文学导论

大二英专文学导论--Fiction思维导图，介绍了Understanding Fiction、structure、Plot、Character、Point of view、Theme、setting、Irony and symbol、style、History

文学导论

• Fiction
  • Understanding Fiction
    • Invented stories
      • novels
        • describe a secular (世俗的） world with more sense of "reality"
        • character
        • setting
        • plot
        • structure
          • the Epistolary novel (书信体)
          • the Picaresque novel （流浪汉式）
        • influential in modern time
          • took place of epic（叙事诗） and romance（传奇故事）
      • short stories
        • origins in
          • oral story-telling traditions
          • the prose anecdote
        • ancient forms
          • parables (people 寓言)
          • fables （动植物寓言）
            • Aesop's Fabw
          • tales
            • religious/spiritual points
        • 19th 初
          • realistic
            • detailed representation of everyday life
              • middle class 兴起
        • modern writers
          • break away from conventions
          • shift back and forth between realistic and fantastic worlds
            • new ways to delineate(描述） human experiences
      • novellas/short novel （中篇小说）
        • short story
          • quick turns of action
        • novel
          • a slower un folding of characters and ideas
      • romances
      • fables （寓言）
      • narrative works in prose （散文）
    • Three Steps
      • experience
        • response
          • e.g: subjective/emotional/impressonistic
        • personal and collective experience to reading
      • interpretation
        • the work's implied meanings
        • Grounded
      • evaluation
        • judgments of the quality
          • cultural
          • social
          • moral values
  • structure
    • look for patterns
      • for the shape that the story as a whole process
    • the design or form of the completed action
  • Plot
    • definition
      • an author's careful arrangement of incidents in a narrative to achieve a desired effect
    • the consequence of unfolding action
    • pattern of events and situations in a narrative work
      • the selected version of events in a certain order
        • causal relationship
      • keeps readers interested and turning pages
    • an effective plot
      • cause and effect between incidents
    • conflict
      • internal
        • oneself
      • external
        • between the characters/society or natural forces
    • Composition
      • exposition
        • setting
        • major/minor characters
        • background information
          • what happens before the story begins
          • understand the situation in the story
      • complications
        • intensification of the conflict leading to a moment of great tension
          • external/internal conflicts
        • develop/complicate/intensify the conflict
        • external conflicts
      • climax
        • the turning point
          • a moment of great tension that fixes the outcome
        • great conflict/the emotional high point/the point at which one the opposing forces gain the advantage
        • demands the main character to choose some form of action
        • may occur simultaneously with its ending（ps）
      • falling action
        • the events that follow the climax
      • resolution/denouement
        • happy
        • unhappy
        • indeterminate
          • popular in modern fiction
          • see life as ambiguous
        • the falling action that leads to the resolution of the story
        • Given the horrors of modern society, most writers reject the possibility of happy endings, tend to be pessimistic or cynical about the human condition, and see life as ambiguous.
    • techniques
      • flashback
        • disrupt the linear movement of the plot and present the earlier action
      • foreshadowing(铺垫)
        • setting/action/character's thoughts or speech
        • gives clues suggesting the event that will occur later
      • suspense
        • anxious anticipation, expectations or uncertainty
          • create tension/maintain interests
      • coincidence
        • the working of Fate
        • humourous effect
        • the chance occurence of two things happen at the same time/place
  • Character
    • the personage portrayed（扮演） in the fiction
    • possess particular moral/intellectual/emotional qualities
      • by words and actions
    • We approach them in the same way we approach people
    • pay attention to their actions， speech， how they relate to other characters and how other characters respond to them
      • especially what they say about each other
  • Point of view
    • the position from which the events observed and presented
    • involves the author's decision about who is to tell and how it's to be told
    • forms
      • first-person
      • third-person narrative
      • multiple point of view
  • Theme
    • main idea/point formulated （阐述） as a generalization（概论）
    • abstract from the details
      • explain what these basic elements collectively suggest
    • multiple ways to state
      • any statement is a simplified version as inevitably excludes some dimensions of the story
  • setting
    • time
    • place
    • environment
    • historical and cultural context
      • understand the characters
    • symbolizes the emotional state of the characters
    • the context in which the events take place and the plot evolves
  • Irony and symbol
    • interpret the opposite meaning
    • overlook a story's symbols， may under estimate its achievement and oversimplify its significance
  • style
    • the verbal identity of the writer
      • choose and arrange words
        • distinguish themselves
    • diction（措辞）/syntax（句法）/figures of speech（修辞）
  • Ps: an organic whole
    • each element is related to other elements to convey feeling and meaning
    • discuss elements separately only to highlight their specific features
  • History
    • In Europe
      • 14th 早期
        • Canterbury Tales 《坎特雷柏故事集》
          • Geoffery Chaucer
        • Oral story-telling tradition to written stories
        • Decameron 《十日谈》
          • Giovanni Boccaccio
      • 17th 中期
        • 法国
          • refined short novel
            • the "nouvelle"
        • 1605
          • The first true novel
          • Don Ouixote de la Mancha
            • by Miguel de Cervantes
      • 18th
        • 1719
          • British novel
            • Robinson Crusoe
              • Daniel Defoe
      • Walter Scott's historical novels
        • 标志着浪漫主义在英国文学史上的终结
        • romanticism
          • realism
      • Commercial society
        • novels reports the experiences of middle class
          • readers find their own dilemmas
    • 19th
      • realistic
      • America
        • Idealism
        • independence
          • European-style tradition
            • self-assured revival of spiritual intelligence and cultural autonomy(自治）
    • 20th
      • 中期
        • short stories peak
          • 1952
            • The Old Man and the Sea
              • Ernest Hemingway
      • naturalism
        • provide a precise description of actual circumstances of human life in minute details
        • helpless and insignificance of man in face of the cold and hostile (充满敌意的） world
      • Inspiration
        • anthropology/ psychology/philosophy/political theory/psychoanalysis(精神分析学)
        • radical spirit free from bourgeois(资产阶级的） values
      • stream-of-consciousness styles
        • e.g: James Joyce, Virginia Woolf
        • techniques
          • juxtaposition(并列)
          • multiple point ofview
        • theme
          • urban cultural dislocation
          • 文化错位/文化归属感
            • 迷茫