导图社区 名词性从句学习笔记
一张思维导图带你学习英语名词性从句的用法,包含时态的呼应、名词性关系从句、if和whether的用法比较等,收藏下图学习吧!
编辑于2021-10-31 12:21:30有关名词性从句的用法说明
时态的呼应
宾语从句中时态的呼应
在英语中,宾语从句中谓语动词的时态常常受主句中谓语动词时态的制约。这种制约关系通常称为“时态的呼应”或“时态的一致”,其主要规则如下:
当主句中谓语动词表示现在或将来概念时,即为现在时、现在完成时或将来时时,宾语从句可根据需要用各种时态
Mr. Smith tells us
Mr. Smith has told us
Mr. Smith will tell us
史密斯先生告诉我们
that he works in the steel plant.他在钢厂工作。
that he is working in the steel plant.他目前在钢厂工作。
that he has worked in the steel plant since 1985.自从1985 年他 一直在钢厂工作。
that he worked in the steel plant last year.去年他在钢厂工作。
that he was working in the steel plant when we got acquainted with him.我们认识他时,他在钢厂工作。
that he had worked in the steel plant for five years when we first met him.我们第一次遇见他时,他己在钢厂工作了 5年。
当主句中谓语动词表示过去时间概念时,宾语从句中的谓语动词有4种形式
(1) 一般情况下,如果从句中谓语动词的动作与主句中谓语动词的动作同时发生,宾语从句则用一般过去时或过去进行时。如:
They could not understand why he spent so much money on clothes.他们不明白他 为什么花那么多的钱买衣服。
The professor said that the students were having an exam.教授说学生们正在考试。
(2) 一般情况下,从句中谓语动词的动作发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前时,从句则用过去完成时或过去完成进行时。如:
He was depressed by what he had gone through.他为自己遭受的痛苦而沮丧。
She told me that she had been offered a very well paid position.她告诉我说给她提供了一份报酬很好的职位。
I learned from others that Mr. Smith had been working in our university since 1978. 我从别人那里得知史密斯先生自从1978年一直在我们大学里工作。
(3) 从句中谓语动词的动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词动作之前,但从句中有特定的过去时间状语时,从句用一般过去时。如:
She told me that she was born in 1983.她告诉我她出生于1983 年。
He said that he graduated from Oxford in 1973.他说他于1973 年毕业于牛津大学。
(4) 一般情况下,主句中的谓语动词是过去时,从句中的动作发生在主句动作之后时, 从句用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。如:
Tom hoped that the boss would give him an early reply.汤姆希望老板早给他答复。
She said that she was going to live in the country when she retired.她说退休后她打算住在乡下。
Susan told me that she would be leaving for London in a few days.苏珊说她几天后要去伦敦。
He assured me that he would have accomplished the task by the end of the month.他向我保证说月底之前他就完成任务了。
宾语从句中时态不一致的几种情况
从句说明的是普遍真理、客观事实或在现在看来仍然是真实的情况时,主句中的谓语动词虽然是过去时,但从句则用一般现在时
Kepler proved that the sun is the centre of the solar system.凯普勒证实了 太阳是太阳系的中心。
The teacher told the children that water boils at 100℃.老师告诉孩子们水在摄氏100 度时沸腾。
The science teacher told the students that plastics is often used instead of natural materials.科学课老师对学生们说塑料常被用来代替天然材料。
在口语中,为了强调从句涉及的情况与现在有联系,或某一状态在说话时仍在继续、动作是习惯性的、反复出现的、正在进行或尚未发生时,或主从句中所发生的动作时间在同一天,两者相隔很短时,宾语从句有时也用现在时、现在进行或将来时
Ann told me that you are going on board this afternoon.安告诉我你今天下午乘飞机走。
He said he's trying to repair his car.他说他正在设法修理汽车。
He said that it will probably rain tomorrow.他说可能明天会下雨。
He told me that he hasn't missed a single class since he came.他告诉我说自从他来到这里,从未漏过一堂课。
He said he often goes out for a walk after supper.他说晚饭后他经常出去散步。
He asked me when the plane usually takes off.她问我通常飞机什么时候起飞。
当主句中的谓语动词是表示"提议、驀议、命令、要求”的 demand, insist, move, recommend, require, suggest 等时,其宾语从句中的动词常用原形(省略should, 特别是在美国英语中,通常不用should)
He suggested that she come to Paris.他建议她来巴黎。
She moved that the meeting be continued after dinner.她提议午饭后会议继续进行。
We all insisted that he (should) give up smoking,我们都坚持他戒烟。
主句中谓语动词为过去时,后接的宾语从句中谓语动词可用“must/ought to/had better /best + v."
