导图社区 英语语法
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英语语法
英语语法知识总结，包括句子成分、从句、时态和语态、情态动词、虚拟语气、反义疑问句、强调句和感叹句等。
编辑于2022-03-16 09:37:35
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英语语法
名词
什么地方用
主语一定是名词
The story is true.
eg: "名词性从句" 也相当于名词(That LiHui teaches English) is true.
宾语一定是名词
I want some food.
eg: "非谓语动词"也可以当作名词I want (to go home).
表语可以是名词
LiHui is a teacher.
介词 + 名词
介词后面的动词要写出动名词！
I have been looking forward to meeting you.look forward 期待，盼望
限定词 + 名词
冠词（a/an/the） + 名词
形容词性物主代词（my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their）+ 名词名词性物主代词（mine/yours/his/hers/its/ours/yours/theirs）
指示代词（this/that/these/those）+ 名词
these单独出现表示“这些人”those单独出现表示“那些人”
（形容词/介词短语/定语从句/非谓语）修饰名词
a handsome teacher
the teacher (in my heart)
the teacher (who teaches English)
the teacher (teaching English)
名词考什么
可数不可数、单复数
可数名词：能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西
可数：蛋糕(cake)、报纸(newspaper)、报告(report)
不可数：抽象概念、液体、气体、钱、某类事务的总称
furniture 家具 / luggage 行李 / baggage 行李information 信息 / news 新闻 / advice 建议 / knowledge 知识homework 作业 / progress 进步 / work 工作，活儿paper 纸 / equipment 装备，设备 / money 钱 / change 零钱food 食物 / water 水 / music 音乐 / joy 快乐 / hair 头发 / traffic 交通
所有格
LiHui's photo
表所属：照片归李辉
难题：I can't remenber all (student) names.
答案：students'
动词变名词
同根词/加后缀
introduce --> introduction
表示东西，不能加宾语
I am reading the introduction of the book.
doing 动名词
introduce --> introducing
表示动作，可以加宾语
I am looking forward to introducing the new movie to you.
to(介词) + doing
在某些含有介词to的结构中，若其后要接动词，则应用动名词。这类结构常见的有:注意这里的to是介词，而不定式 to do 中的 to不是介词
look forward to(盼望)
She was looking forward to being a scientist.她盼望成为一个科学家。
devote oneself tobe devoted to(致力于)
This dictionary is devoted to explaining word usage.这本词典致力于解释单词的用法 / 这词典是用来解释单词用法的。
He will devote himself to gardening. 他将致力于园艺
be/get used to(习惯)
He's not used to being treated like this.他不习惯于受到这样的对待。
lead to(导致)
get down to(开始认真)
pay attention to(注意)
Pay more attention to uniting and working with those who differ with you.更注意团结那些与自己意见不同的人一道工作。
refer to(谈到)
point to(指向)
turn to(转向)
object to(反对)
equal to(等于、能胜任)
Bill is quite equal to running the office.比尔完全有能力管理这个办公室。
belong to(属于)
to do
I want (to study Japanese).
这里的 to study Japanese 是做 want 的宾语
the done
表示一类人，和the + adj.差不多
The (wound) should be taken good care of.
答案：woundedthe wounded 表示“那些受伤的人/被伤害的人”
v-erv-ee
employer, interviewer, trainer (动作发出者)employee, interviewee, trainee (动作承受者)
谓语动词
时态
一般现在
常态，“经常/一般...”
一般过去
句子中一般会出现过去的时间，“曾经/当时...”
动作发生在过去，句子也在描述过去
I read 100 books last year.
现在完成
吹牛逼，“已经”
动作发生在过去，句子却在描述现在
过去完成
发生在did之前，“之前/已经”"did"一般为：told / said / thought / knew / promised
I told you I had written a book.
过去完成时(先发生) 经常和一般过去时搭配使用，来表达动作的先后顺序When had finished lunch, he asked for a glass of water.
过去将来
发生在did的将来，“会”
I told you I would write a book.
一般将来时
will do
“无计划、有预谋”
be going to do
“有计划”
be to do / be about to do
“立刻、马上”
祈使句 + and/or + sb. will do sth.
威逼利诱句型and 译为“那么(将会)”or 译为“否则”
Come here, and I will kiss you.过来，我将会亲你
Come here, or I will kill you.过来，否则我弄死你
主将从现 / 主情从现 / 主祈从现
以下列从句引导词，用一般现在时表将来：if / unless / as long as / when / as soon as
I will come if you need me.
I can come if you need me.
Kiss me, if you love me.
“时间表”用一般现在时表将来
火车、飞机、上学放学商店开门关门，电影上映
A: When ______ the next train come?B: It usually _____ (come) at 9:00, but today it _____ (come) 20 minutes later because of the heavy rain.
