导图社区 UNIT 3 Groundless Beliefs
现代大学英语精读4第三版UNIT 3 Groundless Beliefs思维导图,大家可以学起来哦。
编辑于2023-07-20 11:19:59UNIT 3 groundless beliefs
Glossary
attribute [ˈætrɪˌbjut] v.The committee refused to attribute blame without further information.
ascribe sth. to sb.sth. attribute sth.to sb./sth.
把...归因于
conversely [ˈkɒnvɜː(r)sli] adv.You can add the fluid to the powder, or, conversely, the powder to the fluid.
conversely:相反地;反过来说(比较相对客观) on the contrary:正相反(通常有点主观与个人色彩) on the other hand:从另一方面来说on the one hand,on the other hand
dispose [dɪˈspəʊz] v.Obviously we ask all our customers to dispose of litter responsibly.
compel [kəm'pel] v.She could compel him to support the child after it was born.
Analysis of word meanings
compel:指在法律、权力、力量或行动等的驱使下被迫而为。 force:指用个人意志、权力、权威或暴力等,迫使他人改变看法或做根本不愿做的事。 impel:推动、驱使、激励。 oblige:指由于生理上或道德上的需要迫使某人做某事,也指有权威的人或机构迫使某人做某事,还可指在特定情况下被迫作出的反应。
fundamental:suggest sth. that is a basic thing without which an entire systems would collapse(强调基础或根基是无形事物或抽象事物 essenyial:suggest sth. that is the very basic nature of a thing(必不可少的特点、本质) vital:suggest sth. that is necesssry to a thing's existence,continuction or well-being(强调对某物存在、发展极为重要)
suspect:猜疑,表示觉得某事是真的eg:I suspect you killed your dog. doubt:怀疑某事不是真的eg:I doubt you kill your dog.(并没有杀)
Language Focus
synonymous with the word "view":oroposition,assertion,suggestion,convition,dogma,opinion,assumption,view,idea,belief,argument.thought
①a:adj./noun--adv.(formal)--position state or way etc. :abreast adv.并肩 afield adv.遥远地 afloat adv.漂浮地 astray adv.迷路地 ②be.noun.(adj.)--verb:to make :behead v.砍头 befriend v.以朋友相待 bewitch v.使着魔 bedevil v.虐待 belabor v.反复讨论 besiege v.包围
useful phrases
noun phrase:mere tradition,bare assertion,a shadow of proof,regular habits,mere suggestion,social inheritance,general with
verb phrase:come across,meet with,grow up,pick up,fit in with,enquire into,be tempted to,break down,shake off,make allowance for
prepositional phrases:other than,by chance,without question,beyond question,in that case,in one's favor,on one's guard,in the light of,beyond possibility/doubt,on the grounds of
other phrases:be consistent with,putting it broadly,many a ,be jealous of,be true of,as it were,a shadow of,as the case may be
subjunctive mood
① Suggest, insist, demand, urge require, advise, comment, recommend, propose, order 表示命令,劝告,建议等动词之后that宾语从句用虚拟语气(that+should...) e.g. The demonstrators demanded that all foreign military bases be removed in the country.
②Whatever, whether 引导表示虚拟语气的让步状语从句中谓语动词用be. 其中whether省略时把be放在主语前. e.g. In the small town of two thousand people when someone dies, a memorial service is held for them, whether they be sanitaction workers or civil servants.
③ It be + essential, advisable, appropriate, important, necessary, proper, vital + that从句用虚拟语气(that + should + V.) e.g. In the future, it's essential that the diversity, stability and sustainability in our ecosystems be enhanced
writing
exposition(说明文):to explain or expound--focus on the process relationships
Illustration(举例子)
Definition(下定义)eg:“Self-interest" is to be understood first in the ordinary sense,as referring to a man's way of earning his livelihood and acquiring wealth.
Quatation(引用)eg:An Old Fogey may have become such at seventeen-or seventy ." I am almost afraid to say so( says James ), but I believe that in the majority of human beings Old Fogyism begins at about the age of twenty-five."
argumentation(议论文):to persnade or convince--focus on arguments
sentence analysis
Probably we shall be astonished at the number of propositions meet with in everyday life which we shall find it necessary to class as groundless. 当我们发现平常我们碰到的说法中居然有那么多必须归类为毫无根据的说法时,我们定会感到十分惊讶。 ① It's a complex sentence. ②Subject: we ③predicate verb: shall be astonished ④object: the number of propositions ⑤Qualifier: 1.“meet with in everyday life” Is a past participle phrase modifying “the number of propositions”2.which we shall find it necessary to class and the groundless”(A relative clause modifying“The number of...life” ⑥the pronoun"which" functions as the object of the infinitive “to class” and“as groundless” functions being the object complement.
When we are tempted to say that any general truth is so “obvious” that it would be to question it, we should remember that the whole history of the development of human thought has been born of cases of such “obvious truth” breaking down when examined in the light of increasing knowledge and reason. 每当我们想强调普遍的真理是如此“明显”,即使要对它进行商榷也荒唐透顶的时候,我们应该记住,人类思想发展的整个历史过程中有许多这“明显真理”的定论。 ①It's a complex sentence ②subject: we③predicate verb: should remmerber ④object: That the whole history.....and reason ⑤Embedded in the object clause is a shortened time clause “When they are exemined in the light of... reason” modifying“ breaking down”⑥qualifier:“When we are tempted...qustion it” (A time clause modfying the predicate verb“should remember”) Embedded in the time clause is a result clause“that it would be...question it ” modifying “obvious.”
Paraphrase sentences
1.Many modern persons find it very difficult to credit the fact that men can ever have supposed otherwise .( para .10) Many modern persons find ithard to believe that people used to think differently(i.e. men think with their hearts , not their brains.
2.Modern psychology leaves us no room for doubt on this point . We adopt and cling to some beliefs because-or partly because-it " pays " us to do so .( para .14)Modern psychology has proved this point beyond any doubt. We form beliefs and stick to them because , or partly because , it's in our interest to do so .
3. Somewhat similar is the acceptance of an opinion through the desire-probably not recognized by the person concerned-to justify his own nature ,his own position , or his own behavior .( para .17)We often accept an opinion to justify or defend our weaknesses , mistakes , vulnerable positions or wrongdoings .Here it is no longer in our interest to gain but in our interest to avoid losing certain things .
4. Yet when full allowance has been made for all these non-rational factors in the determination of opinion,there remains-not in all minds,not in most minds,but in some-a disire to discover the facts...(para.25)Yet in spite of all these above-mentioned factors which make it difficult for people to form their opinions rationally , there are still some people who have a desire to find out the truth..
Article outline
The introduction:prevalence of groundless beliefs(para.1)
The body:causes of groundless beliefs(paras.2-24)
Environment in early life(paras.2-3)
Parroting(paras.4-13)
Slef-interest(paras.14-17)
Sentimental association(paras.18-19)
Fashion(para20.)
Thought-pattern(paras.21-24)
The conclusion:he author 's praise of rational thinkers(para.25)