导图社区 时态
这是一个关于时态的思维导图,英语时态是英语语法中的一个重要概念,它用于表示动作、状态或事件发生的时间。英语中一共有16种时态,每种时态都有其特定的用法和表达方式。
编辑于2024-09-12 19:24:55Tense 时态
Simple Present Tense 一般现在时 (do/does)
构成
通常以动词原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词要变化
用法
现在时刻发生的动作或存在的状态
What time is it now?
主句的特征、性格或能力
She works hard.
客观真理和客观存在及自然现象
The sun rises in the east.
表经常性动作
常与always、usually、often、sometimes、seldom、once a week、every day连用
They often play football.
代替现在完成时,用于say、see、hear、learn、tell、read、write等表互通信息的少数动词
I hear he has left London Airport.
报纸、杂志、书籍等表客观事实
The Chinese Athlete wins Gold Medal.
表将来时间
句型 I hope /I bet that...和句型see(to it)/make sure/make certain+that...中可用一般时表将来时间
I bet it rains tomorrow.
用于时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中表示将要发生的动作
We'll help her if she asks for.
表最近的将来,说话人说话时动作未开始,但即将开始
Now I go.
表示按时间拟定或已经安排好的事情,或将要发生的动作
用于come、be、start、begin、return等瞬间名词,表将来
He comes back tonight.
Simple Past Tense 一般过去时(did)
构成
动词的过去式
用法
表过去发生、完成的事或存在的状态
与yesterday、last week、hours ago、just now、in1990
I met him last month.
注意
一般过去时也可与today、this week等连用,但不含“现在"的意思
Did you see her today?
在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,表过去将来的动作
表过去经常或反复发生的动作,常与always、usually、never连用
Jenney was often late for school.
用于since引导时间状语从句
短暂性动词的一般过去式,表非持续性动作的结束
The area has changed a great deal since I left.
持续性动词或状态动词的一般过去,表动作或状态的完成
It has been two years since he was in the army.
用于虚拟语气中表一种主观设想
I wish I were ten years younger.
Simple Future Tense 一般将来时(will /shall do)
be goingto 表示将来时间通常是计划安排或打算,事先有所考虑,而will/shall 是在 特定的情境里一方听了另一方的话的即刻回应
构成
shall/will+do
用法
表将要发生的动作或状态,与tomorrow、in two days等连用
“will”用于各种人称,“shall”只用于第一人称
Next month he will be eighteen.
一般将来时也可与now、today、tonight等连用
I shall do it now.
在疑问句中用来征询听话人的意图或愿望
Will you please come in?
当上下文清楚时,时间状语可省去
You go ahead. l'll catch up.
与状语从句连用,常与表时间的状语连用
表时间和条件的状语从句一般用一般现在时表将来,但有时亦可用一般将来时,如用before引导时
When I have time,I'll go.
其他表达将来时间的表示法
be going to 在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排非要做的事,也用来表示必然、很可能发生的事或自然现象
They are going to sell the old books.
be to do 表示按计划即将发生的动作或表示约定、职责、义务、意图、禁止、可能性等
The meeting is to take place at nine this morning.
be about to do 用于表示就要发生的事,一般不再与时间状语连用
He is about to go.
The Past Future Tense 一般过去将来时(would/[was/were] going+do)
构成
would/(was/were) going to+do
用法
一般过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。主要有以下几种形式
should/would+动词原形,这一形式表示过去将来时间,通常带有表示过去将来的时间状语,多见于从句或间接引语中
I wanted to know when you would finish the article.
was/were going to+不定式,这一结构的主要意义是表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常用于表示位置移动的动词
常用于表示位置移动的动词,如go,come,leave,start,arrive 等
They told me they were going to plant trees.
was/were +不定式。表示过去将来,通常指按过去的计划、安排将在某个过去时间发生的事情;也可表示不可避免地要发生的事件
As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early on Thursday evening.
was/were about to +不定式。表示过去将来,这种结构通常指最近的过去将来事时态;在一定的语境中也常指未曾实现的意图
I felt that something terrible was about to happen.
Present Progressive Tense 现在进行时 (am/are/is+ing分词)
构成
am/are/is+ing分词
用法
表说话时正在进而未完成的动作或状态
They are watching TV.
表示现阶段正在进行的动作,但不一定正在进行
They are preparing for the exam these days.
表将来进行时
时间、条件等状语从句中代替将来进行时
If I am sleeping when he comes, wake me up.
表示按计划安排近期内即将发生的动作,即常表示最近或较近的将来
come,go,leave,start,arrive 等动词常与表示将来时间的状语连用表示“意图”“安排”(但表示固定不变的)或“打算”的含义
I must be leaving now.
与副词always,usually, constantly,forever,continually 等连用,表达说话的某种感情色彩
She is always doing wrong.
口语中某些表示说话的动词,如ask,tell,talk,say 等也用现在进行时表示刚刚过去的动作
I don't know what you are talking about.
少数表示心理活动的静态动词如hope,wonder 等也可以用现在进行时表示客气的口气
I'm hoping you'll give us some advice.
注意
能用现在进行时的动词都是持续性动词
work,study,live, stay,read,write
不表示持续的行为,而表示知觉、看法人识、感情、愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时
see,hear,smell,taste recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, lore hate, dislike, forgive, want, refuse, belong to, seem
Past Progressive Tense 过去进行时(was/were+ing分词)
构成
was/were+ing分词
用法
表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作
通常用表示过去的时间状语 then,at thst time, this time yesterday 等
They were talking about a film at six yesterday evening.
表示过去将要发生的动作
He said he was leaving on Tuesday.
过去进行时有时可表示过去未实现的意愿或打算
She was leaving the next day but she missed the train.
