动词时态

超全英语语法导图来啦！本图归纳了英语动词时态，除五种常用时态外的其他非常见时态，快来一览吧！

动词时态

• 其它非常用时态
  • 过去将来时
    • 过去将来时的形式
      • would /should + 动词(would /should + v.)
    • 过去将来时的的用法
      • 一般过去将来时不能独立使用，通常用在宾语从句中，用作间接引语和间接疑问句, 表示从过去的观点看在将来发生的行为或存在的状态。如：
        • He asked me if I should be in the office in the afternoon.他问我下午是否在办公室。
        • Mary wired back that she would arrive on the Wednesday following.玛丽来电报说她将于下一个星期三到达。
    • 过去将来时的其他表示法
      • 1
        • was /were going to do sth. 表示过去将来时间
          • He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.他说退休后打算住在 乡下。
        • was /were going to do sth. 所表示的过去将来时间的动作或事态也可以是未实现的。如：
          • Last Sunday we were going to go for a picnic, but it rained.上个星期日，我们打算去野餐，但下起了雨。
      • 2
        • was /were to do sth. 表示对过去将来时间的安排
          • As I was to leave the next day, I went to bed early on Friday evening.由于第二天要出发，所以星期五晚上我睡得早。
          • We knew that Friday's meeting was to be a long one, as we were to discuss the budget. 我们知道星期五的会议将是一个长会，因为要讨论预算案。
          • If we were to do the experiment, I would read the instructions carefully.如果我们做这个试验，我得仔细看一看操作规程。
        • was /were to 后跟不定式完成式时，表示过去将来时间的安排未能实现。如：
          • We were to have been in Beijing now, but the flight was put off.我们现在本该在北京, 但航班推迟了。
          • I was to have seen him last Friday but he did not come.我本该上星期五见他，但他未来。
      • 3
        • was /were about to do sth. 表示过去将来时间
          • I felt that something terrible was about to happen.我感到某种可怕的事要发生。
          • He was just about to dive when he saw the shark.正要潜水时，他看见那条鲨鱼。
          • I was about to go out when it began to rain.我正要出门时开始下起了雨。
      • 4
        • 过去进行时表示过去将来时间
          • They said they were leaving for America pretty soon.他们说他们不久就要动身去美国。
  • 过去进行时
    • 过去进行时的形式
      • was /were + 现在分词（was /were + v-ing）
    • 过去进行时的用法
      • 1
        • 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作
          • What were you doing this time yesterday morning?昨天上午这个时候你在做什么？
          • She didn't hear the phone because she was listening to the radio.她没有听见电话，因 为她正在听收音机。
          • The rain started just as I was getting off the train.正当我下火车时，开始下起雨。
          • He couldn't leave the house because he was waiting for a telephone.他不能离开家, 因为他正等一个电话。
      • 2
        • 表示过去某一阶段内正在进行的动作
          • We were waiting for you the whole afternoon.我们等了你整个下午。
          • They were working in the laboratory from 9 to 12 this morning.今天上午从 9 点到12 点他们正在实验室工作。
          • The students were doing their homework all the time the teacher was writing on blackboard.老师在黑板上写字的同时同学们做作业。
          • There a canal was being built to facilitate commerce.那里正在开建一条运河以促进商业发展。
          • 【注释】
            • “was /were + at /in /on /under + n."可以用来表示过去正在进行的动作或者所处的状 态。如：
              • We knew he was at his work.我们知道他在工作。
              • He was in conversation with a priest when I came in.我进来时，他正同一位牧师讲话。
              • It was reported that crimes by women were on the rise.据报道妇女犯罪在上升。
              • She told us that the matter was under consideration.她告诉我们这个问题正在考虑中。
      • 3
        • 用在时间或条扁状备从句中，表示过去将来正在进行的动作
          • He promised not to mention this when he was talking to her,他答应和她谈话时不提及此事。
          • He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping.他告诉我如果他睡着了就叫醒他。
      • 4
        • 表示按计划、安排过去某时将要发生的动作
          • They were leaving a few days later.几天后他们就要走。
          • Nobody knew whether he was going with us.无人知道他是否和我们一起去。
          • They said that they were going back to their own country.他们说他们将回自己的国家。
          • She asked me whether I was starting the next day.她问我是否第二天就动身。
