文学叙述视角

外国文学叙述视角Point of view 本图详细归纳了外国文学叙述视角的各个要点，包括叙述视角的种类(第一人称，第二人称，第三人称的全知视角，局限视角，客观视角)、类别标志、叙述特征、各叙述视角的不同效果等。 该归纳也适用于大部分中国文学的研究。

Point of view—01

• The vantage point,or stance,from which a story is told.
• First-person point of view
  • Narrator uses First-person pronouns[I/me/mine/us/we/ours]
  • A highly individualized,personal point of view in which the writer or narrator speaks about his/her own internal monologue(motives,thoughts,feelings) and experiences directly to the readers.
  • Characteristic
    • limited observation angle
    • limited certainty of motives,thoughts,or feelings of other characters
    • limited ability to narrate objectively——susceptible——generate biases
      • we need to look for evidence to support the narrator's claims.
  • Classification
    • one narrator
    • multiple narrators
  • create a sense of closeness——personal,often informal,friendly,and open[Intimacy]
  • It suggests that you are directly involved in the action or situation and have a personal stake in the issue.[subjectivity]
  • effect
• Second-person point of view
  • Narrator uses Second-person pronouns[you/your]
  • When the author directs the narrative as though speaking to a person,as if the reader is the protagonist / uses apostrophe to speak to an absent or unidentified person.
  • Characteristic
    • most commonly found in letter format(&arguments)
    • a difficylt voice to use & is not always executed effectively
  • to address the reader directly——create a friendly person-to-person communication
  • to make readers feel directly involved in the action
  • effective in arguing
  • effect
• Third-person point of view
  • Narrator uses Third-person pronouns[he/him/his/she/her/hers/they/them/their/theirs]
  • is an impersonal,objective point of view in which the perspective is that of an outsider who is not directly involved in the action.
  • Classification
    • Third-person objective
      • The narrator reports the events that take place without knowing the motivations or thoughts of any of the characters.
      • limited cognition
      • need to be interpreted
      • Characteristic
    • Third-person limited
      • It allows the narrator to sticks near 1 / 2 characters(major/minor),telling the story through that person's eyes.
      • limited observation angle but allows the reader to identity with one character throughout the story and reveal certain facts about setting
    • omniscient
      • The point of view from an author who in a godlike way reveals all and exhibits full knowledge of the actions,thoughts and feelings of each of the characters in the story.——all-knowing perspective
  • create more distance——more formal,less friendly,and less open[Distance]
  • It suggests that you are not directly involved in the action or situation and don't have a personal stake in the issue.[objectivity]
  • effect