Phrase structure trees

这是一篇关于Phrase structure trees的思维导图，主要内容包括：construction grammar! 建构语法，transformations 转换规则，a lexicon-driven approach 词汇驱动式分析方法，generative model 生成模型，dependents 分类。

Phrase structure trees

• dependents 分类
  • complements 补语
    • implied by the meaning of their head
  • modifiers 修饰语
    • semantically optional
• generative model 生成模型
  • sentence=phrase structure rules+lexicon 句子=短语规则+词汇表
    • 例子：S = NP + VP
  • 学派：generative linguistics 生成语言学
    • assumptions
      • what language is
      • what language is for
      • how should we study language
      • what kind of linguistics are worth studying
  • syntactic structures 句法结构——语言学革命的起点
    • A language is a set of sentences
    • Grammar (structure, syntax) is the focus of linguistics
    • 语言是由规则生成的句子集合，语言学的目标是找出这套规则，并研究“合格句子”的结构
      • sensible sentence
      • grammatical sentence
    • 生成语法的目的是为了生成所有语法正确的句子，而不是生成“有意义”的句子
  • A generative approach treats language as a system of abstract rules generating well-formed sentences.
• a lexicon-driven approach 词汇驱动式分析方法
  • transitivity issues 及物性？
  • selectional constraints 选择限制
    • help us to eliminate silly sentences
• transformations 转换规则
  • Kernel sentence 核心句
    • 最基础无变形的句子
  • take the kernel sentence and transform it
  • affix hopping transciption 附加语素跳跃转换
    • Step 1: Generate kernel sentence
    • Step 2: Transform using rule
      • Affix (Af) + Verb (V) → Verb + Affix
    • e.g. transforming the verbal system
• construction grammar! 建构语法
  • 语言不仅仅是规则 + 单词，语言是一个个“形式-意义”的配对结构（form-meaning pairings）
  • constructions
    • words, morphemes,idioms,patterns, etc.
  • Constructionist approaches look at words, expressions, and patterns of language and how we build, combine, and use them
  • The syntax and lexicon are not separate The syntax grows out of the lexicon
  • We can look at linguistic form and linguistic structure
  • A constructionist approach sees language as built from meaningful form-meaning pairings, or constructions, that range from morphemes to full sentence patterns.
  • "How are you?", sentence patterns like "The X-er, the Y-er", and idioms like "Give me a break."