语言学第一章思维导图

语言学教程第五版第一章思维导图，语言是 种用于人类交流的任意发声符号系统。包含语言的设计特点、语言起源、 语言的功能、宏观语言学、语言学的主要分支等。

Chapter1

• What Is Language?
  • a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used foe human communication
• Design Features of Language
  • Arbitrariness 任意性
    • arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning
    • arbitrariness at the syntactic level
      • the order of elements follow certain rules, and there is a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the real happenings
      • Syntax is less arbitrary than words.
    • arbitrariness and convention
      • convention is the link between a linguistic sign and its meaning
  • Duality 二层性
    • the property of having two levels of the structures
      • Animal communication system do not have the property of duality, because the primary units have meanings but cannot be further divided into smaller elements.
    • the units of the primary level are composed of the secondary level
      • secondary units(elements)（底层单位、元素）→primary units（上层单位）
      • meaningless→with distinct and indentifiable meaning
    • each of the two levels has its own principles of organization
  • Creativity 创造性
    • use language to create new meanings
    • unique to human language
    • language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness
      • by duality→able to combine basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences
      • by recursiveness→the potential of language to create endless sentences
  • Displacement 移位性
    • language users can symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication
• Origin of Language
  • the "bow-wow" theory（摹声说）
    • evidence: onomatopoeic /ˌɒnəˌmætəˈpiːɪk/ words拟声词
  • the "pooh-pooh" theory（感叹说）
    • evidence: interjections（感叹词）
  • the "yo-he-ho" theory（哼唷声说、劳动号子说）
• Functions of Language
  • Jakobson
  • Halliday
    • Metafunctions of Language
      • the ideational function概念功能
        • organize experience of the real or imaginary world
        • expressions of attitude, evaluation, feelings and emotions
      • the interpersonal function人际功能
        • to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people
      • the textual function语篇功能
        • to organize written or spoken texts to be coherent
        • fit the particular situation where they are used
  • Informative Function
    • the instrument of thought
    • the tool for communicating new information
    • also called ideational function
  • Interpersonal Function
    • language enable people to establish and maintain their social status
      • the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves indicate various grades of interpersonal relations
  • Performative Function（施为功能）
    • to change the social status of persons
      • marriage ceremonies
      • the sentencing of criminals
      • the blessings of children
      • the naming of a ship at a launching ceremony
      • the cursing of enemies
  • Emotive Function
    • to change the emotional status of an audience
    • also called expressive function
    • can be entirely personal and without communicating with others
  • Phatic Communion（寒暄功能）
    • to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without factual content
    • the social interaction of language
  • Recreational Function
    • used for the hearty joy of using it
  • Metalingual Function（元语言功能）
    • Language can be used to talk about itself.
• Main Branches of Lingustics
  • Phonetics语音学
    • what it's about:
      • how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received
      • the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech
    • Articulatory phonetics发音语音学
      • production of speech sounds
    • Acoustic phonetics声学语音学
      • the properties of the sound waves
    • Auditory phonetics听觉语音学
      • how a listener analyses or processes a sound wave
  • Phonology音系学
    • studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds支配语音分布和排列的规则
    • the shape of syllables音节的形式
    • treat phoneme as the point of departure
      • phoneme（音位） is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning
    • Phonetics-sounds that the human voice is capable of creating
    • Phonology-the study of sounds that constitute language and meaning
  • Morphology形态学
    • the internal organization of words
    • the minimal units of meaning---morphemes and word-formation processes
  • Syntax句法学
    • the rules that govern the formation of sentences
      • word order
      • sentence organization
      • the relationship between words
      • word classes
      • other sentence elements
  • Semantics语义学
    • how meaning is encoded in a language
  • Pragmatics语用学
    • the study of meaning in context
    • the way language is used to communicate
• Macrolinguistics
  • Psycholiguistics
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Anthropological Linguistics
  • Computational Linguistics
• Important Distinctions in Linguistics
  • Descriptive vs. Prescriptive描述式和规定式
    • prescriptive command
      • Don't say X.
    • descriptive statement
      • People don't say X.
    • prescriptive linguistics
      • aim to lay down rules
    • descriptive linguistics
      • discover and record the rules
    • Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.
  • Synchronic vs. Diachronic共时和历时
    • synchronic是指对特定语言或文化状态进行当时的研究，多用于言语学、哲学等
    • diachronic是指对特定语言或文化在时间长河中的变迁情况的研究，多用于历史语言学等
  • Langue & Parole语言和言语
    • Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system
    • Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use
  • Competence & Performance语言能力与语言运用