导图社区 IGCSE化学Chemistry
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IGCSE Chemistry复习,内容有quantitative chemistry、Atomic structure and the periodic table、Kinetic particle theory、bonding and structure
编辑于2023-09-24 13:45:46 上海Chemistry C1-4
quantitative chemistry
Relative atomic mass & Calculations according to chemicla formula
laws of constant composition: compounds are made up of fixed proportions of elements
relative atomic mass is the average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to 1/12 of C-12 atom
calculate Mr
relative molecular mass
relative formula mass
calculate the elemental mass ratio in the compound
elemental mass=ram of element(Ar)*number of atoms 元素质量=相对原子质量*原子个数
Calculate the percentage by mass of an element
The percentage by mass of an element in a compound is sometimes known as the percentage composition
产率
产率(persantage yield/%yield)是指在化学反应中,某种物质的实际产量与理论产量的比值
calculating moles & moles and compound
amount of substance/number of moles
a mole of substance is the amount that contains as many elementary units as the number of atoms in 12g of C-12(containing 6.02*10^23)
符号: n
单位: mole, 符号: mol
意义:表示有一定数目的粒子的集合体
阿伏伽德罗常数(the Avogadro constant)
定义: 1mol任何粒子含有的粒子数
数值:1mol 任何粒子所含的粒子与0.0012kg的C-12中所含原子数相等,即NA约等于6.02*10^23
符号: NA
单位: mol^-1
表达式: NA约等于6.02*10^23
1mol粒子=NA个粒子 约等于 6.02*10^23个粒子
公式
N=n · NA
n=N/NA
摩尔质量(molar mass)
定义: 单位物质的量的物质所具有的质量
符号:Mm
单位:gmol^-1 or g/mol
数值: l mol任何粒子或物质的摩尔质量以g/mol为单位时,其数值等于该粒子的相 对原子(分子)质量。
公式
m=N*Mm
n=m/Mm
moles and gases & moles and equation
factor to affect the volume
number of particles
size of particle
distance between particles
阿伏伽德罗定律(Avogadro's law)
Avogadro's law states that: equal volumes of gas, at the same temperature and pressure, contains the same number of molecules
at room temperature and pressure(RTP), one mole of any gas has a volume of 24L, this quantity alson known as molar mass volume(Vm)
room temperature=25摄氏度
moalr gas volume(气体摩尔体积)
定义:单位物质的量的气体所占有的体积,叫做气体摩尔体积
符号:Vm
单位:L·mol^-1(或L/mol)
数值
在室温和大气压(101 kPa)下,气体摩尔体积为24L/mol
在标准状况(温度为0℃,压强为101 kPa)下,气体摩尔体积为22.4L/mol
公式
V=n*Vm
n=V/Vm
bonding and structure
ionic bonding
name of ionic compounds
ionic compunds=positive ion(metal ion)+negative ion(non-metal ion)
formulae of ionic compund
eg: Al3+ & O2-
step1: speculate the formula is AlnOm
step2: net change=n*(+3)+m*(-2) =n/m=2:3
cross over method
prooerties of ionic compounds
they are usually solid at room temperature
they are usually hard substances
they mainly dissolve in water
they usually conduct electricity when in the molten state or in aqueous(water) solution
they usually cannot conduct electricity when solid
covalent bonding
covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms
properties of covalent compounds
covalent structure
giant molecular
regular arragement of atoms by covalent bond
metallic bonding
metal bonding
metallic bond is the strong electrostatic force between the metal positive ions and delocalised electrons
metal atoms can off-load the outer shell electrons and become metal positiove ion
The outer dhell electrons are free to move throughout the lattice. They are called delocalised electron
three factors that can influence the metallic bond strenth
positive charge on the metal ions
number of mobile electrons per atom
size of metal ion(radius of ions)
Giant covalent structure.
Diamond.
Graphite
siliconl dioxide.
Kinetic particle theory
Solid liquid gas.