He said that he must get there in time.他说他必须按时到达那里。
She said that I ought to write an article about it for the paper.她说我应该为报纸写一篇有关此事的文章。
I thought I had best have your opinion first.我想我最好先听听你的意见。
He said that we had better sum up our past experiences before going on.他说我们最好先总结一下过去的经验再继续干。
时态的呼应在其他情况下的应用
除宾语从句外,下列情况中通常也要遵循时态呼应的规律:
形容词后跟名词性从句时,从句中的谓语动词应与主句中的时态保持一致
As for her father, she was not sure whether he would receive her or not.至于她父亲, 她不能肯定他能否接受她。
I'm confident that I'll pass the exam.我自信自己能通过考试。
He was not sure whether his application had been accepted.他不肯定他的申请是否已被接受了。
主语从句的谓语动词应与主句中的时态保持一致
It was uncertain whether he would come or not.他来不来不敢肯定。
It hadn't been decided who was to head the group.谁是这个小组的领导人还未决定。
What little he said left them to think about.他说的短短几句话令他们深思。
表语从句的谓语动词应与主句中的时态保持一致
What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.让我大为吃惊的是他英语讲得那么好。
Her first question was whether he had arrived yet.她的第一个问题是他是否到达了。
同位语从句的谓语动词应与主句中的时态保持一致
All the time she was in bitter doubt whether he was right.她一直苦于难以断定他是否对。
Andrew had a warm desire that the conversation might continue.安德鲁有一种强烈愿望使会谈继续进行。
遵循时态一致原则的从句
时态的呼应多见于名词性从句,特别是宾语从句。状语从句和定语从句可根据需要选用任何时态,不受时态呼应规律的限制。如:
I didn't go to the ball because I am not fond of dancing.我未去参加舞会,因为我不喜欢跳舞。
He spoke much more fluently at the meeting than he usually does.在会议上他发言比平 时讲话流利得多。
That is the reason why I did it,这就是我这样做的原因。
wh-疑问从句、wh-名词性关系从句和wh-感叹从句
名词性wh-从句按其在句中的用法,可分为wh-疑问从句、wh-名词性关系从句和 wh-感叹从句。
wh-疑问从句的特点
由wh-词引导的间接疑问句叫做wh-疑问从句。这种结构由whether、疑问代词型 与疑问副词型的连接词引导,一是由一般疑问句转化而来,一是由特殊疑问句转化而来。这类wh-疑问从句的特点是只能表示未知信息,保留原有的疑问意义,但不用倒装词序, 而用正常词序,可在句中起名词词组作用,作主语、宾语、介词宾语、表语、同位语和形容词的补语。如:
Whether she will come or not is not easy to say.她来不来很难说。(主语)
Who will go with us has not been decided yet,谁和我们一起去还未定。(主语)
I don't know whether /if these figures are accurate.我不知道这些数字是否准确。 (宾语)
The teacher asked us what water is composed of.老师问我们水的构成成分是什么。 (宾语)
He began to think about what he should do next.他开始考虑下一步他应该做什么。 (介词宾语)
The discussion centered on how they could increase their strength.讨论集中在他们 如何才能增强自己的力量。(介词宾语)
Each element has a different number of protons and that is why elements are different from each other.每一种元素具有不同数量的质子,这就是元素互不相同的原因。 (表语)
The question is whether we ought to call in a specialist.问题是我们是否应该请一位 专家来。(表语)
They are faced with the problem whether they should continue the work.他们面临着 是否应该继续工作下去这一问题。(同位语)
I have no idea how much of a scholar he is.我不知道他是个多么了不起的学者。(同位语)
I am not sure whether they are doing their best.我不知道他们是否在尽最大努力。 (形容词补语)
He was not certain what should be done first.他不知道首先应该做什么。(形容词补语)
wh-名词性关系从句的特点
