Introduction of Linguistics

新编语言学第一章思维导图。英语语言学是英语语言文学专业培养计划中的一门基础必修课，其重要性不言而喻。该课程的目标包括系统传授现代语言学知识、提高学生英语学习能力、激发学生对从事语言研究的兴趣，培养学生的创新能力等。

Introduction to Linguistics

• Linguistics
  • Definition
    • I. Definition: scientific study of language
      • base on the systematic investigation of linguistic data
      • conducted with reference to some general theories of language structure
    • II. How to discover the nature and rule of underlying systematic language system how
      • observe and collect language facts
      • formulate some hypothesis
      • check those hypothesis repeatedly with observed facts to prove their validity
      • data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation
  • scopes
    • General linguistics
      • basic concepts
      • theories
      • descriptions
      • models and methods applicable in linguistic study
    • Branches of linguistic study
      • phonetics
        • the study of sounds in linguistic study
      • phonology
        • the formation of sound patterns and how spuds convey meaning
      • morphology
        • word formation and word structure
      • syntax
        • the rules that govern the formation of sentences
      • semantics
        • the study of meaning
      • pragmatics
        • the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
  • some distinctions
    • Pespective and descriptive
      • Perscriptive: Describe and Analyse the huamn language
        • Mordern linguistics
      • Descriptive: Lay down rules for correct and standard
    • synchronic and diachronic
      • Synchronic: Description of language at some point of time
        • Enjoy priority than diachronic one
      • Diachronic: Descriptionof language as it changes through time
    • speech and writing
      • speech is prior to writing
      • speech conveys more information than writing in number
      • speech is always the most accessible way to acquire mother tougue
      • two major medium of communication
    • langue and parole {F.de Saussure}
      • Langue: abstract lingistic system shared by all members of a speech community
        • set of conventions and rules
        • abstact and unstable
          • abstact: it is not th e language people actually use
          • unstable: vary from person to person and situation to situation
      • Parole: the realization of langue in actual use, a mass of lingusitic facts
        • concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules
        • concrete and stable:
          • Concrete: naturally occuring language events
          • stable: it do not change frequently
      • sociologiclal point of view
    • competence and performance {Noam Chomsky}
      • competence : the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language
      • performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication
      • phychological point of view
    • traditional grammar and mordern linguistics
      • linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive
      • modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written
      • modern linguistcis does not force languages into a Latin-based framework
• language
  • Definition:
    • a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
  • designed features of language
    • Arbitrariness: no logicla connection between meanings and sounds
      • Non- arbitrary words
        • compound words
        • Onomatopoeic words
        • small number
      • Entirely Abitary words
    • Productivity: the possibikity of making construction and interpretation of new signals by its users
      • unique to human langauge
      • the reason of infinite creation of a large number of sentences
    • Duability
      • lower level: structure of sounds
      • high level: meaning levels evolved from different patterns of sounds with a certain units
    • Displacement
      • contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker
    • Cultural transmission
      • language is culturally trasmitted through heredity,especially by learning and teaching
    • Interchangeability
      • man can both produce and recieve messages ,and his role as a speaker and hearer can be exchanged at ease
  • Functions of language
    • Main Functions
      • descriptive function
        • can also be called congnitive , referencial, propositional function
        • to convey factual information which can be aserted ,denied and even verified
        • eg: the Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one Chian has ever suffered
      • expressive function
        • emotive or attitudial function
        • supply teh user's feeling, preference, value
        • eg: I will never forgive Mary
      • social function
        • interpersonal function
        • to establish and maintain social relations between people
    • Basic Functions [Roman Jakobson]
      • Addresser:emotive 情感
        • Attitude towards a topic or a situation
        • eg: I hate whatever they are planing for me!
      • Addressee:conative 意动
        • The addreser's influence of the addressee's action or way of thinking
        • eg: Why not go and see anotehr doctor?
      • Context:referential 指示
        • convey a message or an information
        • eg: As far as i am concerned, the earths resources are being astonishingly wasted.
      • Message:poetic 诗学
        • display the beauty of language itself. poetry
        • eg: If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
      • Contact: phatic communion 寒暄
        • maintain good relationship between addresser and addressee
        • eg:Hi! How are you thsi morning?
      • Code:metalinguistic 元语言
        • use labguage to expalain the meaning of langauge itself
        • eg:let me tell you what the word"disruption" means
    • Macrofunctions
      • Ideatioanl
        • To organize the speaker or writer's experienceof the real or imaginary world
        • more broader than descriptive function
          • include expression of speaker's attitude,evaluation, feelings and emotions
      • interpersonal function
        • to indicate ,establish or maintian social relationships between people
      • textual
        • to organize written or spoken texts in a coherent and suitable way