英语各种语法大全

英语各种语法大全，主谓宾、主系表、并列复合句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句、非谓语动词……

句子

• 主谓宾
  • 主语
    • 定义：句子的主体，动作或状态的执行者
      • 名词
      • 代词
      • 动名词
      • 不定式
      • 名词词组
      • 句子
  • 谓语
    • 简单谓语
      • 及物动词
        • 有宾语，有被动语态
          • The car stoped
      • 不及物动词
        • 无宾语，无被动语态
          • John opened the door
    • 复合谓语
      • 定义：由情态动词、be动词或其他助动词加动词原形或动词的其他形式构成
        • You may keep the book for two weeks
        • The students are playing basketball
  • 宾语
    • 充当动作的受害者，一般位于谓语动词之后
      • John opened the door
      • He refused to do that
• 主系表
  • 表语
    • 定义：表示主语身份、特征或状态的成分
      • 名词
        • We are students
      • 形容词
        • This kind of food tastes delicious
      • 介词短语
        • My mom is at home
      • 数词
        • I will be 5 in May
      • doing
        • My hobby is playing cards
      • 不定时to do
        • To see is to believe
  • 系动词
    • 关系动词，连接主语于表语，表示主语的特征或状态的动词
      • 连接主语和表语
        • My hobby is playing basketball
      • 不单独使用，必须跟着后面的表语一起才有意义
        • This kind of food tastes delicious
    • 分类
      • 属性类&表象类
        • 属性类：暂无
      • 表象类&感官类
      • 变化类
      • 终止类
• 并列复合句
  • 简单句＋连词+简单句=并列复合句
    • 连词
      • 并列关系
        • and：和、同、与、又、并且、就
          • Do it slowly and carefully. 要慢慢仔细地做。
        • or：或者、不然、否则的话
          • Is your sister older or younger than you? 你的姐妹比你大还是小？
        • nor：也不
          • She seemed neither surprised nor worried. 她似乎既不惊讶也不担心。
      • 转折关系
        • yet：但是、尽管如此
          • Here lies Rome's loveliest, yet off-the-beaten-track church, the simple, majestic Santa Sabina (Piazza Pietro d'Illiria 1).这里坐落着罗马最可爱、最与众不同的教堂——简单而宏伟的圣萨宾娜教堂(Piazza Pietro d’illiria 1)。
        • but：但是、可是、而、却
          • I got it wrong. It wasn't the red one but the blue one. 我弄错了。不是红的那个，是蓝的那个。
        • while：但是、尽管如此
          • We must have been burgled while we were asleep. 我们睡着时一定让贼入室偷了。
      • 因果关系
        • for：表示因为
          • We got a new table for the dining room.我们为餐厅买了一个新的桌子
        • so：表示所以
          • I might be away next week. If so , I won't be able to see you. 下星期我可能外出。要是那样，我就见不到你了。
• 主语从句
  • 概念：在句子中充当主语的从句
    • 引导词
      • 连词：that,whether
      • 连接代词：who(ever),whom(ever)
      • 连接副词 where ,when ,why ,how
  • 规则：what与that引导主语从句
    • 例句：What you said yesterday is right.
    • 例句：That she is still alive is a great news to all of us.
  • 形式主语
    • 注意: 由that引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”,常用it作形式 主语,而把从句放在后面。(尾重原则)
      • 例句： That he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.—It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice. *it为形式主语
        • 构成
          • 1） It is + n. +从句 It is a pity/shame that...遗憾的是 It is a surprise that...令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that ...是事实 It is common knowledge that ...是常识 * It is a pity that （很遗憾）we lost the match（比赛）. * It is a fact that （这是事实）he cheated in the exam.
          • 2） It is + adj. +从句 It's certain that... 肯定… It is possible that...很可能 .. It is unlikely that...不可能 .. It is obvious that...很明显… It is necessary \important \natural\... that... +（should） +do... It is possible that （很可能）she will come back tomorrow. It is obvious that （很明显）this measure（措施） is effective（有效的）.
    • If 和 Whether 是否
      • Conclusion:引导主语从句在句首只能用whether. 有it作形式主语的whether/ if都可以
        • Whether the square shape would last or not was not clear.
        • It was not clear whether/if the square shape would last or not.
• 宾语从句
  • 在句子中充当宾语的从句，叫做宾语从句
  • 疑问句中有宾语从句的时候，主句用疑问语序，宾语从句用陈述语序。 你能告诉我他们什么时候离开的吗？ ---Can you tell me when they leave?
  • 时态---从句时态和主句时态相呼应 He says he is busy. 他说他很忙。 He said he was busy. 他说他很忙。 特殊情况：从句内容为客观事实时，从句时态始终为一般现在时 The teacher said that the earth turns around the sun. 老师说，地球绕着太阳转。
  • that只起引导词作用，不充当句子成分，也没有词义，且通常可以省略。We think (that) he will help us. 我们认为他会帮助我们。
  • 注意: 当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末。例如：Students should keep it in mind that the classroom should be clean.
• 表语从句
  • 定义：表述主语的特征、状态、身份；一般位于系动词之后。My idea is that we should do it at once.
    • 由that引导的表语从句
