导图社区 英语翻译
2025唐静翻译,包含解题步骤、解题核心策略、状语从句、定语从句、被动结构、短语做定语、形式主语、同位语从句。
编辑于2024-10-25 12:00:51中心主题
解题步骤
对着英语写汉字,把认识的单词尽可能写下来
当有三个左右的汉语词,(一个主干,或者一个词组),尽量构成一个小句子。
把每两个小句子,连贯成通顺的大句子。
解题核心策略
大原则
拆出主干,分清修饰
拆出主句,分清从句
小原则
连词
引导词 (绝对断句点)
介词
分词
to
标点符号
不要把单个单词拆分出来
拆分一般:三刀四节
其他注意
常考动词
believe相信,认为
assume假设,认为
assert断言
claim宣称
disclaim否认
maintain维持,保持,坚持认为,主张
accept接受,认为
contend坚持说
argue辩论说
prove证明,证实
validate证明,证实
valid有效的
demonstrate说明,表明
state陈述,说明
point out指出
be convinced that相信,确信
人名,地名等专有名词
遵照习惯
伟人,风云人物,常见地方
Galileo伽利略
Greeks希腊人/Greek希腊
Rome罗马
Older Continent 旧大陆,欧洲大陆
Socratic 苏格拉底
Darwin达尔文/Darwinism达尔文主义
Beethoven贝多芬
Atlantic大西洋
Shakespeare文学家
the Napoleonic war拿破仑战争
按照音译
Pearson 皮尔森/皮尔逊
Tylor 泰勒
Whorf 沃尔夫/沃尔福
Allen 艾伦
Maine 缅因
Georgia 乔治亚
David Graddol 格兰朵/葛兰多
George Scovell 斯康威尔/韦尔/威尔
Chomsky乔姆斯基
Joshua Greenberg 格林伯格
Greenbergarian 格林伯格的
英二
Ted Ning 泰德·宁
Boulder agency 博德/伯德
Google 谷歌
Silicon Valley 硅谷
Broadway 百老汇
Nobel winner若贝尔奖获得者
Bill Gates 比尔·盖茨
Chicago area芝加哥地区
English writer James Herritor 英国作家吉米·哈利
万不得已,抄英语
代词
可以直接用汉语代词(他,她,它)试试,前提是译文通顺
若不通顺,则需要指代明确。尽可能用指代到的名词翻译。 这时,需要往前看。根据“就近和一致原则”来确定。
直接对应—适合第一、二人称
指代明确—第三人称代词(they,them,their),要小心
用“这种情况/观点/说法”等—it,this,that(尤其充当主语)
There be 句型的翻译
首先翻译英语中的状语,再加“有”
增加“人们,大家,我们”等汉族的泛指主语
直接用动词“有,出现,存在”等开头(无主语)
短语做定语
分词短语(现在分词:-ing;过去分词:-ed)
-ing分词短语作状语,①(开头:伴随,原因;结尾:结果)②其逻辑主语应该是主干的主语,翻译时可以把主干的主语增加到分词短语前面。
常见
arise/result from…,由…引起
give rise to…导致,产生 result in… lead to…
例句
Additionally social stresses may also occur ∥because of the population explosion or problem∥arising from mass migration movement---∥themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.新的社会压力也可能会产生,由于人口爆炸和各种由大量人口所流动引起的各种问题—如今现代交通方式使得大量人口流动变得相对容易。
Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments ∥are closing in on such structures,∥and may report their findings soon.用在南极的路基探测器和来工作的天体物理学家正在越来越近的观察这样的结构,不久就会报告他们的发现成果。
Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,∥computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,∥relaxation will be in front of smell-television,∥and digital age will have arrived.儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍,带有内置个性的计算机将会被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,(届时)数字时代就将要到来了。
泰勒把文化定义为一个复合体,他包括了人作为社会成员所获得的信仰,艺术,道德,法律,习俗以及其他能力和习惯
不定式短语
伽利略最伟大的成就在于,在1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人,以证明是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转
形容词短语
方法论是指一般历史研究所特有的概念还是指历史研究不同分支所使用的研究方法,人们没有达成共识
介词短语
在现代条件下,这需要中央控制的不同措施(不同程度的中央控制),从而还需要像经济学家和运筹学家(操作研究专家)这类专门领域的科学家的帮助。
他的作用类似于一个法官的作用,他必须承担这样的责任,以一种尽可能明显的方式去揭示导致他做决定的推理过程。
与……类似
be analogous to be similar to be parallel to
被动结构
标志:be done 基本原则:英语多用被动,汉语多用主动
汉语用主动/汉语任保留被动(前用“被”字
翻译为汉族的判断句,用“是…的”这样的结构翻译
例句
During this transfer,raditional historical methods were augmented by additional medthodologies designed to interpret the new form of evidence in historical study.在这种转变的过程中,传统的历史研究方法增加了新的研究方法,旨在解释在历史研究中的新形式的证据
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.这种观点一开始就把讨论引像了两个极端,它使你认为应该这样对待动物,要么带着人对待其他人那样的关心对待动物,要么一点也不关心。
Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special perserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary party of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.传统上这些学院,把法律学习看作是律师的专长,而不是一个受过教育的人的知识储备的必要部分