      • 5
        • 与 always, constantly, continually, forever 等状语连用，表示感情色彩
          • She was constantly complaining of the cold.她总抱怨天太冷。（厌烦）
          • He was always making noises.他总爱大声喧闹。（不满）
          • She was constantly complaining of the difficulties in his English study.她总好自诉英语学习中的困难。（不满）
      • 6
        • 作为铺叙故事情节的背景。在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作
          • The accident happened while I was working in the garden.事故发生时，我正在花园里干活。
          • We were doing our homework when the light went out.我们正在做功课灯突然灭了。
          • He lost the key when he was playing football.踢足球时，他丢了钥匙。
          • The rain was falling. The procession was going. Suddenly a thundering explosion was heard.天正下着雨，队伍在行进，突然听见一声巨响。
      • 7
        • 用于铺叙背景，说明最近过去的事情
          • I was asking what you thought of it.我在问你的想法。
          • I was hearing John had got a new job.我刚听说约翰找到份新工作。
          • 应该注意这一用法往往给人一种说话口气比较随便的印象。试比较下列两个句子的 用法：
            • a
              • I was talking to Mary the other day.（谁是谈话的主动者不明确）
            • b
              • I talked to Mary the other day.（明确表示出"我”是谈话的主动者）
      • 8
        • 表示婉转口气。这一用法只限于 hope, want, wonder 等动词，用来提出请求。比一般过去时口气更婉转一些
          • I was hoping you could send me some books.我一直很希望你能给我寄些书来。
          • I was wondering if you could help me with my English study.不知你是否可以帮我学英语？
          • Kipps was always wanting to speak to Ann.基普斯一直都想和安讲话。
          • 过去进行时的这一用法，所表示的实际上是现在时间。这种婉转口气可用现在进行时或一般过去时来表示，但口气都不如过去进行时那样婉转。3种时态所表示的婉转程度 由强到弱依次如下：
            • I was wondering whether you would help me.
            • I am wondering whether you'll help me.
            • I wondered whether you would help me.
      • 9
        • 在某些结构中作想象性用法，表示与现在事实相反，或表示将来的臆想情况
          • I wish they were not speaking so loudly,但愿他们讲话声音低点。
          • I'd rather you were going at once.我宁愿你立刻走。
          • Would you stay if you were enjoying yourself?假如过得愉快，你会留下吗？
          • If they were leaving tonight, I'd like to go with them.如果他们今晚走，我想同他们一息去。
    • 过去逬行时与一般过去时的区别
      • 1
        • 过去进行时往往表示动作的未完成性，而一般过去时往往表示动作己完成
          • a
            • I was reading a book last evening.（读了一些）
            • I read a book last evening.（读完了整本书）
          • b
            • They were building a new dam last winter.（在建造中）
            • They built a new dam last winter.（建好了）
      • 2
        • 过去进行时侧重说明动作的持续时间的长度，而一般过去时只是说明过去某时发生某事，强调动作的事实。当两个动作同时发生时，通常用过去时表示短暂动作，用过去进行时表示持续动作
          • a
            • It was raining all night.下了一夜雨。
            • It rained last night.昨天夜里下过雨。
          • b
            • He jumped on to his horse and dashed away.他跳上马奔驰而去。
            • My heart was jumping with fear.我吓得心怦怦跳。
      • 3
        • 过去进行时和一般过去时都可以用于由 as, while 或 when 引导的时间状语从句，有时二者意义没有区别，有时有区别
          • 由于as和while本身巳清楚地表明时间的延续性，因此可以用一般过去时代替过去 进行时，意义无区别。如：
            • I read a newspaper while I was waiting /waited.我边等边读报。
            • As she sang /was singing, the tears ran down her cheeks.她边唱歌边流泪。
            • She heard the story as she washed /was washing.她边洗衣服边听故事。
          • 由while引导的复合句中，主句和从句都可以用过去进行时，表示动作持续的时间 大致相等。如:
            • I was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.我做饭时他弹琴。
            • We were having a lecture while they were doing the experiment.他们做试验时我们在上课。
            • 但如果主从句动作持续的时间有长有短，持续时间长的动作用过去进行时，而持续时间短的用一般过去时。如：
              • I broke a glass while I was cooking the dinner.做饭时，我打破了一只玻璃杯。
              • While the discussion was still going on, he came in.他进来时讨论仍在进行中。
              • While we were having a party, the lights went out,我们正在举行晚会，灯灭了。
