History of Britain

History of Britain，有： EarlyBritain(Before 1066) Medieval Britain(1066~1485) Transition to the Modern Age(1485~1688) The age of Empire(1689~1901) Britain Since 1901

History of Britain

• EarlyBritain(Before 1066)
  • • Prehistoric times
      • ①British Isles began with the Roman invasion of 55 BC
      • ②Early man came from the European continent and settled in this region dating back to the lower Paleolithic Age around 700,000 years ago.
      • ③Stone circles , tombs and tools appeared all over the British Isles in the Neolithic Age from around 4,400 BC.
      • ④After about 1800 BC, metal tools started to be made by mixing copper and tin, marking the arrvak of the Bronze Age.
      • ⑤ After about 800 BC, the Celts invaded from central Europe and had covered most of the British Isles by 500 BC.
    • RomanBritain
      • ① The first Roman invasion of the lands took place in 55 BC under Julius Caesar, and a well-planned and much larger invasion by Roman legions took place in AD 43.
      • ② After nearly 400 years of peaceful occupation, the Roman garrison abandoned the south of the island at about AD 410 in order to concentrate on difficulties closer to home.
    • Anglo Sanxon Britain
      • ① In the 7th century, they developed seven separate kingdoms known as the Heptarchy in the so-called "Angle-land"(England).
      • ② From about AD 793, the Vikings from Denmark, Norway or Sweden (known as Danes) began to invade Britain and eventually settled in northern and eastern England (known as the Dane-law), including York.
      • ③ For the first half of the 11th century, rule over England fluctuated between the Saxon and Danish/Norwegian descendants.
      • ④ The Picts and Scots were united under one king in AD 843 to form Scotland.
      • ⑤ By the end of the 7th century, all of the kings of the British Isles were Christianised.
• Medieval Britain(1066~1485)
  • 子主题
    • Britain under the Norman kings
      • ① The Domesday survey was commissioned in 1086 to record the entire population and their lands and property.
      • ② When Henry of Anjou from France (Henry Ⅱ) founded the Angevin, or Plantagenet, line in England in 1154.
    • Decline of feudalism
      • ① During Henry Ⅲ's region，Simon de Monfort summoned the first elected Parliament in 1265.
      • ② England and France were engaged in wars which intermittently spanned from 1337 to 1453, known erroneously, as the Hundred Year's War.
      • ③ The Black Death hit England first in 1349 with subsequent waves between 1360 and 1375.
      • ④The wars, known as the Wars of the Roses after the emblems of the two houses, did not end until 1485, when the Lancastrian Henry Tudor King Richard Ⅱ and founded the Houses of Tudor.
• Transition to the Modern Age(1485~1688)
  • 子主题
    • Reformation and renassance
      • ① Henry Ⅶ was the first among the fibe monarchs of the House of Tudor (1485-1603) that turned Enland from a medieval backwater to a powerful Renaissance state in the coming centuries.
      • ② In 1509, Englandwas on good track to a modern nation state but for one great problem, the Church.
      • ③ The parliament convened in 1530, calling for reforming the church from within.
      • ④ Henry Ⅷ initiated a revolution in 1533, separating the English church from Rome.
      • ⑤ Wales and Ireland were official incorporated into England in 1536 and 1541, creating a union of the Crowns.
      • ⑥ British history entered the reign of Elizabeth Ⅰin 1558, an age of glory.
      • ⑦ Admiral Sir John Hawkins commenced slave trade in 1562, establishing England as a major economic power.
      • ⑧ In 1588, Sir Francis Drake commanded the English navy to eventual victory, and established English supremacy over the sea.
    • Civil war and restoration
      • ① The Petition of Right(1628) led to a serious break and eventually to a war known as the English Civil War.
      • ② In 1649, the Commonwealth of England replaced the English monarchy.
      • ③ The Restoration period was marked by an advance in colonisation and overseas trade, the Dutch Wars, the great plague (1664-66), the Great Fire of London(1666), and the birth of the Whig and Tory parties.
      • ④ A Bill of Rights (1689) that gave political supremacy to Parliament and severely limited the Crown' s power, which marked the beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.
• The age of Empire(1689~1901)
  • 子主题
    • Georgian Britain
      • ① ln the mid-1750s, Britain enjoyed all conditions that would favour adoption of new devices and efficient methods of production in the industry
      • ② The Seven Years's War(1757-1762) ended with the Treaty Paris (1763), firmly establishing the British in India and Canada.
      • ③ The Act of Union of 1800 formally assimilated Ireland within the British political process, and created a new state, "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". Since then, Britain has become a kingdom made up of four distinct entities.
    • Victorian Britain
      • ①The London Underground was the world's first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863.
      • ② In 1838, the "working class" staged the popular Chartist movement to urge reform in parliament election, including universal manhood suffrage.
      • ③The British North America Act of 1867 inaugurated a pattern of devolution, establishing Canada as the first self-governing dominion.
      • ④ The Italian-Irish Guglielmo Marconi developed radio communication in England by 1899
      • ⑤ From 1837 to 1901, Queen Victoria gad the longest reign in British history, presiding over , first, a kingdomand then an empire.
      • ⑥The ILP set up the Lebour Representation Committee in 1900, which was renamed the Labour Party in 1906.
      • ⑦ At its height in the last 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire included territories on all continents, comprising about one-quarter of the world's population and area.
• Britain Since 1901
  • 子主题
    • Britain in Two Worid Wars
      • ① During the first years of the 20th century, basically the Edwardian period of 1901-10,the Brtish class system was most rigid
      • ② In 1921, the Anglo-Irish treaty established the Irish Free State as a separate nation, leaving Northern Ireland as part of the United Kingdom.
      • ③ A short-lived post-war boom soon led to the Great Depression (1929-33) that would be felt worldwide.
      • ④ World War Ⅱ was finally over in 1945 with the victory of the allies, of which Britain was a member.
    • Brtain since World War Two
      • ① Beginning with the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the remainder of the British Empire was almost completely dismantled
      • ② The 1950s and ’60s were, however, relatively prosperous times after the Second World War, and saw the beginning of a modernisation of the UK and undeniably increased standard of living for its people.
      • ③Though the 1970s and ’80s saw the UK’s integration into the European Economic Community and a strict modernisation of its economy, they were also a time of high unemployment as deindustrialisation helped end much of the country’s manufacturing industries.