导图社区 情态助动词
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情态助动词
情态助动词14个，英语师范专业生精心整理 希望对有需要的小朋友有帮助
编辑于2020-02-12 01:13:15- 英语 学习 语法
- 情态助动词
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情态助动词14个
三
表示义务 和 必然
表示义务obligation should. ought to. must
should /ought to 表示应该 劝说，敦促的含义
You should/ought to drink less. He shouldn't/oughtn't to stay up so late.
should 的口气比较肯定，说话人主观信念更强烈 ought to 口气不那么坚定 表示强烈劝说，敦促时 往往用should
You should mind your own business.
should/ought to +不定式完成时 本来应该做某事，却没有做 本来不该做某事却做了
You should/ought to have asked my permission first.
must表示 敦促，命口气最强烈
You must stop smoking.
must 有两个否定形式 一个是must not/mustn't 不许，禁止 相应的半助动词be to 的的否定形式 be not to 一个是need not/needn't 不必 =don't need to. don't have to. haven't got to
You mustn't talk like that. You are not to talk like that. 不许你如此讲话 You weren't to talk like that. 否定形式 must you leave so soon? No, I needn't. You needn't do it at once. You don't need to do it at once
过去的 必须， 常用 have to 的 过去时形式 had to
I had to leave at six.
表示 必须，must与have to意义相近 must 侧重于说话人的主观意志 have to 侧重于客观需要
He must say it in English. (I want him to do so.) He has to say it in English. (because he doesn't know Chinese.)
特定语境中，will 也可以表示义务
You will wait outside the gate. 你必须在门外等候。
表示义务，除用情态助动词外，还可以用其他词汇手段。
He was compelled by illness to give up his studies.
表示义务necessity should，ought to，must
should 表示 必然 指说话人根据一定情况做出推测或推断
She should be here in a minute. 估计她马上就会过来。 That should not be a difficult problem for Mary. 估计那件事情对于玛丽不会成为困难的问题。
ought to 表示 必然 也是根据一定情况做出的推测或者推断。
These threes ought to provide shade in ten years. 这些树十年之后定会成荫。
ought to与 must同义，表示推断，推测 但语气较弱，比较婉转
Mary must be home by now. Mary ought to be home by now.
must 表示 必然，口气最为肯定
All men must die.
推测过去的事态 must+ 不定式完成体
You must have left your handbag in the theatre.
四
表示 预见 和 推测
表示预见prediction
表示 单纯将来 will/shall+不定式
I shall never do that again. Shall we go? It will rain.
表示 推测assumption should，ought to，must will/would
will表示推测，语气仅次于must
They should/ought to be home by now. 他们现在该到家了。 They would be home by now. 他们现在大概到家了。 They will be home by now. 我估计他们现在一定到家了。 They must be home by now. 他们现在一定到家了。
用will/would表示推测
第一种 对特定事态的推测
That will be the postman. 估计一定是邮递员。
第二种 对某些习惯性事态的推测 will 现在习惯 would过去习惯
A lion will attack a man only when hungry. 狮子饿了才会攻击人。 Every day she will sit there for hours. 每天她都会坐那里好几个小时。
第三种 对某些不受时限的客观过程的推测
Oil will float on water. =Oil floats on water. 水总是浮于水面。 Pigs will eat angything.=Pigs eat anything. 猪什么都吃。
五
表示 意愿 意图 决心
表示意愿willingness will，would，shall
will表示 意愿时，可用于一切人称的主语
I will lend you the money if you need it.
will用于二，三人称主语疑问句时，是询问别人是否愿意做某事
Will Alice accept the invitation?
will 用于第二人称主语请求句时 为了缓和可能含有的命令口气
Will you please open the door for me? would you... 回答时，用will
表示 过去的意愿 或 不愿意做某事 用would ，would not
He would that he would never do anything like that.
shall 表示 意愿，一般适用于第二，三人称主语。
You shall stay with us as long as you like.
表示 意图intention will would shall
will表示 意图，可用于一切人称主语
表示过去的意图或用在间接引语中，可用would
He would see her the next day.
用shall表示意图，常用于第二，三人称主语 表示说话人的意图。
He shan't come here. They shall not pass.
shall 表示意图，用于疑问句 征询听话人的意见，意图
Shall I carry the suitcase for you?
表示 意图，还可以用intend，plan，mean，intention
I don't intend to do it.
表示 决心determination will would shall 都要重读，且不可以用缩略形式
will 表示 决心 坚持 可用于一切人称的主语
He will go out without an overcoat.
表示过去的决心 would
He would climb the mountain regardless of danger.
shall主要用于二，三人称主语 表示说话人的强烈意志和决心
You shall abey my orders.
shall 的否定形式 shall not/shan't 表示说话人 禁止，威胁
You shall not have it., it's mine.
表示决心
I'm determined to study German well. I was resolved to discuss with the professor in person.
七
表示 胆敢 需要等
表示胆敢 dare
作为情态动词 通常只用于 否定陈述句 疑问句
I dare not go there. How dare he say such rude things about me?
作为情态动词 多用于现在时 也可指过去时
Tom wanted to come, but he dare not.
