信号转导

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Chapter 12: Cell signal transduction

• Cellular receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction
  • Intracellular receptors (mostly transcription factors)
  • Memmembrane surface receptor
    • Ion channel receptors turn chemical signals into electrical signals
    • GPCR
      • GPCR is structurally a monomer protein, extracellular amino acid, intracellular carboxyl terminal; its peptide chain repeatedly spans the membrane seven times, also known as the second transmembrane receptor
      • The signal transfer path basic mode is the same
      • The cAMP-PKA pathway
        • Regulates the metabolism
        • Regulates the gene expression
        • Regulates the cell activity
      • The IP3/DAG-PKC pathway
      • Ga2 + regulates the protein-dependent protease pathway
        • GPCR causes an increase in the intracellular Ga2 + concentration
        • Certain G proteins directly activate the calcium channels on the cell membrane
        • The cytoplasmic membrane calcium channel is activated through PKA to promote the Ga2 + influx
        • Release of Ga2 + in the cytoplasmic calcium reservoir through IP3+
    • Enzyme-coupled receptor
      • Signal pass mainly through protein modification or interactions
      • Most are single transmembrane receptors
      • eg:Ras/MAPK pathway
• Specific receptors
  • Intracellular receptors: The corresponding ligands are lipid-soluble signaling molecules
  • Membrane receptor: The corresponding ligands are water-soluble signal molecules and membrane-binding signal molecules
• Extracellular chemical signals
  • As the first messenger
  • Soluble molecules: Between cells as free molecules
    • fat-soluble
    • water-solubility
    • internal secretion
    • paracrine secretion
    • neurotransmitter
  • Membrane-binding signaling molecules: Intercellular contact is required to transmit signals
• Intracellular signal transduction molecules
  • The second messenger binds to and activates the downstream signal transduction molecules
    • Small molecular messengers transmit a signal
    • cAMP(cyclic nucleotide) is the most important intracellular second messenger
      • The upstream signaling transduction molecules of cAMP and cGMP are the corresponding nucleotide cyclases
      • Phosphoipdiesterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides
      • Cycloucleotides regulate protease activity within cells
      • Protein kinases are not the only target molecules of cAMP and cGMP
    • Lipid classes can also derive an intracellular second messenger
      • Phosphatidyinositase and phospholipase catalyze the birth of a second messenger
      • The lipid second messenger acts on the corresponding target protein molecules
    • Calcium ions can activate signal transduction-related enzymes
    • Small molecules such as NO also have a messenger function
  • enzyme
  • signal transducer
    • guanotide binding protein (G or GTP binding protein)
    • Connector proteins and stent proteins