导图社区 16特殊句式
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16特殊句式
关于英语学科知识与教学能力的特殊句式知识梳理。包含了独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语等等。喜欢的朋友看看哦。建议收藏细看。
编辑于2023-03-19 14:43:22 湖南- 英语学科知识与教学能力
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英语学科知识与教学能力
特殊句式
独立主格
定义
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。
主要形式
名词或代词+现在分词
名词或代词通常是动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动的或正在进行的动作
She ran up to me , her hair flying in the wind .
名词或代词+过去分词
名词或代词是动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构,表示被动或已完成的动作
This done , we went home .
名词或代词+不定式
名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示将要发生的动作,常位于句首或句末
We divided the work , he to clean the window and I to sweep the floor .
名词或代词+介词短语
介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态(注:该结构中一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词)
Miss Smith entered the classroom , book in hand . The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open .
名词或代词+形容词或副词
形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态
He sat in the front row , his mouth half open . Summer over , the students returned to school .
with+宾语+过去分词
If you sit looking away from a person , or with your back turned , you are saying you are not interested in that person .
with+宾语+现在分词
Mary felt very shy with so many eyes looking at her .
with+宾语+副词
The proud girl walked away with her head up .
with+宾语+介词短语
The old man used to take a wallk with a stick in his hand .
with+宾语+形容词
The children were listening to the teacher with their eyes wide open .
with+宾语+不定式
With too much work to do the next day , he felt anxious and didn ' t sleep well
There being + 名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do , we went home .
It being + 名词(代词)
It being a holiday , all the shops were shut .
主要用法
作时间状语
The work done ( = After the work had been done ) , we went home .
作条件状语
Weather permitting ( = If weather permits ) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow .
作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow ( = As an important lecture will be given tomorrow ) , the professor has to stay up late into the night .
作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass , his hands crossed under his head ( = and his hands were crossed under his head ) .
表补充说明
A hunter came in , his face red with cold ( = and his face was red with cold ) .
特点
独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。
名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系
独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
省略句
状语从句中的省略
如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且从句的谓语含有be动词的某种形式( am/is/are / was/were ) , 可同时省略从句中的主语和be动词的某种形式
when , while引导的时间状语从句
Do be careful when ( you are ) crossing the street . When / While ( I was ) on my way to work , I met her .
if , unless , once引导的条件状语从句
If ( it is ) properly treated , waste will do no harm to the environment . I ' ll not go to the party unless ( I am ) invited .
though , although , whether , no matter whether / what / how / who引导的让步状从
He was happy , though / although ( he was ) poor . Whether ( she is ) sick or well , she is always cheerful . No matter how / However hard the task ( is ) , we must fulfill it in time .
as if, as though 引导的方式状语从句
He rubbed his eyes and yawned as if / though ( he was ) waking up after a long sleep . He stood up as if / though ( he were ) to leave .
than , as 引导的状从
当不同的主语进行比较时,一般省略从句中的谓语;当从句中的主语与谓语(be动词除外)和主句中的主语与谓语相同时,通常省略从句中的主语和谓语,只保留比较部分。
He is taller than his brother ( is ) . I have as much as confidence in you as ( I have confidence ) in him .
以if从句为代表的状从中的特殊省略，通常省略了 : it is , that is , there is/are
If ( it is ) possible / necessary , this old temple will be rebuilt . If ( that is ) so , I will call you back at 5 : 0 0 pm .
定语从句中的省略
关系词的省略关系代词that,which ,whom等在限制性定语从句中充当宾语且不位于介词之后, 可以省略：in which或that在先行词way后作方式状从时可省略
The man ( that / who / whom ) you visited last night is my grandpa . I don ' t like the way ( in which / that ) you treat the girl .
虚拟语气if和should的省略
当条件从句中有were , had , should if 时省略if，把它们提至句首，形成倒装句
If I were a teacher , I would be strict with my students . Were I a teacher , I would be strict with my students
uggest , insist , order , require等表示建议、要求、命令的动词后接地名词性从句中，谓语动词常用“should + 动词原形" , should 可省略
The doctor suggested that he ( should ) try to lose weight
不定式符号to的省略
感官动词：see , hear , feel , watch等和使役动词：have , make , let等后接不定式作宾语时，不定式省略to
The doctor suggested that he ( should ) try to lose weight
do nothing but , can ' t help but 等结构常接省略to的不定式
We didn ' t do anything but stay at home watching TV yesterday . Hearing the news , she couldn ' t help but cry .
want , wish , hope , try , plan , like , love , hate to , be , have , behave .
My parents encourage me to go to college, but I didn't want to.
so和not的替代性省略
so / not believe , do , expect , fear , guess , hope , say , speak , suppose , think , I ' m afraid
Do you suppose he is going to attend the meeting ? - I suppose not .
日常交际中的省略
在情景会话中,答语常常省略不会引起歧义的主语、谓语或宾语部分,而只保留对方希望了解的内容。在复合句或并列句中,也有省略主、谓、宾的情况。
- How many copies do you want ? ( I want ) Three copies , please . - Have you ever been to the Great Wall ? - No , ( I have ) never ( been to the Great Wall ) .
倒装句
定义
谓语的全部或部分（助动词或情态动词）放在主语之前的现象称为倒装
完全倒装
表示地点、运动方向、时间的副词放句首
here、there、up、down、in、out、off、away、now、then等副词开头的句子表示强调
Out rushed the children.