由关系代词型 what( = the thing /things that/which),关系副词型的 when( = the time when)、where( = the place where) 和 whatever、whichever, whoever, wherever 引导的名词性从句叫wh-名词性关系从句。这类句子相当于“名词词组+定语从句”。如:
Whoever told you to quit smoking was quite right. = Anyone who told you to quit smoking is quite right.所有劝你戒烟的人都是完全正确的。
We cannot do what you asked of us. = We cannot do the thing which you asked of us.我 们不能干你让我们干的事。
Of course where you live is only one of the many factors that determine the cost of your car insurance. = Of course the place where you live is ...当然你住的地方只是决定 你的车的保险费的许多因素之一。
She would tell him whatever news she got. = She would tell him any news that she got.她会把自己得到的所有消息都告诉他。
名词性关系从句表示已知信息,可在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
1. wh-名词性关系从句作主语
What we should do now is to gather more first-hand information.我们现在应该做的事是收集更多的第一手资料。
It is not so much what we eat, but rather what we do, that makes us true men.不是我们所吃的东西,而是我们的所作所为,使我们成为真正的人。
Whatever compromise they may reach will only be temporary.他们达成的所有妥协只不过是暂时的。
I don't think whatever they say amounts to much.我认为他们所说的一切没有多大道理。
Whoever did this should be criticized.干这种事的人都应该受到批评。
2. wh-名词性关系从句作宾语
(1) 作及物动词宾语
Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today. <谚>今日事,今日毕。
He knows where I live.他知道我的住址。
I will do whatever you wish.我会去做你希望做的一切事。
Take whichever you wish.你随便拿哪一个都行。
(2) 作介词宾语
Free movie tickets will be sent to whoever comes first.第一个到来的人都会得到免费 电影票。
Don't be satisfied with what you have achieved.不要满足于你己取得的成绩。
Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.对我谈一谈所有正在让你烦恼的事。
She was free to go to where she liked and do what she liked.她可以随意到她所喜欢 的地方去,做她所喜欢的事。
3. wh-名词性关系从句作表语
This book is just what I have been looking for.这本书就是我一直在找的那一本。
Your mother's health is not what it ought to be.你母亲的健康不应该是这样的状况。
That's where you are wrong.那正是你的错误之处。
Home is where your friends and family are.家就是朋友和家人所在的地方。
【注释】
wh-名词性关系从句由于wh-引导词的不同而在意义上有特指和泛指之别。如:
Raw material is what we are badly in need of.原材料正是我们所急需的。(what =that( the material) which,特指)
What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch.他再三强调的是不管多么 困难,他们永远不应退让甚至一步。(特指)
Whoever comes back first is supposed to win the prize.先回来的那个人应该得 奖。(whoever = the person who,特指)
Whatever caused the accident has not yet been found.还未找出造成事故的原 因 ° ( whatever = anything that,泛指)
In primitive societies, people ate whatever they could find.在原始社会,人们找 到什么就吃什么。(泛籍)
We will provide assistance to whoever needs it.我们将对那些需要帮助的人提供 帮助。(whoever = anyone who,泛指)
The old woman told her sufferings to whoever she met.那老太太把她的遭遇告 诉了她所遇到的所有人。(泛指)
有时wh-疑问从句和wh-名词性关系从句会引起歧义。如:
They asked me what I didn't know.
