导图社区 英语语法——主谓一致
英语语法——主谓一致,主谓一致是指在一个句子中,主语和谓语之间的数和人称必须一致。
编辑于2024-02-28 21:31:43主谓一致
原则
语法一致(grammatical concord)
作为主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致
语义一致(notional concord)
有时,一致关系取决于主语的单复数意义,即主语在语法形式上并非复数,但有附属意义,随后的动词便用复数,反之亦然
就近原则(principle of proximity)
谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语(主要指名词)的单、复数形式
以-s结尾的名词作主语
以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称
以-ics结尾的学科名词
表示学科——通常单数
表示学科以外的其他含义——可作复数
以-s结尾的地理名称
国名——单数
群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布——通常作复数
其他以-s及结尾的名词
英语中有一些由两部分组成的物体名称通常以-s结尾(scissors剪刀,glasses眼镜),不带单位词而单独使用,通常作复数;有单位词则由单位词的单复数形式决定
archives档案,arms武器,clothes衣服,contents内容/目录,eaves屋檐,fireworks烟花,goods货物,minutes记录,morals道德/品行,stairs楼梯,suburbs郊区,thanks谢意,wages工资等,通常作复数
whereabouts行踪,dramatics舞台艺术,单复数均可
由-ings结尾的名词(clippings剪下来的东西,diggings掘出来的东西,earnings收入,sweepings扫拢的垃圾),通常作复数;tidings(信息)即可作单数,也可作复数
单、复数同形的名词,动词形式取决于名词的用作单数还是复数;少数这类名词用作单复数的意义不同
what' the odds?(=what does it matter?)有什么要紧?
the odds are against us(we are not likely to succeed)我们成功的几率很小
remains用作“遗体”,动词通常用复数
his remains lie in the churchyard
the martyr's remains were buried at the foot of the hill
remains用作“遗迹”或“剩余物”,动词可作单数或复数
here is the remains of a temper
the remains of the meal were/was fed to the dog
以集体名词(collective noun)作主语
通常作复数的集体名词(police,people,cattle,vermin害虫),随后动词用复数
通常作不可数名词的集体名词(foliage,machinery,equipment,furniture,merchandise),随后的动词通常用单数
audience, class(班级), crew(全体船员或机组人员),committee,family,government,public
作为整体——动词用单数
侧重于集体的组成成员——动词用复数
a committee/panel of, a(the)board of +名词,动词用单数
并列结构
and或both...and
意义为复数,谓语动词为复数
the fishing and hunting in Arizona are good that day.
意义为单数,表示一个或同一个人或物,谓语动词为复数
ham and eggs火腿加鸡蛋(一道菜) is a good breakfast.
常见:the hammer and sickle(党旗),cart and horse(马车),war and peace(战争与和平),needle and thread(针和线),coffee and milk(咖啡和牛奶),bread and butter(涂黄油的面包),law and order(法律和秩序),a watch and chain(带链的表),iron and steel(钢铁),fork and knife(刀叉),all work and no play(只工作不娱乐),science and technology(科技),truth and honesty(真实与诚信)
省略结构形似单数,意义为单数,随后的动词用复数
good and bad taste are inculcated by example. (good and bad taste =good taste and bad taste )
what i say and think are no business of yours. (what i say and think=what i say and what i think)
当and连接的的并列名词词组带有each,every,或者many a(n)等限定词时,随后动词通常用单数
由or,nor,either...or,neither...nor,not only...but also连接的并列主语,动词遵循就近原则
主语后面跟由as much as(rather than, more than, no less than)引导的从属结构时动词单复数与主语本身的单复数形势保持一致
主语后面有as well as,in addition with, with,along with,together with,except等引导的词组时,动词形式也与主语保持一致
以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语
以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语
数量概念作为整体,动词用单数,看成组成该数量的个体,动词用复数
分数(百分数)+of +名词词组,谓语动词词看名词词组(语义)
over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.(这座城的超过百分之60在战争中被摧毁了)
over sixty percent of the cities were destroyed.((这个国家)百分之60的城市都在战争中被摧毁了)
两数相减或相除,动词用单数;两数相加或相乘,动词单复数均可
one in/ one out of +名词复数——正式语体用单数,非正式语体可按就近一致原则用复数
以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语
all of, some of, none of half of, most of+名词做主语,谓语动词形式看名词类别(可数/不可,单数/复数)
lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of, plenty of +名词表示许许多多,谓语动词看名词类别
a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of +名词,动词通常用单数,不管名词类别
主语由“限定词+kind/type/sort of+名词”构成
在a kind/sort/type of,this kind/sort/type of之后通常跟单数或不可数名词,动词用单数。
There is a kind of rose,which fills the air with fragrance when May comes. This kind of man annoys me. This sort of paint is very useful. That type of car is old-fashioned.
注意,在这样的结构中,通常不用复数名词,比如通常不说*this kind of roses,*that type of cars。如果要用复数名词,就得说: Roses of this kind are very sweet. Cars of that type are old-fashioned.
出现在these kinds of,many/several kinds of 之后的名词,既可以是单数或不可数名词,也可以是复数名词,动词都用复数。
There are many different kinds of snake in the mountains. These types of car are imported from Japan. There are several sorts of cheese for sale in the shop. I have met all kinds of tourists who come from Europe. Those kinds of insects are harmful.
在非正式语体中,还常见“these/those kind of+复数名词”这样的结构作主语,随后的动词用复 数。
These kind of men are unreliable. Those type of machine tools are out of date.
这里的kind,type 本该用复数,却用了单数,似乎不合语法逻辑,然而这个有争议的结构在非正式语体中却是常见的。
如果主语是由“many a+名词”或“more than one+名词”,其意义虽属多数,后面的动词仍遵循“语法一致”原则,用单数。
Many a man has done his duty. More than one game was lost.
如果主语由“an average of/a majority of+复数名词”构成,而且明确表示多数个体概念,随后的动词用复数;如果这类主语不表示多数个体概念,则动词用单数。
An average of 25 persons apply each month. An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual. A majority of the town's younger men are moving to the city.