导图社区 非谓语动词
英语非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重要概念,它指的是在句子中不能单独作谓语的动词形式。非谓语动词包含四种基本形式:不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词,每种形式都有其特定的含义和用法。
编辑于2024-08-28 23:19:50非谓语动词
动词不定式
动词不定式功能
作主语
常用it代替它作主语,不定式放谓语之后
作表语
表示 同意、安排、命令、决定、劝告、意愿、禁止等
表安排:She is to start the performance next mouth.
表意愿:You must be fully concentrated on your study if you are to pass the examination.
表禁止:Nobody is to know the decision made in the meeting today.
用于被动态,相当于can (could) should ought to must 具有情态意义
作宾语
表示请求,要求、选择、决定、打算、同意这一类词常用不定式作宾语
afford, agree aim, appear, arrange,attempt,bother. believe, care, choose, claim,come,consent, dare, decide. demand, desire, determine, decline, expect, elect,endeavor, fail, hesitate, offer happen, help, hope, hesitate, hurry intend, seek , learn, long. mean (打算). manage, neglect, take the trouble, tend, offer, pledge. plan, prepare, pretend, promise, wish, refuse, seem, resolve, swear, tend, undertake, volunteer, wait等。
常用it作形式宾语,把不定式放后面,构成v+it+adj/n/prep.phrase+to do sth
介词后一般不用不定式作宾语 只有about,but,except,instead of,save,than等可接不定式
They were about to leave when the people rang.
作宾语补足语
构成动词➕宾语➕不定式(宾语补足语)的结构
The chairman called on him to speak at the meeting.
常见用不定式作宾语补足语的动词有tell advise prefer warn ask except order等 动词词组有arrange for call on care for count on(upon) depend on long for prepare for rely on wait for等
注:动词hope suggest demand 等后面不可接动词不定式作宾补 eg 误:I suggested him not to visit the museum during the weekends. 正:I suggested that he not visit the museum during the weekends.
作定语
动词是不及物动词 其后必有相应的介词
不定式可以修饰there be 结构中的主语
There are a lot of things to prepare for a Christmas party.
作定语的不定式有时表示同位关系
His refusal to participate in the project surprised us all.
I have no obligation to give her what she wants.
当不定式修饰主语名词时,相当于一个定语从句,表示动作即将发生
The person to give the speech is one of the most famous professors in this field.
the first the second the last the best the only one等常跟不定式作定语
作状语
表示目的,最常用的词组有in order to,so as to(只能用于句中或句尾)
so as to 为了 so…as to 如此…以至于… such as to 如此…以至于…
表示结果 only to enough to so…as to以及too...to结构
only to 用来强调意想不到的结果,译为“结果,不料或出乎意料”
too…to 结构中不定式通常含有否定意义,表示“太…以至于不…….” 但如果too前面有all,but,only,never,not等含有否定意义的词修饰时,后面的不定式没有否定意义例如: but(only/all)too 非常 not…enough to 不够…….不能 never(not)too...to 不太…….能 too...not 很……不会不 另外,在too…to的结构中若too之后有ready,apt等词时,其后的不定式也没有否定意义。
不带to的动词不定式
1,在感官动词和使役动词后
在hear,listen to,feel,see,look at,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave等动词后,不定式作宾补时,不用to 例如: The boss often made him do very hard work.
2,在had better等结构后
在had better,had best,would rather,would rather…than…,rather than,would sooner.would sooner…than,cannot but,cannot help but,do nothing but,might (just) as well,do nothing besides,do nothing than(except/save)等结构后不用to
3,why引导的疑问句中
这种结构的肯定式表示不满或委婉的批评,而否定式表示建议。 不满:Why leave the window open? 建议:Why not talk to him one more time about this matter?
动词不定式的时态语态
动词不定的时态
进行时
不定式的动作和谓语动作是同时的,而且正在进行着。
完成时
用于intended,expected,hoped,promised,wanted,planned,wished,thought,desired,was,were等之后,表示过去没有实现的愿望、期待或计划等;也用来表示先于谓语动词发生的动词或状态。
完成进行时
表示动作在谓语动词之前发生,而且一直进行着
动词不定式的被动语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时,不定式通常用被动语态
Are you going to attend the conference to be held next week?
在“名词(代词)+be+easy(difficult,fit)+不定式”结构中,不定式用主动形式表被动意义,这类形容词还有hard,funny,liable,nice,convenient等。
The book is difficult to read.
当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的执行者,不定式用主动形式。
He worked very hard because he had a large family to support.(虽然family和support的关系是被动的,但是support的逻辑主语he是该动作的执行者,所以不定式用主动形式。)
习惯上用to let(出租),to blame (责怪)等的主动形式表示被动意义。 The house is to let.
疑问代词(副词)➕不定式结构
hoe(who,what,when,which,where,whether)+动词不定式可以作主语、宾语、主语补语或定语
He had decided which car to buy.