              • The car broke down while I was going to the airport.我去机场时车坏了。
          • 由while引导的复合句中，主句和从句也可以向时用一般过去时，同样表示动作持 续的时间大致相等。如：
            • She listened closely while he read.他朗读时，她仔细地听着。
          • when有时可以用来代替as或while。如：
            • Phelps got engaged to her when he was travelling last winter.去冬旅行期间费尔普斯 同她订了婚。
            • 但是when的含义比as和while广些。when引导的从句与主句的动作可以同时发生, 也可以先于主句的动作，也可以在主句动作的过程中。如：
              • He got more and more excited when （while /as） he talked on.他越谈越激动。（主从 句动作同时发生）
              • When we arrived, she was making some coffee.我们到达时，她正煮咖啡。（从句动 作发生在主句动作过程中）
              • When he saw the red light, he stopped the car.看到红灯他就停了车。（从句动作先于 主句
            • 要特别注意当主句用过去进行时，when从句位于主句之后时，常常强调动作的突然 性，译成汉语时，when-从句译成主句，而主句译成从句。如：
              • I was taking a walk in a park when I met an old friend of mine.我正在公园散步时突 然遇到我的一位老朋友。
              • The police were taking the man away when a newspaper reporter appeared.警察正要 将那人带走时，不料来了位新闻记者。
          • 一般过去时表示动作的持久性，过去进行时表示动作的暂时性。如：
            • He lived in London.（永久居住）
            • He was living in London.（暂时居住）
          • 在描述和叙述以往发生的事件时，用过去进行时描写背景（静态），用一般过去时叙 述动作和事态。如：
            • The lady was wearing a black dress. The man was trembling and looking pale. Suddenly a policeman stepped forward from among the crowd, u Listen, " he said, ^The funeral must stop?"那位妇人穿着一件黑衣服。那男子全身发抖，脸色苍白。 突笆一位警察从人群中走向前说：“听着，这葬礼必须停止。”
  • 将来进行时
    • 1. 将来进行时的形式
      • will /shall be + 现在分词（will /shall be + v-ing）
      • 将来进行时一般只用于动作动词，不能用于状态动词。
    • 2. 将来逬行时的用法
      • 1
        • 表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作
          • Don't telephone after eight 一 I'll be having a dinner party. 8 点以后不要打电话——那时我正举行宴会。
          • I won't be free this afternoon. I'll be seeing a friend off.今天下午我没有空。我要去为一位朋友送行。
          • We will be seeing a fashion show this time tomorrow afternoon.明天下午这个时候, 我们看一个时装表演。
          • He will be working on his doctoral dissertation during June.整个6 月他将全部用来写他的博士论文。
      • 2
        • 用将来进行时表示一般将来时
          • 在口语中，除状态动词外，所有动词都可以用将来进行时代替一般将来时，使语言 生动形象。其用法有以下5点：
            • 预料将要发生的动作或情况:
              • It will be raining hard before we get home.不等我们到家雨就会下大。
              • The street lights will be going on in a minute. 一会儿路灯就会亮起来。
              • If we don't do so, we shall be committing a serious error.如果不这么做，我们就会犯 严重错误。
            • 表示现己决定或安排将要做的事：
              • Doctor Smith will be giving another talk on family health at the same time next week. 下星期这个时间史密斯医生将谈谈有关家庭卫生问题。
              • By the end of next year, the power station will be feeding power to many plants.到明年年底，该发电站就可以给许多工厂送电了。
              • She'll be meeting him at the station.她将去车站接他。
              • • A : Shall I pick up your shopping for you?要我顺便给你把东西买来吗？
                • B : Oh, I couldn't possibly trouble you.呀，我怎么能麻烦你。
                • A : It's all right, I'll be going past the shops anyway.没问题，反正我要经过一些商店。
            • 用将来进行时解释将要发生动作的原因：
              • Please come tomorrow afternoon. Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting 请明天下午来，因为上午我有一个会。
              • I needn't write to him, because I'll be seeing him tomorrow.没有必要给他写信，因为明天我就能见到他。
            • 用将来进行时来代替一般将来时，表示未来结果：
              • Stop the child or he'll be falling over.拦住那孩子，否则他会摔倒。
              • If you don't write, they'll be wondering what has happened to you.如果你不写信，他 们就不知道你的情况。
            • 表示后续安排：
              • 这一用法主要用来表示现在或未来一个动作之后接着的另一动作，先后两个动作是 根据安排紧接进行。如：
                • I'm taking her to the museum in the morning, and later I'll be taking her to the Great Wall. ±午我领她去博物馆，然后再去长城。
