英语中独立主格的语言点

英语中独立主格的语言点，主要包括独立主格的定义、用法、特点、性质、常见构成以及注意点等内容，值得收藏。

独立主格 absolute construction

• 性质
  • 实际上是一个状语，用于修饰整个句子。独立主格在句子中与其他部分没有语法上的关系，只有意义上的联系，把它去掉后句子仍然成立，因而叫做独立结构。
• 常见构成
  • Absolute Construction with an Infinitive
    • This kind of absolute construction is used to refer to things that will come true in the future.
    • We divided the work, she to clean the window and I to sweep the floor.我们做了分工，她擦窗子，我扫地
  • Absolute Construction with an-ing Participle
    • When the logical subject of the construction is the doer, we use an-ing participle.
    • The moon has no light of its own, only sunlight shining on it.月亮本身不发光，只有太阳光在上面照耀
  • Absolute Construction with an-ed Participle
    • When the logical subject of the construction is the receiver of an action, we use an-ed participle
    • All the things considered, the house was a good buy.从各方面来看，这房子买的值。
  • Absolute Construction with No Verb
    • In this kind of absolute construction, the logical predicate can be a noun, adjective, adverb or prepositional phrase.
    • A Noun as the Logical Predicate
      • The children, many of them infants, were left with nothing to eat.孩子们，其中有许多是婴儿，没有任何可以吃的东西了
    • An Adjective as the Logical Predicate
      • The boys were making a snoeman, hands red with the cold.孩子们堆雪人，手都冻红了
    • An Adverb as the Logical Predicate
      • All the lights on, our classroom building looks even more beatiful.所有的灯都亮着，我们的教学楼看起来更美丽了
    • An Prepositional Phrase as the Logical Predicate
      • The old man stood under a big tree, pipe in mouth.那位老人站在大树下，嘴里叼着烟斗
• 注意
  • 独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
    • After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
  • 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
    • 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时
      • It being Sunday, we went to church.
    • 在There being+名词的结构中
      • There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
  • 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
    • Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.
  • 独立主格结构没有所有格形式
    • The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
• 特点
  • 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
    • The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
  • 名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系。
    • The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
  • 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
    • Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
  • 独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with
    • Don't sleep with the windows open.He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.
  • 当独立主格与主句主语不同时
    • We walking through the garden,the flowers are beautiful.
• 用法
  • 独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
  • 用作时间状语
    • The work done(After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
  • 用作原因状语
    • An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
  • 用作条件状语
    • Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
  • 用作伴随状语
    • He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
  • 用作补充说明
    • We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
• 定义
  • 由名词或代词+分词/名词/形容词/动词/介词短语构成的结构