英语长难句

由唐迟老师所讲解的考研阅读长难句逻辑思维导图。

英语长难句

主干

连词

并列连词

and，or

与/或

but，yet

转折

for，since，as

总是容易被视为介词，具体情况具体分析

for

因为；由于

since

从···以后；自···以来；因为；由于；既然

as

像···一样；当···时；因为；尽管

连接前后相同成分

词and词

同样词性

句and句

从后往前判断

从属连词

无词义，不做成分

that ，if / whether，though / although

连接代词

who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whoever，whichever

连接副词

when，where，why，how，however，whenever，wherever

一句话中连词与谓语动词的数量关系

n连词，n+1谓语动词（句子）

动词（谓语；非谓语）

第一二人称+动词原形/第三人称单数

一般现在时

be + Ving

正在进行时

情态动词 + do

将来时

have / has / had + done

过去时

be + done

被动语态

补充

状语从句省略

when I was young，I ···

when young，I ···

主句主语与从句主语一致

省掉从句主语

主语一致，且从句谓语中含有be动词

省掉从句的主语与be动词

宾语从句

I believe ( that god is a girl).

在动词之后，即动宾短语

主语从句

( That god is a girl) is obvious.

头重脚轻

形式主语

It is obvious ( that god is a girl).

It is + adj / Ved(形容词) + that / to do ··· .

however / whatever等+ adj / adv + SOV

无论如何，都：无论+句子 + adj / adv 部分

介词

in on at of off with

介词引导的成分永远不做主干

定语

修饰主语、宾语

a book on the book

状语

修饰谓语

On Sunday morning, we come to school to study English.

补语

修饰主语、宾语

总结：遇到长句子，先去掉介词及其引导成分（名词），进行简化

非主干

——，S + O + V

状语从句

When I was young, I could play football.

介词结构

On Sunday morning, we go to school.

分词结构

Finishing my homework, I start to watch TV.

When I finish my homework, I start to watch TV.

去掉连词，不能连接两个句子，则需要改成非谓语

主语相同，省略主语

example

When he was sentenced to death, he went to prison.

满足状语从句省略条件，be动词也省略掉

Sentenced to death, he went to prison.

非谓语动词

Ved

过去分词

被动语态

Ving

现在分词

主动语态

可以翻译成“···了”

to do

将来分词（发生在将来，不确定，即动词不定式）

此处作状语，但还可以作定语，相当于定语从句的省略

独立主格

He finishing his homework, I start to watch TV.

When he finish his homework, I start to watch TV.

前后主语不一致，若一致，则转化为分词结构

非句子部分前面可以加“with”

副词

Surprisingly, he is still alive.

全是状语，位置其实无所谓，可推断出下一种情况

example

Shielded by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless.

过去分词（第一种）+句子（含定从）+让步状语（第三种）

由于医疗费用由第三方支付，我们常常要求用尽所有的医疗手段，即使它们不会有任何作用。

省略了：Because we are + ···

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet.

现在分词+句子+名词结构（第三种）

去年年末，甘特·雷德曼律师在找工作时偶然在网上发现职业资料库“职业建筑师”。

But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grads, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards.

独立主格（第一种）+句子

独立主格，前面“with”可有可无

还原：Because homework counts for ···

然而由于家庭作业占到成绩的比例不超过10%，学生就能轻易逃避一半的作业，而且成绩单上几乎看不出任何差别。

S，—— V + O

由上一情况直接推出

状语从句

I, when I was young, could play football.

介词结构

We, on Sunday morning, go to school.

分词结构

I, finishing my homework, start to watch TV.

独立主格

I, he finishing his homework, start to watch TV.

副词

He, surprisingly, is still alive.

定语从句

Shanghai, which is a moving city is my hometown.

名词结构

Shanghai, a moving city is my hometown.

同位语

a moving city名词结构，后面可以接定语从句，从句中还可能套其他句型

即对定语从句的省略

能做主语的有：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句，能做主语就能做宾语

能放在主语后面的就能放在宾语的后面，由此推出下一种情况

example

可以是：S，——，V + O；S，—— + V + O；S + —— + V + O

Physicians, frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient, too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified.

主语+过去分词（第二种）+现在分词（第二种）+谓语宾语部分

医生因为受挫于不能治疗疾病，同时又担心病人失去希望，所以常常采用极端大胆的治疗方法，这些方法远远超出了科学能够认同的界限。

But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

介词结构（第一种）+句子（+since连词）+主语+独立主格（第二种）+谓语宾语部分

但是对少数学生而言，职业培训也许是可取之路，因为在其他因素相同的情况下，熟练的技能时能否得到工作的关键。

S + V + O，——

由上一情况直接推出

状语从句

I could play football, when I was young.

介词结构

We go to school, on Sunday morning.

分词结构

I start to watch TV, finishing my homework.

独立主格

I start to watch TV, he finishing his homework.

副词

He is still alive, surprisingly.

定语从句

I love Shanghai, which is a moving city.

名词结构

I love Shanghai, a moving city.

example

Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

状语（第一种）+句子+过去分词（第三种）（后含有介词结构）

遗憾的是，这次新闻机构可信度调查计划结果只获得了一些肤浅的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误，拼写或语法错误，和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑，譬如读者到底想读些什么。

A, B and C可换为A and B, combined with C

In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly.

状语（第一种）+句子+现在分词（第三种）+现在分词（第三种）

近年来，铁路公司相互联合，（进而）组成了超大型集团，（从而）引起人们对垄断行为的极大关注。

In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.

状语（第一种）+句子+现在分词（第三种）

1968年，美国国会通过了《陪审团选举与服务法案》，从而开启了陪审团制度民主改革的新纪元。

When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength.

状语（第一种）+句子+名词结构（第三种）+非限制性定语从句

当托儿所色彩引入后，粉红色当时被认为是更有男性特征的颜色，红色的柔和版，与力量有关。

三种形式随机组合，便衍生其他形式

总结

根据语法，翻译各个分句意思；结合语境，选择合适的关联词

连接各个分句，使得意思更加通畅

从句关系

n. + Ved + ···

主动

过去式

主干

主动可翻译成“···了”

被动

过去分词

非谓语（修饰）

介词引导成分作状语/所有状语

翻译：提到句子开头或提到谓语动词之前

and

从后往前找相同

介词作定语

翻译：···的···

that

动词+that

宾语从句

I believe that you can make it.

实义动词

表语从句

The fact is that god is a girl.

be动词

主语从句

That god is a girl is obvious.

It is obvious that god is a girl.

用形式主语避免头重脚轻

名词性从句，后接完整句子

名词+that

同位语从句

I have a piece of news to you that you get an offer from Yale.

具体说明了消息的内容

名词性从句，后接完整句子

定语从句

I have a piece of news to you that comes from Yale.

只是说了消息的性质，未具体

that是关系代词

I love the girl who is beautiful.

I love the girl and she is beautiful.

形容词性从句，that后接不完整句子

定从分析

判断后接内容是否完整

不完整，则为定语从句

修饰内容（先行词）

不能跨越谓语动词

代入定语从句中去读它的意思

长定从翻译

that改为and+代词（视语境而定）

并且/而+代词+ ···

that后面没有出现动词，则不是从句，只是表示“那个”的意思

介词（in）+关系代词（which）=关系副词（where）

example

The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business.

遇到n + Ved，此处判断为被动

非谓语

状语从句的省略

Though the railway companies were still ···

that ··· that ··· and that···

两个that之间有and，从句并列从句

第三个that后面连接的句子是否完整

完整，则和前面完整的一个that并列；不完整，则和不完整那个that并列

两个that之间无and，从句嵌套从句