                • He's leaving school in July, and then he'll be going to university,他将于 7 月份中学毕 业，然后再上大学。
                • He's showing his paintings in New York for a week, and then he'll be exhibiting them in Chicago.他将在纽约举行一周的画展，然后再去芝加哥展出。
      • 3
        • 用将来进行时表示现在进行时
          • 对说话时的情况进行推测时，常用将来进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。如：
            • Hurry up. They will be waiting.快。他们一定正等着呢。
            • Haven't you written home yet? Your mother will be worrying about you.还没给家写 信？你妈妈在为你担心。
            • It's six o'clock. He won't be working now.已经 6 点了。现在他不会工作。
      • 4
        • 表示婉转口气，表达有礼貌的询问或请求
          • If you will be wanting anything, just let me know.如果你需要什么东西，就告诉我。
          • Will you be using the car tomorrow? If not, can I borrow it?你的车明天用吗？如果不 用我可以借用吗？
          • Will you be singing at the next concert?下场音乐会你演唱吗？
        • 【注释】
          • 将来进行时可以与 be going to 连用。如：
            • I'm going to be working all day tomorrow, so I won't have time to buy Mother's present.明天一整天我都在工作，所以没有时间给妈妈买礼物。
  • 过去将来进行时
    • 过去将来逬行时的形式
      • will /shall be + 现在分词（will /shall be + v-ing）
    • 将来逬行时的用法
      • 过去将来进行时表示从过去某时看，未来的某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动 作，通常用于宾语从句中。如：
        • He told me that he would be working in the workshop the next Sunday morning.他告 诉我下一个星期天上午他将在车间工作。
        • We wrote him that we should be expecting him the following day.我们写信告诉他第 二天我们将等待他。
      • 在上下文时间概念清楚时，过去将来进行时也可以独立使用。如：
        • The plane took off. Mr. Smith would be flying to Ottawa.飞机起飞了。史密斯先生要 飞往渥太华。
      • 有时过去将来进行时用来表示一般将来时间。如：
        • She said she would be setting off on the 10 o'clock train.她说她将乘 10 点钟的火车 出发。
    • 逬行时与动词词汇意义的关系
      • -般说来状态动词不能用于进行时。但是当状态动词用作动作动词时，可以用于进行时。【详见状态动词】
  • 过去完成时
    • 过去完成时的形式
      • had + 过去分词(had + v-ed)
    • 过去完成时的用法
      • 1
        • 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束的动作
          • When he came in, I had waited for two hours.他进来时，我已经等了两个小时。
          • When we got to the field, the football match had already started.我们到达赛场时， 足球赛己经开始了。
          • By the time I left the school, I had taught that class for four years.到我离开那所学校 时，我教那个班己4年了。
        • 过去完成时表示一个过去动作先于另一个过去动作的用法更多见于宾语从句。一般地说，主句中用了 decide, discover, find, forget, guess, know, realize, remember, suppose, tell, think 等动词的过去式，如果从句所表示的动作先于主句动作，总是用过 去完成时。如：
          • We realized that we had lost our way.我们意识到我们已经迷了路。
          • I decided she had missed the train.我断定她没有赶上火车。
          • I remembered I'd left the book at John's.我记得把书忘在了 约翰家。
        • 常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有3种：
          • 副词 already, before, ever, hardly, just, never, scarcely, still, yet 等。如：
            • But she had told me already how her sister longed for children,但是她已经告诉过我 她姐姐很渴望要孩子。
            • He had only taken his degree a year before. 一年前他刚取得学位。
            • She was happier than she had ever been.她比以往任何时候都快乐。
            • We'd hardly arrived before we had to go back.我们刚到达就得回去。
            • They had just about won the game when they had to stop playing.他们刚要打赢时, 比赛就停了。
            • She had never before had that feeling.从前她从未有过这种感觉。
            • The moon had not yet risen.月亮还未升起。
          • 由 at, by 引导的介词短语：
            • At that time, we hadn't met him.那时我们还未见过他。
            • By Tuesday he still hadn't done it.直到星期二，他还未干完。
          • 由 after, as soon as, before, by the time, until, when 等从属连词引导的时间状 语从句常用来表示两个动作发生的先后顺序，且可以互换使用。如：
            • a
              • a.The bell rang after we had finished our work.