本句可以理解为:
They asked me that which I didn't know.他们问的问题我不懂。( wh-名词性关系从句)
也可以理解为:
They asked me, "What don't you know?"他们问我"什么问题你不懂?" ( wh- 疑问从句)
wh-名词性关系从句与wh-疑问从句的区别
1. wh-名词性关系从句作主语时,通常看作单数,主句中的谓动词用单数形式,但有时也 可看作复数,因而主句中的谓语动词也用复数形式。这时的主语从句看作单数还是复 数,要根据上下文所表达的意义而定
What caused the accident was a broken bottle.造成事故的原因是一个破瓶子。(单数)
What strikes me most is that great changes have taken place in my hometown.给我印 象最深的是家乡已发生的巨大变化。(单数)
What they need are clothes and food.他们所需要的是衣食。(复数)
Whatever he saw and heard on his trip make a deep impression on him.旅途中的所 见所闻给他留下深刻印象。(复数)
但是wh-疑问从句作主语时,主句中的谓语动词只能用单数。如:
Who was responsible for the accident is not yet clear.谁对事故负责还不清楚。
What elements are is known to us all.我们大家都知道元素是什么。
Why he did this is not known,无人知道他为什么干这种事。
Which is the best of all these ways is uncertain.这些方法中哪一个最好还不能肯定。
2. 在wh-名词性关系从句中,当wh-词作介词的宾语时,介词只能位于句末,而在wh- 疑问从句中,介词可位于wh-词之前,也可位于句末
This is what she asked for.这正是她要的东西。(名词性关系从句)
Remember what we are here for. ( = Remember for what we are here.)要记住我们为 什么来这里。(或:要记住我们来这里的目的。)(wh-疑问从句)
3. wh-名词性关系从句位于形容词之后时,其前边往往需要用介词,而wh-疑问从句前边 的介词往往省略
She is aware of what I am doing,她知道我在做的事。(wh-名词性关系从句)
I'm not sure which she wants to choose.我不知道她要选哪一个。(wh-疑问从句)
4. 在wh-疑问从句中,what作定语与作句子其他成分所表达的意义相同。在wh-名词性 关系从句中,what作定语时,意义为“所…的那一点,少量,仅有,所有”
He didn't know what book he should read.他不知道他应该读什么样的书。(wh-疑问 从句)
She asked me what clothes she should wear.她问我她该穿什么样的衣服。(wh-疑问从句)
They gladly accepted what money came their way.他们高兴地接受了弄到手的那点 钱。(wh-名词性关系从句)
What education you have is fragmentary, sketchy.你所受到那点教育是零零碎碎, 不完整的。(wh-名词性关系从句)
You must be prepared to take what employment I can get for you.你必须准备好接受 我给你找到的任何工作。(wh-名词性关系从句)
5. wh-名词性关系从句可以作间接宾语和宾语补足语,而wh-疑问句则不能
He gave whoever asked for it an apple.凡要苹果的人他每人给一个。(wh-名词性 关系从句作间接宾语)
不能说:
He gave who asked for it an apple.
You can call me what(ever)you like.你喜欢叫我什么就叫我什么。(wh-名词性关 系从句作宾语补足语)
不能说:
Ydu can call me who you like.
wh-疑问从句和wh-感叹从句的区别
wh-感叹从句是由原来的感叹句转化而来。由于在感叹从句中what是一个前位限定词, 所以如果what位于不定冠词之前,wh-从句就是感叹从句;当what位于一个不带冠 词的可数名词前时,wh-从句就是疑问从句。试比较:
I knew what a present he had given me.我知道他给了我一件多好(或多糟)的礼物。 (感叹从句)
I knew what present he had given me.我知道他给了我什么礼物。(疑问从句)
I see what a good heart you have.我看得出你有一颗多么善良的心。(感叹从句)
I don't know what motive he could have had.我不明白他会有什么样的动机。(疑问 从句)
如果what位于不可数名词或复数可数名词前,wh-从句可能是感叹从句,也可能是疑 问从句
You can never imagine what questions she asked.
上述句子如果理解为感叹从句,则可能是:
You can never imagine how silly /difficult /good questions she asked.你永远也想象不出她问的问题是多么愚蠢/多么难/多么好。
如果理解为疑问从句,则可能是:
You can never imagine the kinds of questions she asked.你永远也想象不出她问的是 什么样的问题。
其他例句如:
You just can't believe what wonderfully good fortune she was enjoying.你简直无法 相信她享有多么好的运气。(wh-感叹从句)
Tell me what books you have read recently.告诉我你近来读过什么书。(wh-疑问从句)
Ask him what time it is.去问问他现在几点钟了。( wh-疑问从句)
在how引导的名词性从句中,how可作方式状语或程度状语。在两种情况下,how- 从句可能是疑问从句,也可能是感叹从句。但how在从句中作方式状语时,多为疑问从 句。如:
How he managed to do it is more than I can tell.他是怎样设法做的非我所能说清楚 的。(疑问从句,how在从句中作方式状语)
This depends on how hard you work.这就取决于你工作努力的程度了。(疑问从句, how在从句中作程度状语)
You just can't imagine how they loved each other, the members of this family.你简直 无法想象出他们家人之间是多么相爱。(感叹从句,how在从句中作程度状语)
