语言学Invitations

这是一篇关于语言学Invitations的思维导图，Language is an integral part of our life and humanity.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.

Invitations

• Language
  • Why Study Language？
    • Language is an integral part of our life and humanity.If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.
  • What Is Language？
    • Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.
      • System
        • Elements in it are not arranged and combined randomly, but according to some rules and principles.
      • Arbitrary
        • There is no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing.
      • Vocal
        • The prinmary medium for all languages is sound.
      • Used for human communication
        • It is human-specific, very different from systems of animal communication.
  • Design Features of Language定义特征
    • Arbitrariness任意性
      • The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.
      • Linguistic forms are said to lack any physical correspondence with the entities in the world to which they refer.
      • Three levels
        • Arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning
        • Arbitrariness at the syntactic level
        • Arbitrariness and convention
    • Duality二层性/二重性
      • Language is herarchical.
        • High
        • Sentences/utterances and texts/discourses
        • Meaningless sounds——Syllables——Morphemes
        • Words
        • Low
    • Creativity/Productivity创造性/能产性
      • Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness.
    • Displacement移位性/跨越时空性
      • Displacement means that languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (intime and space) at the moment of communication.
        • For example, our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.
      • The intellectual benefits of displacement to us are that it makes it possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.
  • Origin of Language
    • The "bow-wow" theory摩声说/“汪汪”理论
      • In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that. Onomatopoeic words seem to be a convenient evidence for this theory.
    • The "pooh-pooh" theory感叹说
      • In the life of our primitive ancestors, the utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy. Language came from interjections, which express the speaker's emotions.
    • The "yo-he-ho" theory劳动号子说
      • As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.
  • Functions of Language
    • Jakobson
      • Referential function指称功能
        • context
      • Poetic function诗学功能
        • message
      • Emotive function情感功能
        • addresser
      • Conative function意动功能
        • addressee
      • Phatic function寒暄功能
        • contact
      • Metalingual function元语言功能
        • code
    • Halliday
      • Ideational function概念功能
        • Ideational constructs a model of experience as well as logical relations.
      • Interpersonal function人际功能
        • Interpersonal function enacts social relationships .
      • Textual function语篇功能
        • Textual function creates relevance to context.
    • 胡壮麟
      • Informative Function信息功能
      • Interpersonal Function人际功能
      • Performative Function施为功能
      • Emotive Function情感功能
      • Phatic Communion寒暄功能
      • Recreational Function娱乐功能
      • Metalingual Function元语言功能
• Linguistics
  • What is Linguistics？
    • Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or the scientific study of language. It is a rich and exciting field which now has a set of established theories, methods and sub-branches.
  • Main Branches of Linguistics
    • Phonetics语音学
      • how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and received语音的产生、传递与接收
        • Articulatory phonetics发音语音学
          • Articulatory phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.语音的产生
      • the description and classification of speech sounds语音的描写和分类
        • Acoustic phonetics声学语音学
          • Acoustic phonetics studies the physical properties of speech transmission.语音物理属性
      • words and connected speech词语和连贯言语
        • Perceptual/Auditory phonetics感知/听觉语音学
          • Perceptual/Auditory phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.语音感知
    • Phonology音系学
      • the study of how speech sounds function in a language.
        • It studies the ways speech sounds are organized, that is, the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequensing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables.
        • Phoneme is the smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal adifference in meaning.
          • 音系学的研究对象是语言的语音系统，研究起点是音位Phoneme
    • 语音
    • Morphology形态学
      • Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.
        • Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding English sentences.
      • It studies the minimal units of meaning —— morphemes and word-formation processes。
    • syntax句法学
    • Semantics语义学
    • Pragmatics语用学
  • Macrolinguistics
  • Important Distinctions in Linguistics