The existence of the cloud was required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the1920s ,to maintain its regin as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大云的存在实际上是20世纪20年代首次提出的大爆炸理论,维持其对宇宙解释的主导地位的所必须的。
we are thus led to distinguish,within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering,a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling.在我们迄今为止讨论到的广义的教育过程中,这使得我们去去区别出一种更为正式的教育形式,即直接教导和学校教导。
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated ∥only a little more than a hundred years ago,∥and the selection role of the environment ∥in shaping and maintenance the behavior of the individual∥ is only beginning to be recognized and studied.在进化中自然选择的作用仅仅在一百多年以前才得以阐明,在塑造和保持个体行为中环境的选择作用才刚刚开始加以认识和研究。
When that happens,it is not a mistake:it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.当这种情况发生实在不是一种错误,这是人类道理推理的本能在起作用,这种本能应该受到鼓励而不是遭到嘲笑。
定语从句
名词/名词性代词(Those ,some ,all等)+that ,which, who ,whom, whose
名词+省略引导词(直接跟了一个从句)
时间名词+when
地点名词+Where
reason+why ……的原因/解释了……
as引导限制性定语从句:the same…as…,such…as…,as…as…,so…as…等
介词+Which/Whom
前置
定从结构简单,单词数少(5个)
把定语从句翻译到它所修饰的先行词前,并常常用“的”来连接
定从前置
Oblige
be obliged to sb 感谢/激
be obliged to do sth 被迫做……
lost
at a lost 茫然,不知所措
take a lost 亏本
more than
+名词/动词:不仅仅,不只是
+形容词/副词:非常,很
obligate强迫
be obligated to do sth有责任做……
obligation责任
后置
定从前置太冗长,单词数多,翻译不通顺
例句
①Actually,it isn't,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is something the world does not have . 事实并非如此,因为这种说法假设人们对于人权有一致的认识,而这种认识并不存在。
②Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. 皮尔森汇集了世界各地数百位位研究人员的研究成果编制了一个独特的技术千年历,这个技术千年日历给出了我们能够期望看到的数百项重大突破和发现将要发生的最晚日期
There will be television chat show hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when offend. 将会出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目,还会出现带有污染监控器的小汽车,当小汽车排污超标时,这些污染监控器就会使小汽车不能行驶
This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy word to survive in,in fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks,no less than 50% took a loss in 1989. 仅仅是这一点就表明了电视行业不是一个容易生存的世界,统计数据也强调了这个事实,统计数据表明在80家电视网络中,有不少于50%在1989年出现了亏损
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seek to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. 社会科学时是科学探索的一个分支,它试图以一个科学家研究自然现象那样相同理性,有序,系统,冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为
状语从句
时间状从
一般总是翻译到主句之前
常见标志
when当…时候
子主题
whenever 每当…
as 当…时,随着
while 在…期间,正当…的时候,在…的同时
since 自从…
before在…之前
after 在…之后
once 一旦…
untill,till 直到…才,如果不…
as soon as 一…就
一…就
the one moment,the minute
immediately,every time
no sooner…than
hardly/scarcely…when
例句
The one Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程有某种联系,早在人们认识到需要的多样性之前,这种观点就在欧洲压根了/深入人心
原因状从
常见标志
because 因为
since 既然,由于
as 因为
now that 既然
seeing that,considering that,in view of the fact that 既然,考虑到,因为,鉴于
in that 因为,原因在于
原因状语短语
because of,on account of,due to,thanks to attribute to,owing to,on a result of,for the reason…
一般把原因状从翻译到主句之前,构成“前因后果” 如果原因太长,也可采用“之所以…是因为”
The behavioral science have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.行为科学之所以发展缓慢部分是因为解释性的细节通常是被直接观察到的,部分是因为其他种类的解释一直难以发现
Since our chief business with is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 既然我们对于他们(年轻人)主要的事情是使他们能够在日常生活中能够学会分享,那么我们经不住地会去思考,我们是否具备了这种确保他们获得这种能力的力量