You know how I loathe typing and shorthand.你知道我是多么讨厌打字和用速记法 记录。(感叹从句,how在从句中作程度状语)
if和whether的用法比较
在引导名词性从句时,if和whether都可以作“是否”解,但并非在任何情况下二者 都可以通用,下边是两词的用法比较。
1
引导宾语从句时,如果whether不与or (not)连用,通常二者可以通用,但在口语中, 多用if,少用whether
Ask him if he can come.问他是否能来。
Go and see if he is free.去看一看他是否空闲。
I don't know whether /if I can help you.不知道我是否可以帮你的忙。
2
在下列情况下,通常用whether,不用if
(1) 当宾语从句位于主句之前时,通常用whether.如:
Whether through choice or obedience I don't know, but he certainly did all the work very well.是出于自愿还是奉命我不晓得,不过他把所有的工作都做得很好。
Whether we can really help you, I don't know yet.我们是否能真正帮助你,我还不知道。
Whether this is true or not, I can't say.这是不是真的,我说不清。
(2) 由于whether强调两方面的选择,而if只表示单方面的选择,所以当与or连用时, 通常用whether,不用if。如:
We should learn to tell whether a compound is poisonous or not.我们应该学会辨别化 合物是否有毒。
I wonder whether he will go himself or (whether he will) send you.我不知道他亲自 去还是派你去。
在现代英语中,有时if也可以与or和or not连用。如:
I asked her if she wanted tea or coffee or ice-cream.我问她想要茶,还是要咖啡或冰激凌。
Please try to find out whether /if he is at home or at the office.请设法查清楚他是在家还是在办公室。
I don't think she cares if we're absent or not.我认为她不会介意我们缺席还是出席。
但是如果whether后直接跟or no或or not,就不能用if替代whether,如:
He could not decide whether or no to return home.他无法决定是否回家。
Can you tell me whether or not the train has left?你可以告诉我火车是否已经离站吗?
(3) 作介词的宾语时,只用whether-从句。如:
She hesitated as to whether she should take our advice.她犹豫不决是否接受我们的建议。
It all depends on whether we can get their co-operation.这完全取决于我们能否得到 他们的合作。
(4) 与动词不定式连用时,用whether,不用if。如:
I don't know whether to accept or refuse.我不知道是接受还是拒绝。
I was wondering whether to go upstairs or whether to follow Maxim to the library.我不知道是上楼还是跟着马克西姆去图书馆。
The question whether to go or not is still undecided.去不去的问题还未决定。
(5) 作形容词的补足成分时,多用whether-从句,少用if-从句。如:
He wasn't sure whether he ought to laugh or cry.他不知道是应该笑还是应该哭。
I'm not sure whether /if fll have time.我不敢肯定我是否会有时间。
(6) 引导主语从句时,如果从句位于句首,只用whether-从句;如果用it作形式主语, 从句后移,多用whether-从句,少用i。从句。如:
Whether she will join us won't make too much difference.她是否参与我们的活动无 关紧要。
Whether they will come does not matter much.他来不来关系不大。
Whether we start now or later doesn't matter.现在还是晚些时候动身都没有关系。
It doesn't make any difference whether it rains or not.下不下雨都没有多大影响。
It is doubtful whether /if he will come.他来不来还不能肯定。
(7) 引导同位语从句时,用whether,不用if。如:
Let us go through the problem whether we can take these measures.让我们研究一下 能否釆取这些措施的问题。
There is no evidence whether he has found a new element.毫无证据说明他是否发现 了一种新元素。
(8) 引导表语从句时,常用whether,而不用if。如:
The thing to be settled on now is whether anything can be done to save it.现在要决定 的问题是能不能做点什么来挽救它。
What we want to know is whether these goods come up to the mark.我们想知道的是 这些货物是否达到标准。
(9) 动词discuss后通常只能跟wh-从句作宾语,不跟if1从句或that-从句。如:
We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论了是否应该关闭商店。
3
引导否定的宾语从句时,通常用if,不用whether
Now he began to question if there was not some truth in what Denny said.这时,他开 始对丹尼所说的话的真实性提出疑问。
I asked him if he did not know her.我问他是否认识她。
【注释】
在引导状语从句时,whether引导让步状语从句,if引导条件状语从句。如:
I show everything on my face, whether I am angry or pleased.我把一切都表现 在脸上,无论是生气还是高兴。
We should work hard, whether or no.无论如何,我们应努力工作。
If anything had happened, he would have let her know.如果发生什么事,他就 会告诉她了。