              • As soon as we had finished our work, the bell rang.
              • We had finished our work before the bell rang.
              • By the time the bell rang, we had finished our work.
              • The bell didn't ring until we had finished our work.
              • When the bell rang, we had finished our work.
              • 我们刚完工，铃就响了。
            • b
              • I reached the station after the train had left.
              • The train had left before I reached the station.
              • By the time we reached the station, the train had left.
              • I didn't reach the station until after the train had left.
              • When I reached the station, the train had already left.
              • 我们到车站时，火车已经开了。
            • 其他例句如：
              • As soon as he had done it, he knew it was a mistake.他一做完就知道错了。
              • The doctor had scarcely got into bed before he was called out again.医生刚睡下就被叫起来。
              • They had studied the properties of this material before they put it to use.应用之前他 们己经研究过这种材料的特性。
              • We had got everything ready by the time they arrived.他们到达时，我们已做好一切 准备。
              • I'd hardly got home when the telephone rang.我刚到家电话就响了。
      • 2
        • 表示一个动作或状态在过去某时之前己经开始，一直延续到这一过去时刻，而且到那 时还未结束，仍有继续下去的可能性
          • By six o'clock they had worked for 12 hours.到 6 点时，他们已经工作了 12 个小时。
          • She said that she had made much progress since she came here.她说自从来到这儿， 她己有很大进步。
          • They had known each other for a long time before they came to our college.来我们大 学之前，他们早就认识。
      • 3
        • 用于if-条件状语从句、as if/though引导的方式状语从句和wish后的宾语从句，表示 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
          • If I had known that you were busy last night, I wouldn't have called.如果知道你昨晚 忙，我就不去拜访了。
          • If we hadn't used electronic computers, we couldn't have solved such complicated problems in such a short time.如果不用电子计算机，我们就不会在如此短的时间 内解决这么复杂的问题。
          • They talked as though they had been friends for years.他们谈起话来就像是多年的老 朋友。
          • I wish I had been here yesterday.昨天我要在这里就好了。
      • 4
        • 有些动词如 expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want 等，用过去 完成时，表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图
          • I had meant to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本来打算去拜会你, 但被阻止了。
          • They had wanted to help, but couldn't get here in time.他们本想帮忙，但未能及时赶到。
          • We had intended to finish writing this book before May.我们原本打算五月之前写完 这本书。
          • He had planned to attend the meeting in person, but he changed his mind later.他原打算亲自出席会议，但后来改变了主意。
    • 关于过去完成时用法的几点说明
      • 1
        • 在“It was the first/second/third time +从句”结构中，从句用过去完成时
          • It was the first time that I had come across such a complicated problem.这是我第一 次遇到这么复杂的问题。
          • It was the second time that I had met him in the cinema.这是我第二次在电影院遇 见他。
      • 2
        • 过去完成时不能与副词 ago 连用，但可与副词 before 连用。ago 只用于一般过去时。 before 则可以表示过去的过去
          • A few months ago, his baby daughter died.几个月前，他的小女儿死了。
          • Only a few months before, his baby daughter had died.仅在那几个月前，他的小女 儿刚去世。
          • He had never been in love before.那之前他从未谈过恋爱。
      • 3
        • 由since引导的时间状语从句，用于表示过去某时前一段时间的情况时，其时态形式有 4种
          • （1） 主、从句谓语都用过去完成时：
            • Two weeks had passed since Martin had seen him.自从马丁见过他两个星期已经过 去了。
            • Mary had written her mother almost every week since she had been south.自从至到了南方，玛丽几乎每星期都给她妈妈写信。
          • （2） 主句谓语用一般过去时，从句用过去完成时：
            • It was five years since I had seen her.自从上次见到她，己经过了5 年。