Owing to the remarkable development in mass communications,people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs introduce still further innovation for the reasons given above. 由于大众通讯的显著发展,各地的人们正感受到新的需求并接触到新的习俗,然而由于上述原因,政府通常不得不去采取更为进一步的革新措施
让步状从
常见标志
though 虽然
although the 虽然
even if 即使
while 尽管
whatever 无论什么 whenever 无论哪里 whoever 无论谁 whichever 无论哪一个 however 无论怎样
no matter 不论,不管 whereas 但是,却,尽管 whether 不论,不管
for all that 尽管
前用“虽然”,后用“但是”,从句一般翻译到主句前面
例句
While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. 尽管来自律师的评论和反馈会加强报道,更可取的是对于记者来说要依靠自己的价值观(对于重要性的认识)作出自己的判断
条件状从
常见标志
if 如果
unless 除非,如果不
providing that,granting that,supposing that 如果,假如
provided that,granted that,supposed that,given that,如果,假如,假定
on condition that 如果,只要
as long as,so long as 如果,只要
only,only if,only that 只要,只有
if only 但愿,要是…就好了
翻译到主句之前是最佳位置
例句
If the small spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea,a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory. 如果这些小热点看上去如人们所期待的那样,那将是又一科学理论的胜利,这个科学理论是更完美的大爆炸被称作宇宙膨胀理论
目的状从
常见标志
so that 为了,以便
lest 以防
in case 以防,以免
for the fear that 以防
in order that 为了
前用“为了”,后用“以免”
例句
What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing,acquisitive and vulgar. 现在已经发生的事情是人们已经不像以前那样轻松且公开地完全坦诚自己的梦想,以免他们被认为太急功近利,太贪得无厌,太庸俗不堪。
结果状从
常见标志
so that,such that,to such a degree that,to such an extent that 结果是…,如此…以致于…
例句
And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorderkichen range. 家用电器也变得如此智能化,以致于控制他们
形式主语
可当成词组,翻译到句子开头,用“据…”,“有人”,“…的是”等结构翻译
也可先译后面部分,再加“…,这是…的”,最适结构It is+aaj.+that,如It is important that…重要的是
例句
It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience , but this effect is not a part of its original motive . 人们或许会这样说,衡量任何社会机构价值的标准是看他在丰富和完善人生经验方面所起的作用,但这种费用并不是取原始动机的一部分。
In dealing with a Challenge on such a scale,It is no exaggeration to say"United we stand,divided we fall. 在应对一个如此大规模的挑战时,可以毫不夸张的说:“合则成,分则败。”
Furthermore,It is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly be bound with efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that is in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologies of all kinds.此外明显的是一个国家的经济实力与其农业和工业效率直接相关,这又反过来取决于各种科学家和科技人员的努力。
Be bound by 到什么的限制 Be bound for 开往,驶往
In fact,it is difficult to sing,How journalist who do have a clear glimpse of physical features of the Canadian constitution can do a competent job on practical stories.事实上很难明白的是,没有清楚的抓住加拿大宪法基本特征的记者是怎么如何能去能胜任政治报道工作。
同位语从句
同从:引导词that只连接主句和从句,不做任何成分 定从:引导词that或which在句子中做主语或者宾语
同从:就是对某些名词进行进一步解释的句子 定从:理论上说可以修饰任何名词
把简单的同位语从句翻译到其修饰的名字前;把机构复杂的同位程序翻译在后面单独成句,①可以增加“这样,所谓的,认为,即”等词来做进一步解释。②采用冒号或者破折号的手段解释。
例句
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the strulture of habitual in a society. 沃尔夫对语言和思维的关系产生了兴趣,他得出了这样的观点:在一个社会中,语言的结构确定了惯性思维的结构。
Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. 这种极端主义者认为人与动物在每一个相关方面都不同,所以他们认为动物不具有道德选择
But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established convention and special responsibilities of the news media.但是有一种观点认为,记着必须比普通市民更加深刻的理解法律,这种观点取决于对新闻媒体既定习俗和特殊责任的理解。
有一种观点认为……,这种观点取决于 翻译:后面有修饰,前面有并列,优先考虑,修饰整个
Time was when biologist somewater overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physical weak,or that they prey only on"worthless species".曾经有一段时间,生物学家有点滥用如下证据,这些生活通过捕杀敌弱者来维持猎物的健康,或者他们猎杀的仅仅是没有价值的物种。