表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首
Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs .
强调表语，放于句首
Present at the meeting were 1000 students .
部分倒装
表示否定意义（形式）的副词或介词短语放于句首
never、by no means、in no way、neither、hardly、scarcely、seldom、little、no、in no case、not until
Hardly did I know what had happened . Not until 1 0 o ' clock did he come back . Not until he returned did we have supper It wasn ' t until they had a discussion that they made up their mind .
not only……but also……前倒后不倒
Not only does he know French , but also he is expert at it. Not only he but also I am going to attend the meeting.
neither……nor……前后都倒
Neither do I know it , nor do I care about it.
only和所修饰的状语放于句首
被强调的状语一般为状语从句、副词、或介词短语
Only then did he realize the importance of English . Only by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies . Only when I left my parents for Italy did I realize how much I loved them Only a doctor can do that .
so……that、such……that so或such及所修饰的成分放于句首 前倒后不倒
So busy is he that he cannot go on a holiday. Such a clever student is she that all the teachers like her.
so、neither或nor 表示前句的内容也适用于另外的人或事
so/nor/neither+主语+助动词/情态动词/系动词：表示“确实……”仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和
- The lights are still on in the classroom . You must have forgotten to turn them off . - So I did.
so/nor/neither+助动词/情态动词/系动词+主语：表示前面说过的情况也适用于另一个人或物是要部分倒装
Peter can ' t answer the question . Neither can I . / Nor can they . Sara doesn ' t like apples , neither do I . / Nor do they .
省略if的虚拟条件句
Were I you , I would not do it in this way .
表示祝愿的祈使句
May you be in good health!
as 引导的让步状语
把需要强调的部分提前(如名词、动词、形容词、副词),然后再加陈述句的其他部分
Child as he is , he has learned a lot . Much as I hate him , I will not kill him . Try as she might , Carolina couldn ' t get the door open .
强调句
强调句的类型
It is/was……that/who/whom……
He met an old friend in the park yesterday . ( 1 ) It was he that met an old friend in the park yesterday . ( 2 ) It was an old friend that / who he met in the park yesterday ( 3 ) It was in the park that he met an old friend yesterday . ( 4 ) It was him that / who / whom I met in the street yesterday . ( 5 ) It was monitor that we selected him at the class meeting yesterday .
It is/was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
普通句：He didn't go to bed until/tull his wife came back. 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
谓语动词的强调
It is/was……that……结构不能强调谓语 如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词 do/does/did
I do like you. Do sit down. He did write to you last week . Do be careful when you cross the street!
从句的强调
强调状语从句
原因状从
I came home late because it was raining hard . It was because it was raining hard that I came home late.
时间状从not……until
It is / was not until +被强调部分+that+其他部分:
He didn ' t go to bed until his wife came back. It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
强调主语从句
What you said really made us sad . It was what you said that really made us sad.
强调句的判断方法
把 It,be,that去掉,如果剩余部分句子结构仍然完整(被强调部分要还原到原位置),那么这个句子就是强调句;如果句子不完整,则不是强调句。
( 1 ) It is he who / that often helps me with my English . ( 2 ) It is on the hillside that we plant trees every year . ( 3 ) It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off. ( 4 ) It was 9 o ' clock when we came back . ( 5 ) It was 3 hours since we had come back .
疑问句形式
一般疑问句
Is/Was+it+被强调部分+that/who+其他成分?
Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out?
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词+is/was+it+that，后面的不用改
Jim met his good friend last night on the street. 强调Jim的: Who was it that met his good friend last night on the street ? 强调friend的: Whom was it that Jim met last night on the street ? 强调Last night的： When was it that Jim met his good friend on the street ? 强调on the street的: Where was it that Jim met his good friend last night ?
省略形式
Who is making so much noise in the garden ? Itis the children.
强调句的注意事项
首句用“ir”，不能用“This/That”
子主题
若原句的谓语动词用了现在时或将来时,则用is;若原句的谓语动词用了过去时或过去完成时,则用was
被强调的部分如果是代词,强调主语用主格,强调宾语用宾格。
It is him that / who / whom I met in the street yesterday . It is I who / that am wrong .
连接词一般用that , 当强调部分时人时，即可用that也可用who。特别注意：当强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时，不能用when或where。
It was on Oct 1st , 1949 that People ' s Republic of China was founded .
主谓一致问题
被强调的主语要和that后面的谓语动词在数上保持一致。
not . . . until 结构的强调:
强调not . . . ntil引导的时间状语时，要用：it is / was not until . . . that . . . ，that后面的句子要用肯定式，且须用陈述句语序。
We did not get off the bus until it stopped . It was not until it stopped that we got off the bus .
虚拟语气 （动词语气）
非真实条件句中
名词性从句中
其他句型中
其他
there be句型
谓语动词be
eg: There is a pen on the desk.
"某地有某人或某物“
there 引导词无词义
数一致
主语
谓语be
运用其他动词
seem/appear/happen/exist
There seemed to be on one who really understand me.
时态
具体要求 多种变化
eg: There is going to be a speach contest next Friday.
其他用法
there be no+主语结构 主语
动名词
逻辑主语
There is no packing around here.
there be……doing 强调动作正在进行
There are many student palying on the playground.