用过去进行时描写故事背景
It was getting dark. The wind was rising.
强调表示过去经常性或习惯性动作,表示出说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪
常与always,forever,continually,constantly,frequently等副词态连用,代替一般过去时
He was constantly leaving his things everywhere.
表示谦虚、有礼貌的询问或建议,并非指过去,而是指现在
动词 hope,wonder,think 等用于过去进行时
I was hoping you wouldn't mind having supper with me.
Future Progressive Tense 将来进行时(should/would be+ing分词)
构成
should/would be+ing分词
用法
将来进行时主要表示将来某时刻正在进行的动作,通常由客观情况决定
I shall be sitting on the train at 9: 00 tomorrow morning.
表示已决定或预料要发生的将来动作
What shall we be doing next?
表原因、结果和可能
I suppose you will be leaving soon.
表委婉
Will you be needing anything else?
Past Future Progressive Tense 过去将来进行时(should/would be +ing分词)
构成
should/would be +ing分词
用法
表示在过去将来某一时刻或时段内正在进行的动作或预计要发生的动作
I thought you would be sleeping.
Past Future Perfect Progressive Tense过去将来完成进行时(should/would have been+ing分词)
构成
should/would have been+ing分词
用法
过去将来完成进行时表动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到过去将来某一时间。动作是否继续下去,由上下文决定
I heard by July you'd have been teaching here for ten years.
Future Perfect Progressive Tense将来完成进行时(shall/will have been +ing分词)
构成
shall/will have been +ing分词
用法
表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before+将来时间”或“by+将来时间”连用,也可before 或by the time 引导的现在时的从句连用
I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of this year.
Past Perfect Progressive Tense过去完成进行时(had been +ing分词)
构成
had been +ing分词
用法
表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作。过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间。和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
表示反复进行的动作
He had been mentioning your name to me.
常用于间接引语中
The doctor asked what he had been eating.
接具有“突然”之意的时间状语从句,常由 when/while 引导
I had been sleeping when my friend telephone me.
Present Perfect Progressive Tense现在完成进行时(have/has been+ing分词)
构成
have/has been+ing分词
用法
用于表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间,动作是否继续下去,则需视起来而定
How long has it been raining?
Past Future Perfect Tense过去将来完成时(should/would have done sth.)
构成
should/would have done sth.
用法
过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作,并往往会对过去将来某一时间产生影响
He said he would have let me have the book as soon as he had read it.
过去将来完成时还常用在虚拟语气中,表示与过去的事实相反
If I had seen him this afternoon, I would have told him about it.
Future Perfect Tense将来完成时(shall/will have done sth.)
构成
shall/will have done sth.
用法
表示在将来某一时刻或某一时刻之前已完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语及条件或时间状语从句连用
Next Monday I shall have been here for a month.
表示一种推测。主要用于第二、第三人称
You will have arrived home by now.
Past Perfect Tense过去完成时(had done)
构成
had done
用法
表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已完成或延续到某一过去时间的动作或状态即“过去的过去”。这一动作可以是一直持续到过去这一时刻或将继续下去
常用by,before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句表示
The train had left before she got to the station.
一些宾语从句中以表示动作发生的时间早于主句所表示的动作,可表示原因、动作先后等
用于以连词 when,as soon as, as...as,before, after,until,now that 引导的状语从句
After I had finished my homework,I watched TV last night.
有些表示愿望、打算等的词(如hope,expect,mean,intend,want等)跟过去完成时连用表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图
They had wanted to help you but could not get here in time.
在No sooner..than.; Hardly (scarcely).…when…结构中,主句中的动词多用过去完成时
No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain
用在一般过去时之后的间接引语中
He told me that he had seen the film the day before
用于虚拟语气中
If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.
注意
过去完成时的句子中,终止性动词不能与一段时间连用,而状态动词的过去完成时必须和一段时间连用
He had already died.
一般过去时代替完成时的情况
含有动作已经完成意义的动词,如arrive,enter,open 等,当主句和从句的两个动作紧紧相连时,两个动词都可以用一般过去时
When he entered the office, he heard the telephone ringing.
由连词 before,after,as soon as 等引导的从句,由于连词本身意义已经说明主句和从句两个动作先后发生的关系,因此两个动词都可以用一般过去时
After he closed (=had closed) the door, he left the house.
Present Perfect Tense 现在完成时(have/has+done)
构成
have/has+done
用法
表示说话之前已完成的动作,而且这个动作的结果对现在是情况仍有影响
Mr. Wang has just come back from America.
表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,而且还可能继续下去的动作或状态
常与表示一段时间的状语 today,this week, recently, lately, in the past (last) few days, since
They have lived here for more than ten years
在时间、条件等状语从句中,代替将来完成时
We are going after we've had breakfast.
在“it's the first/the second time (that)…”等结构中
It's the first time I have visited this city.
注意
have/has been to+地点”意为“曾去过某地”,暗含目前已不在该地,仅表示当事人的一种经历而已
He has been to Shanghai.(以前去过)
“have/has gone to+地点”意为“到了某地去了”,暗含“已离开原地去了某地”之意,但是否到达了某地尚不确定
He has gone to Shanghai.(还没有回来开)
瞬间动词的肯定式现在完成时不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。瞬间动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,因为否定的状态是可以延续的
I haven't seen Mary for two years.
现在完成时不能和表示过去特定时间的状语
如 yesterday,last moth,three days ago,in 1989 等连用;但可以就产生不确定时间的状语连用
How many pages have you read today?
一、单数名词、不定代词、不可数名词、抽象名词、物质名词,也可用三单二、表静止状态动词 be、believe、forget、hate、have、hear等不用进行时,而用一般时表正在发生的动作