Changes of state
Meaning point
Pressure of gas
Solution
Diffusion
Atomic structure and the periodic table
Atom
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Electron
The Periodic Table
Chemistry C1-4
quantitative chemistry
Relative atomic mass & Calculations according to chemicla formula
laws of constant composition: compounds are made up of fixed proportions of elements
relative atomic mass is the average mass of the isotopes of an element compared to 1/12 of C-12 atom
calculate Mr
relative molecular mass
relative formula mass
calculate the elemental mass ratio in the compound
elemental mass=ram of element(Ar)*number of atoms 元素质量=相对原子质量*原子个数
Calculate the percentage by mass of an element
The percentage by mass of an element in a compound is sometimes known as the percentage composition
产率
产率(persantage yield/%yield)是指在化学反应中,某种物质的实际产量与理论产量的比值
calculating moles & moles and compound
amount of substance/number of moles
a mole of substance is the amount that contains as many elementary units as the number of atoms in 12g of C-12(containing 6.02*10^23)
符号: n
单位: mole, 符号: mol
意义:表示有一定数目的粒子的集合体
阿伏伽德罗常数(the Avogadro constant)
定义: 1mol任何粒子含有的粒子数
数值:1mol 任何粒子所含的粒子与0.0012kg的C-12中所含原子数相等,即NA约等于6.02*10^23
符号: NA
单位: mol^-1
表达式: NA约等于6.02*10^23
1mol粒子=NA个粒子 约等于 6.02*10^23个粒子
公式
N=n · NA
n=N/NA
摩尔质量(molar mass)
定义: 单位物质的量的物质所具有的质量
符号:Mm
单位:gmol^-1 or g/mol
数值: l mol任何粒子或物质的摩尔质量以g/mol为单位时,其数值等于该粒子的相 对原子(分子)质量。
公式
m=N*Mm
n=m/Mm
moles and gases & moles and equation
factor to affect the volume
number of particles
size of particle
distance between particles
阿伏伽德罗定律(Avogadro's law)
Avogadro's law states that: equal volumes of gas, at the same temperature and pressure, contains the same number of molecules
at room temperature and pressure(RTP), one mole of any gas has a volume of 24L, this quantity alson known as molar mass volume(Vm)
room temperature=25摄氏度
moalr gas volume(气体摩尔体积)
定义:单位物质的量的气体所占有的体积,叫做气体摩尔体积
符号:Vm
单位:L·mol^-1(或L/mol)
数值
在室温和大气压(101 kPa)下,气体摩尔体积为24L/mol
在标准状况(温度为0℃,压强为101 kPa)下,气体摩尔体积为22.4L/mol
公式
V=n*Vm
n=V/Vm
bonding and structure
ionic bonding
name of ionic compounds
ionic compunds=positive ion(metal ion)+negative ion(non-metal ion)
formulae of ionic compund
eg: Al3+ & O2-
step1: speculate the formula is AlnOm
step2: net change=n*(+3)+m*(-2) =n/m=2:3
cross over method
prooerties of ionic compounds
they are usually solid at room temperature
they are usually hard substances
they mainly dissolve in water
they usually conduct electricity when in the molten state or in aqueous(water) solution
they usually cannot conduct electricity when solid
covalent bonding
covalent bond is a chemical bond formed by sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms
properties of covalent compounds
covalent structure
giant molecular
regular arragement of atoms by covalent bond
metallic bonding
metal bonding
metallic bond is the strong electrostatic force between the metal positive ions and delocalised electrons
metal atoms can off-load the outer shell electrons and become metal positiove ion
The outer dhell electrons are free to move throughout the lattice. They are called delocalised electron
three factors that can influence the metallic bond strenth
positive charge on the metal ions
number of mobile electrons per atom
size of metal ion(radius of ions)
Giant covalent structure.
Diamond.
Graphite
siliconl dioxide.
Kinetic particle theory
Solid liquid gas.
Changes of state
Meaning point
Pressure of gas
Solution
Diffusion
Atomic structure and the periodic table
Atom
Nucleus
Proton
Neutron
Electron
The Periodic Table