动名词
动名词的功能
1,作主语
当主语表示的是某个(些)具体情况时,需要用不定式;动名词多表示抽象的、普遍的概念。例: To finish the project in one month is impossible. Being poor is no disgrace.
2,作表语
Her aim is everybody finding the right partner.
3,作动词宾语
下列动词后常跟动名词作宾语:abandon,admit,advise,advocate,allow,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,detest,deny,detest,enjoy,escape,fancy,finish,forgive,hinder,imagine,keep,mind,miss,pardon,postpone,practice,prevent,propose,recall,reject,resent,risk,resist,suggest,advise,allow,permit,recommend,tolerate等。
在allow,advise,permit,recommend后,如果提到有关的人,则需要用不定式。 She does not allow smoking in her room. The teacher does not allow the students to talk during the lesson.
4,作介词宾语
1,动名词作宾语时,常用在动词词组后面。
2,there be 结构作介词宾语时为动名词结构there being;但是作介词for的宾语时,必须用不定式there to be。
5,作定语
动名词的时态和语态
动名词的时态
动名词的一般时表示动作和谓语动作的动词同时或在其后发生,或表示一般情况;如果动作在谓语动词之前发生,则用完成时态。
She enjoys reading novels during her spare time. He confessed having stolen the watch.
动名词的被动语态
当动名词的逻辑主语是动作的承受着时,需要用被动语态。
Respecting others means being respected. I heard of his having been chosen to be the new director of the company.
在need,want(需要),deserve,repay,require等动词以及形容词worth后面时,动名词以主动形式表示被动形式。
This room wants cleaning up.这个房间需要被打扫 This new edition deserves recommending.这个新的版本值得推荐
动名词的复合结构
当句子中不能体现动名词动作的执行者时,需要给动名词加上一个逻辑主语,这就是动名词的复合结构。动名词的复合结构由“名词(或代词)的所有格或通格(主格和宾格统称为通格)➕动名词”组成。当逻辑主语是单个有生命的词时,用名词或者代词的所有格,其他情况下用通格。
Mary's refusing to come is out of expectation.(单个词,有生命,做主语,用所有格) My mother dislike my(me)working late.(有生命,作宾语,用所有格或通格皆可) His son winning the first prize surprised him.(名词词组,做主语,用通格) I am doubtful of him being the best candidate.(介词宾语,用通格)
动名词和不定式做宾语的区别
可以接动名词,也可以接不定式作宾语的动词
可以接动名词也可以接不定式 但意义上几乎没有区别的动词有:love,like,hate,prefer,dislike,intend,attempt,propose,contribute,plan,dread,aspire,can‘t bear 等
有些动词后接动名词或不定式,意思完全不同,这类词有stop,quit,remember,forget,try,regret,mean,deserve,learn等
动名词和不定式的比较
动名词表示抽象概念或一般的情况而不定式表示某一次具体或特定的动作 另外,从时间概念上来说,动名词一般表示已经完成为过去的动作,而不定式则表示将来的动作。
He likes eating noodles. 他喜欢吃面(泛指,习惯) He likes to eat some rice tonight. 今晚他想吃些米饭。(特指,一次行为)
分词
现在分词和过去分词的区别
现在分词表示主动和进行;过去分词表示被动和完成
分词的功能
分词在句中可以作定、表、宾补和状语
分词的逻辑主语与独立结构
以下分词或分词词组作状语时,修饰的是整个句子,其逻辑主语和句子的主语可以不一致(不需要逻辑主语)
1,相当于介词的单个现在分词:regarding,concerning,considering,respecting,touching(关于),including,counting,following,beginning,wanting(没有,缺少),failing(没有),pending,notwithstanding,excepting。例如:Pending his return,let us get everything cleaned up.让我们在他回来之前,把所有的东西都打扫干净。
2,相当于固定说法和介词短语的分词短语:according to,judging from,talking of,allowing for,owing to,coming to,getting back to,not excepting,leaving…on one side(抛开…….不谈),taking all things together,taking all things into consideration,setting aside,viewing it from this point,granting that(即使)等
3,副词➕speaking 结构:generally(broadly,strictly,comparatively,properly,roughly)speaking。
报纸,文章
视点落在报纸(计算机屏幕)正中央
快速扫描那些标题吸引你
预读找吸引你的文章
精读想要了解段落
独立结构
当分词的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致时,要在分词前加一个逻辑主语(名词、代词)
The moon having risen,they took a walk in the fields.月亮升起,他们在田野里散步。(现在分词,作时间状语)
分词独立主格可由with引出
独立结构中的逻辑主语前有时可以加with或without,作伴随状语。这种结构除了用分词外,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词。
He died with his dream unfulfilled.(with +名词+过去分词,作伴随状语)
分词短语和分词独立结构作状语的区别
分词短语作状语时,它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语。如果分词短语的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,也就是说,分词常有它自己的逻辑主语(见第三点)