            • They had the deepest affection for the old professor since they had known him.自从认识了老教授，他们就对他有了最深切的爱。
          • （3） 主句谓语用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时：
            • I had been happy since I came here.自从来到这儿，我一直很愉快。
          • （4） 间或主、从句谓语都用一般过去时：
            • Since mother died, she was very lonely.母亲去世后，她很孤独。
    • 过去完成时与一般过去时的用法比较
      • 1
        • 二者都可以与表示某一确定的过去时间状语连用
          • a
            • The letter arrived on June 10th.信于 6 月 10 日到达。
            • He told me that the letter had arrived on June 10th.他告诉我信已于 6 月 10 日 到达。
        • 但是在与同一表示确定的过去时间状语连用时，二者的侧重点不同。如：
          • b
            • I had done the work at six o'clock.(只说明工作在6点钟已经完成，未说明完成 的具体时间)
            • I did the work at six o'clock.(说明工作完成的具体时间是6点)
      • 2
        • 当after用作连词，表示两个动作的时间先后关系时，从句中谓语可用过去完成时，也 可用一般过去时
          • He ran out to play after he (had) finished his homework.做完功课后，他才跑出去玩。
        • 当when用作连接词，意义同after时，从句中过去完成时和一般过去时也可以互换 使用。如：
          • When everybody took his seat, the chairman called the meeting to order.大家就座后， 主席宣布会议开始。
        • 但要注意，当when不是作after之义解，而是“当…时候”讲时，一般过去时和过 去完成时不可互换使用，否则就会颠倒两个动作的顺序。如：
          • When I got home, everybody had gone to bed.(就寝在先，到家在后)
          • When I (had) got home, everybody went to bed.(到家在先，就寝在后)
      • 3
        • 以连接词before引导的时间状语从句表示两个动作的先后关系时，也因本身已体现岀 先后次序，所以主句中谓语动词可用过去完成时，也可用一般过去时
          • The train (had) left before I reached the station.我还未到车站，火车就开了。
        • 【注释】
          • 有时由before引导的时间状语从句用过去完成时，用以强调动作的未完成或者未实 现。如：
            • He arrived before I had finished my lunch,他到达时我们还未吃完饭o
            • He offered me a drink before I had taken off my coat.我还未脱下衣服他就给了 我一瓶饮料。
      • 4
        • 两个或两个以上接连发生的动作，用and或but连接时，按时间发生的顺序，只用一般过去时
          • He entered the room, turned on the light and sat down at the table.他进了房间，打开灯，然后坐在桌旁。
          • He lost his pen but found it afterwards.他丢了钢笔，但后来又找到了。
  • 将来完成时
    • 将来完成时的形式
      • shall /will + have + 过去分词(shall /will have + v-ed)
    • 将来完成时的用法
      • 表示某件事或影响将会延续或可能延续到将来某一时间前业已完成的动作。常用的时间状语有两种
        • before, by, for, in 等介词构成的时间状语，如 before long, by then, by the endof this week /month /year, in a few days /weeks /years 等。
          • The train will have reached there by then.到那时火车已经到达那里了。
          • The painters say they'll have finished the downstairs room by Tuesday.油漆工说到星期二他们就完成楼下的房间。
          • By this time tomorrow you will have got the answer from the research centre. 到 明天这个时候你就得到研究中心的答复了。
          • It is certain that we shall have made more improvements in the design before long.我们肯定不久就会在设计上做出更多改进。
          • In a few days we shall have worked in the laboratory for ten months.再过几天，我们在实验室工作就10个月了。
        • 由 before, by the time, when 等连接词引导的时间状语从句。如：
          • When you come at five, we shall have got together all the materials you need. 5 点钟你来到时，我们已经将你需要的材料整理好。
          • Perhaps we'll have finished our work before /by the time she arrives here.或许她到达之前我们已经完成工作。
      • 表示说话人对某一业已完成的动作或事态的推测或揣想。这一用法主要用于第二、三 人称主语。带有明显的情态意义
        • The students will have read that book already.学生们或许已经读过那本书。
        • You will have heard that I am going to England.也许你已听说我要去英国。
      • 用将来完成时代替将来完成进行时
        • 由于将来完成进行时没有被动形式，如需要将这种时态的主动式变为被动式时，须 用将来完成式代替。如：
          • a
            • In another month's time, Mr. Smith will have been teaching Tom English for exactly five years.
            • In another month's time Tom will have been taught English by Mr. Smith for exactly five years.
            • 再过一个月史密斯先生教汤姆英语就整整5年了。
          • b
            • By next winter, they will have been building the reservoir for two years.