      • The fact is that he doesn’t really try. The trouble is that I have lost his address. My suggestion is that we should tell him. His sole requirement was that the system would work.
    • 由who, which引导--who和which在从句中充当某种成分
      • You are not who you were ten years ago. The problem is who we can get to replace her. The question is who we should trust. What I want to know is which road we should take.
    • 表语从句---由who, which引导--在从句中充当某种成分
      • You are not who you were ten years ago.
    • 由what引导--what在从句中充当某种成分
      • That’s what I want to stress. That’s what we are here for. Fame and personal gain is what they“re after. He is no longer what he was. Our village is no longer what it was over twenty years ago.
    • 表语从句---由when, how, where, why引导---从句不缺少成分，表示时间，方式，地点，原因
      • The problem is how we can find him. That was when I was fifteen. That’s where I first met her. That’s why he didn’t come. That’s why I object to the plan. That’s where you are wrong.
    • 表语从句---由whether引导---是否
      • The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
    • 表语从句---由as if / as though引导
      • 1、It isn’t as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。 2. Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。 3. It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我们家里穷
    • 表语从句---由because引导
      • That’s because you can’t appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。 If I’m a bit sleepy, it’s because I was upall night. 如果我有点困，是因为一夜没睡。 It's because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 这是因为我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。
• 定语从句
  • 定义：修饰名词的从句
    • 关系代词who&that引导的定语从句
      • The girl（主） who stood there was（谓语） a star.
        • （1）关系代词that在句子中既可用于指人，也可用于指物。充当主语，宾语
        • （2）关系代词who在定语从句中通常只用于指人，不用于指事物。
        • （3）关系代词whose在定语从句中主要用作定语，表示...的。
        • （4）当先行词指物时，也可以用which 是在从句中充当主语，宾语
      • 特殊情况
    • 关系副词引导的定语从句
      • 关系副词主要有when, where, why， 在定语从句中作状语， 分别表示时间、地点和原因， 从句不缺少主谓或主谓宾成分。
  • 构成
    • 名词+关系代词（who/that）+从句(缺少主语或宾语)
  • 提醒
    • that/who/which在定语从句中做宾语时，that/who/which可省略；针对这一点进行了课上句子分析练习和句子写作练习
  • 定语从句的省略
    • who/that/which关系代词在从句中做宾语可省略
      • 1. The girl that/who we saw yesterday is Jim’s sister.
      • 2. The story that he writes is about faith and bravery.
      • 3. This is the artist that/who people admire.
  • 非限制性定语从句
    • 对名词进行补充和说明
      • He is from the south, which we can know from his accent
      • She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.
      • I said nothing, which made him angry.
  • 定语从句的省略
    • who/that/which关系代词在从句中做宾语 可省略
      • The story that he writes is about faith and bravery.
• 状语从句
  • 在句中作状语的从句是状语从句，修饰主句中的动词
    • 时间状语从句
      • 做题需要判断 主句和从句的动作 发生的时间顺序
        • When + 非延续动词： rang ask stop
        • While + 延续性动词 ： be here be away
• 非谓语动词
  • 非谓语动词三种形式：
    • taken 过去分词
    • taking 现在分词
    • to take 不定式 infinitive
  • 句子的6大基本成分
    • 主语
      • 句式： it is +adj + for somebody+ to do sth（真正的主语）
        • It’s good for us to read English aloud in the morning.
    • 宾语
      • 不定式+被动 to be done
        • 后面+to do 做宾语的动词：
          • begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask，pretend，permit允许，need等。
      • tell sb to do sth
      • ask sb to do sth
      • want sb to do sth
      • invite sb to do sth
      • encourage sb to do sth
      • help sb (to) do sth
      • let sb (to) do sth
    • 定语
      • 1. 和陌生人沟通的能力是很重要的。
        • The ability to communicate with strangers is important.
          • The ability to do sth 做sth 的能力
            • ...的 是定语 --限定名词的范围
      • 2. 第一个到达终点的人是冠军。
        • The first one to arrive at the destination is the winner.
          • First 序数词+to do
            • the first one to do sth 第一个做sth的人
              • Li hua is always the first one to arrive at school.
    • 状语
      • to do 表示目的,“为了”
        • To catch the early bus, they got up early.
      • 放前后逗号，放后无逗号
        • To get there on time, we set out at five in the morning.
    • 补语
    • 表语
      • 不定式+被动 to be done
        • 后面+to do 做宾语的动词：
          • begin, start, want, forget, remember, show, learn, like, hate, love, ask，pretend，permit允许，need等。