语从句“但愿……;要是……就好了”
与现在愿望相反
宾语从句谓语一般用动词过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去愿望相反
had+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设
would/could+动词原形
as if / as though +方式状语从句
与现在愿望相反
非虚拟情况,从句谓语一般用过去式(Be 动词一般用were)
与过去愿望相反
非虚拟情况,had+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设
非虚拟情况,would/could+动词原形
if / if only 表示愿望
与现在愿望相反
一般用动词过去式(be动词一般用were)
与过去愿望相反
had+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设
would/could+动词原形
It's (high/about) time+从句
表示“是应该做……的时候了”,从句谓语用过去式或should(不可省)+动词原形
与现在事实相反
非虚拟情况,从句谓语一般用过去式(Be 动词一般用were)
与过去事实相反
非虚拟情况,had+过去分词
与将来事实相反的假设
非虚拟情况,would/could+动词原形
虚拟语气的其他形式
1 had + expected / hoped / supposed 表示希望、设想、预期而未实现的过去的动作
I had expected I would pass the driving test .
表示祝愿的话
May our longstanding friendship last forever !
主谓一致原则
语法一致
就近一致
意义一致
非谓语动词
定义
不作谓语的动词一律叫“非谓语动词”
分类
不定式 To do
形式
肯定式
主动形式
to do、to be doing、to have done、to have been done
被动形式
to be done、to have been done
否定式
not+肯定式
not to do、not to be done
作用
主语
表示一次具体的情况
it 作形式主语的句型
宾语
只接不定式,作宾语的词
表语
表示主语的内容、将来的动作、事态发展的结果等
定语
表将来
用在“序数词/形容词最高级/the last等(+名词/代词)”后
解释说明表抽象意义的名词
状语
目的状语
结果状语
原因状语
补语
宾补
带to的不定式
to be……
不带to的不定式
主补
V-ing
动名词
现在分词
V-ed
子主题
子主题
子主题