作为主动词 也通常用于疑问句，否定句
She doesn't dare to answer. Does she dare to go there?
过去时dared 通常只用于 问学语言等正式语体 也还是用于否定语体
Nobody dared lifted their eyes from the ground.
表示需要need
作为情态动词 need只用于否定句 疑问句
He needn't worry about it. Need I collect the parcel?
Need we work late today? -No, but we must tomorrow. -No, you needn't tell her just yet.
需要，必须做sth，用 need，must 否定则是 needn't. don't have to而不是mustn't
didn't need to与needn't have -Ed 有区别
I didn't need to go to the station. I needn't have gone to the station. 我不必到车站去。 第一句表示 因为没有必要而不曾前往。 第二句表示本无必要却在过去某时去了车站。
should/would的其他用法
should表示话语的感情色彩 惋惜 忧虑 欢乐 惊讶
It's a pity that he should leave so soon. It's unbelievable that he should be working so hard.
某些惯用的疑问句和感叹句
How should I know? 我怎么会知道？ Why should he be resigning?他为什么会辞职？
在某些语境，与be型虚拟式交替使用
I insisted that he go /should go with me.
不带具体的情态意义
They got warmly dressed for fear that they should catch cold.
should和say，think搭配 表示婉转口气 would 在特定语境也是婉转口气
I should say he is just the right man for the job.
It would be a shame to stop our work halfway.
客气的请求
Would you like to stay here?
委婉的建议
Wouldn't it be better for us to start off a little earlier tomorrow?
六
表示命令 禁止 拒绝
表示命令
最简单 生硬 command order instruct
He commanded/ordered/instruct his men to come early.
口气客气 委婉一点 ask request suggest invite
He asked the men to come early. He requested me to help. Candidates will be invited for interview early.
Would you mind being here at 9? ---Not at all. 一定会去。 ---Yes, I do. 不会去。
表示禁止
最简单 prohibit forbid
I forbid you to use that word. The law prohibits tobacconists from selling cigarettes to children.
某些不完全句
No smoking! No parking!
must/mustn't
You must be back before dark. You mustn't play football in the park.
be to/ be not to
You are always to knock before you enter my rot. You are not to enter my room. You are to write your name at the top of each sheet of paper.
表示 拒绝
通常用 won't wouldn't
The engine wouldn't start. I won't do it.
也可以有 refuse reject decline
I wouldn't refuse help to an old friend. The board rejected /turned down all our ideas. 略强硬 I declined to do along with such a wild scheme. You are saying no to a fortune. 委婉
二
表示 能力ability/capability
can，could,be able to capable
过去的能力
could，was/were able to, managed to
现在的能力
can，be able to
表示 可能 possibility
May, might, can, could.
may，might 既可表示现在的 可能，也可以表示将来的可能
在疑问句中，表示可能，须用can，不用may
Where can he be? He may be in the office.
may not 表示不可能，重音在助动词。表示不许可，重音在not。 易引起歧义，所以表示 不可能用can't
can表示可能 往往指逻辑上的 可能性，may表示可能 往往指事实上的 可能性。 The road can be blocked. The road may be blocked.
表示过去的 可能 May/might+不定式完成体，不定式完成进行体 Can/could
He may/might have been hurt. He can’t/could have been hurt.
Might/could+不定式完成体 本来可能发生的事但没有发生 本来可能完成却没有完成的动作
You might have killed yourself.你差点儿送了命。 I could have reported you.我本可以告发你。
表示许可 不许
表示许可 允诺 答应
表示许可permission时，may might 比can could 更正式，婉转，礼貌
子主题
给予 许可时，通常用 can，may
Could I use your phone? Yes, of course you can.
Might I trouble you for a light? You may indeed.
may/might can/could 在一定上下文中，存在时间差异
In those days anyone might/could enroll for this course. 表示过去的许可
给予 许可 还可以使用 allow permit permission
Will you allow/permit me to use your car? They entered the area without permission.
表示客气的请求
Do you mind if I go home early this afternoon? Would you mind if I bought a friend along too?
表示答应，允诺 还可以用promise
Please promise not to tell anyone else. They promised that they should/would finish the work.
表示 不许
非正式语体 can't
You can't play football.
won't let
My doctor won't let me get up yet.
仅用于正式语体 如规章条文 may not
Visitors may not feed the animals.
说话人要否定对方发出的客气的请求，通常避免使用may not 代之以婉转的口气 I'm afraid not.
may not 表示 不许的 过去形式不是might not
表示过去某时不许某人做某事
He was not allowed to leave this place. I didn't allow/permit him to leave the place.
一
推测性epistemic 非推测性non-epistemic
We must be careful. He must be very careless.
能作推测性用法的情态动词
能作推测性用法的情态助动词的句法特征 syntactic features
其后的不定式可以采取完成体形式
You must have thought about that.
其后的不定式可以采取进行体
He must be working late at the office.
可以用于there be 存在句
There must be some mistake.
其后的不定式为一般形式时通常是静态动词
He must be there.
主语可以是无生命的名词词组
It must be George.
句法特征
协助主动词构成限定动词词组，无一例外地带有不带to的不定式
词法特征
没有非限定形式，没有词形曲折变化