            • By next winter the reservoir will have been built for two years. 到明年冬天，这个水库的建造就两年了。
  • 过去将来完成时
    • 过去将来完成时的形式
      • would /should + have + 过去分词(would /should have + v-ed)
    • 过去将来完成时的用法
      • 过去将来完成时表示过去将来的某时之前已经完成的动作
        • She expressed her determination that she would have fulfilled the teaching plan by the end of this week.她表示决心要在本周末之前完成教学计划。
        • He told me that we should have got to the station by five o'clock.他告诉我 5 点之前我们就会到达车站。
      • 过去将来完成时代替过去将来完成进行时
        • 由于过去将来完成进行时没有被动式，所以当需要变为被动式时，便用过去将来完 成时代替。如：
          • He said that they would have been repairing my house f0r two weeks by the weekend.
          • He said that my house would have been repaired for two Weeks by the weekend.
          • 他说到周末譽的房子已经修理两个星期了。
  • 现在完成进行时
    • 现在完成逬行时的形式
      • have /has been + 现在分词(have /has been + v-ing)
    • 现在完成进行时的用法
      • 现在完成进行时主要强调动作持续进行的情景和持续时间，强调动作在完成过程中 的持续性、重复性，暂时性和未完成性。其用法主要有两种：
        • 表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时刻，还在继续进行或可能继续下去, 常与表示一段时间的状语连用
          • I have been thinking of the problem all the time.我一直在考虑这个问题。
          • We have been doing everything possible to improve the working conditions.我们一直在尽一切努力改善工作条件。
          • Man has continuously been trying to make better use of natural materials or create new ones.人类一直不断地努力更有效地利用天然资源或创造新资源。
        • 表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时刻刚结束
          • Where have you been? — I've been looking for you everywhere.你去哪儿了?——我一直到处找你。
          • We've just been listening to radio Beijing.我们刚才一直在听北京广播。
    • 现在完成时与现在完成逬行时的区别
      • 1
        • 当表示一个动作从过去某时开始，延续到说话时刻，可能还要继续下去，并与表示一段时间的状语连用时，二者可互换使用。但在口语中，倾向于用完成进行时。这时，现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态到讲话时已完成，主要强调动作的完成对现在结果的影响；而现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作持续到讲话时刻还要进 行下去，主要强调动作的延续和未完成性
          • a
            • I've been singing all afternoon.
            • I've sung all afternoon.
            • 整个下午我一直在歌唱。
          • b
            • The speaker has been talking for over two hours.
            • The speaker has talked for over two hours.
            • 发言人己经连续讲了两个多小时。
        • 但在不用表示一段时间状语的情况下匚二者就不能互换使用。如：
          • a
            • I've been writing a novel.（还在写）
            • I've written a novel.（已写好）
          • b
            • Who's been eating my dinner?（还剩下一些）
            • Who's eaten my dinner?（全吃光）
          • c
            • They've been widening the road.（正在加宽道路）
            • They've widened the road.（已经完成）
      • 2
        • 用“How long...”来问目前正在进行的动作的时间长度时，习惯上用完成进行时
          • How long have you been working?你工作多久了？
          • How long have you been learning English?你学习英语多久了？
      • 3
        • 现代英语口语对sit, lie, wait, stay等动词，用现在完成进行时比用完成时更合乎表 达习惯
          • I've been sitting here all afternoon.整个下午我一直坐在这儿。
          • I've been waiting for you since morning.从早晨我一直等你。
          • I've been staying in a hotel so far.迄今为止我一直住旅馆。
          • We've been lying on the sandy beach all day.整整一天我们一直躺在沙滩上。
      • 4
        • 完成进行时一般不用于状态动词。要表达状态动词的“未完成”用法，只能使用完 成时
          • We've known each other since childhood.从孩童时我们就认识。
          • I haven't seen him for years.我多年没见过他了。
        • 但是状态动词用作动态动词时，可用现在完成进行时。这时动词的意义往往发生变 化。如：
          • How long have you two been seeing each other?你两人相互往来有多久了？
          • I have been having Tom for a friend.我一直把汤姆当作朋友。
        • 动词 expect, hope, learn, lie, live, look, rain, sit, sleep, snow, stand, stay, teach, wait, want, work 導可用于现在完成时，也可用于现在完成进行时。
      • 5
        • 现在完成进行时带有一定的感情色彩
          • He has been doing his work even better recently,最近他的工作干得甚至更出色了。 （称赞）
          • I'm so glad you're here. I've been wanting to talk to you.真高兴你在这里。我一直想 跟你谈谈。（愿望）
          • You have been deceiving me.你一直在欺骗我。（气愤）
          • I've been waiting here all afternoon.我在这儿等了整整一个下午。（不耐烦）
          • What have you been doing to that picture?你对那幅画搞了什么名堂？（惊讶）
      • 6
        • 有些动词如 drink, eat, read, wash, write 等用现在完成进行时可以不带宾语，而用 现在完成时则必须带宾语
          • a
            • I have been reading the whole morning.整个上午我都在读书。
            • I have read the book,我读过这本书。（不可以说：I have read.）
          • b
            • He has been writing for three hours.他已经连续写作 3 个小时 了。
            • He has written a composition.他写了 一篇作文。
          • c
            • She has been washing since she came back.她回来后一直在洗衣服。
            • She has washed some clothes.她洗了一些衣服。
          • d
            • He has been drinking again.他又在喝酒了。
            • He has drunk two bottles of beer.他己经喝了两瓶啤酒。
      • 7
        • 在否定句中，不能用完成进行时，要用现在完成时
          • He has not written to us since he left.他走后一直没有给我们来信。
          • I have not read the book up to now.至今我从未读过这本书。
  • 过去完成进行时
    • 过去完成进行时
      • 过去完成逬行时的形式
        • ad been + 现在分词（had been + v-ing）
      • 过去完成进行时的用法
        • 表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到另一个过去时刻，该动作刚刚结束，或 可能还在继续。如：
          • How long had it been raining before you shut the window?雨下了 多久之后你才关窗子？
          • By the end of last year, he had been studying here for three years.到去年年底，他在 这里学习3年了。
          • We had been discussing the problem when he came in,他进来之前我们一直在讨论这 个问题。
          • At last he got the letter he had been expecting.他终于收到了一直期待的信。
          • We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.她来到时我们已经 等了两个小时。
  • 将来完成进行时
    • 将来完成逬行时的形式
      • shall /will + have been + 现在分词（shall /will have been + v-ing）
    • 将来完成进行时的用法
      • 1
        • 表示在将来某一时刻之前开始，并延续到那个时刻的动作，不再延续下去
          • When they leave for Beijing at the end of July, they will have been staying here for six months.到7月底动身去北京时，他们将在这儿待满6个月了。
          • She's retiring next year. By then she'll have been teaching for forty years.她明年退休。到那时，她教学就40年了。
          • The meeting won't be over before lunch time. By then it will have been going on forfour hours.会议将一直开到午饭。到那时，会议将连续进行4个小时。
      • 2
        • 表示动作在将来某一时刻之前开始，并延续到那个时刻，可能继续下去
          • By the beginning of next month, the play will have been running for two years.到 下个月初，这个剧已连续上演两年。
          • By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.到明年夏天，他在这里工作就满20年了。
          • In another month's time he will have been studying here for three years.再过一个月的时间，他在这里学习就满3年了。
      • 3
        • 表示说话人对一个业已进行的动作的推测或揣想。带有明显的情态意义
          • Hullo, sorry to be so late. You will have been waiting for some time.喂，对不起，来得太晚了。你_定等待一些时候了。
          • You'll have been wondering all this time how my invention works.你一定一直都在想知道我的发明进行的情况。
          • It is early spring. Birds will have been flying back.现在已是早春，鸟儿该飞回来了
      • 4
        • 用于条件或让步状语从句中
          • If you will have been waiting for me at the station for more than half an hour, I shall pay you anything that you ask.只要你在车站上一直等我半个多小时，你要什么我都给。
          • Though they will have been wondering where I am, they will not have written to enquire.虽然他们会一直想知道我的地址，但他们不会写信询问。
          • Lest you will have been imagining from my silence that I am not well, I assure you that my health is not the cause of my not writing.唯恐你会一直猜测我因身体欠安而保持沉默，我确切地告诉你我的健康不是我不写作的原因。
  • 过去将来完成进行时
    • 过去将来完成进行时的形式
      • would /should + have been + 现在分词(would /should have been + v-ing )
    • 过去将来完成进行时的用法
      • 表示从过去的某一时刻看在将来某一时刻之前开始并延续到那个时刻为止或可能继 续下去的动作(一般用过去将来完成时代替，很少用这一时态)。如：
        • He said that he would have been working in the army for five years by the end of the year.他说到年底他服役就满5年了。
        • He told me that he would have been studying Chinese in our university for two years by the end of the term.他告诉我到本学期末他在我们大学学习汉语满两年了。