答案：doescomesis coming / will come
“点动作”用进行时表将来
come / go /arrive / leave / enterdie / end / start / begin
The old man is dying.这个老头快死了（进行时表将来）
各种进行时
在某个时间点(时间段)上正在做某事
I will be flying to Shanghai at this time tomorrow
完成进行时
已经做了某事而且还要继续做下去
have been doing
到现在为止一直做
had been doing
到过去某个时间点一直做
被动语态
be/get done
谓语动词的被动是：be done/ get done非谓语动词的被动有：doen / being done / to be done / having be done
被动语态的时态都在 be 和 get 上体现
情态
什么是助动词：①辅助主动词②不能像主动词那样单独作谓语动词
除了情态动词，还有其他的助动词
基本助动词(其本身还可做实义动词)
be
be doing 现在进行时态
be done 被动语态
have
have done 现在完成时态
do
do do 强调
The rabbit does like coins
I do not like freeloaders.
半助动词
be able to
和can表能力类似，但时态更丰富
表将来will be able to
I'll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.如果我现在就离开就能按时到学校
表过去，“成功做成某事”was/were able to
I was able to reach school on time beacause I left home early.因为我出门很早所以能按时到校
be going to
更主观，有计划和预谋“很快就要…”
be about to
“立刻马上就要…”
be to
“被命令做某事”
You are to finish home work first.你要先做完作业（和must有点像）
“注定…”
I think they are to fall in love with each other.我想他们注定会相爱
had better缩写： 'd better
“最好”
You had better follow my orders.你最听我的命令
…
情态助动词
can / could
有能力做某事，“有能力”
I can kill a wolf.这里指我有能力杀狼，但我不一定将要这么做
I could kill a wolf last year. 我去年能杀死一只狼（今年就不一定了）
表请求或许可，“可以”
Can/Could I borrow your book?这句的could没有时间上的含义，只是更礼貌委婉
表猜测、可能性，“可能”一般使用推测的否定形式 can't
Anything can happen.
Anything could happen.什么事儿都可能发生。could 表示对过去的推测，或者对现在的可能性，可能性比can要小（虚拟语气）
The rabbit could have gone home earlier, but he didn't finish work on time.兔子本可以早回家的，但他没按时完成工作。（虚拟表达：could have do）
may / might
表请求或许可，“可以”
May/Might I borrow your book? Might更礼貌
表猜测、可能性，“也许，大概，可能”可能性的程度小于can / could
He may/might be at home.might的可能性更小一些（非常不确定）
表祝福，“祝你…”只能用May
May all the beauty be blessed.
must
表必须，“必须”
You must finish your homework first.
表禁止，“禁止”must not / mustn't
You must not / mustn't smoke here.
分清必须/不必须/禁止
必须：must
不必须：need not / don't have to
禁止(必须不)：mustn't
表猜测，“一定，肯定”
The light is on. The rabbit must be at home.灯亮着，兔子肯定在家
The light isn't on. The rabbit can't be at home.灯不亮，兔子不可能在家表示否定推测不能用mustn't(禁止)，要用can't
will / would
构成将来时
表请求、建议，“愿意”
Will you lend lend me that book?你愿意将书借我吗？
Would you please lend me that book?这里的would和时间无关，would you please 常用于请求别人做事
Would you please subscribe to my channel?would you please 常用于请求别人做事
表推测，假设，“可能”
Ask him. He will / would would know.would 可能性更小
shall / should
shall
表请求或征求意见，“…如何？”
Shall we meet at 9AM?我们早上9点见面如何？
表警告，命令…“不许，禁止”
You shall not pass!
You shall not murder.You shall not steal. You shall not covet. ——Ten Commandments你不可杀人，你不可偷盗，你不可贪心 ——《圣经》十诫
shoud
表应当，“应该”
We should treat the rabbit well.
表有一定根据的推测(可能性较大)，“应该”
It should rain tomorrow.明天应该会下雨
表“竟然”，用法少见表惊讶、愤怒、失望
It's surprising that he should be late.真的很奇怪，他竟然会迟到
构成虚拟语气
If it should rain tomorrow, I wouldn't go.如果明天万一下雨，我就不去了
You should have eaten the carrot.你应该吃掉那根胡萝卜(但你没吃).
ought to/ˈɔːt tuː/
表应当(语气更强)，“应该”
We ought to treat the rabbit well.
need
表需要、有必要，“需要”注意区分实义动词的need
The rabbit need wait.兔子需要等待（这里的need是情态动词）The rabbit needs to wait.这里的needs是实义动词
The rabbit need not wait.need not 是情态动词的否定The rabbit doesn't need to wait.don't need 是实义动词的否定
dare / dared
作实义动词时：v. 敢于挑战
表“敢于”一般用于否定句和疑问句
The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf.兔子不敢告诉狼真相
used to
表过去习惯于做某事，“习惯…”
The rabbit used to eat apples. Now he only eats carrot.兔子过去常常吃苹果，现在它只吃胡萝卜
情态动词如何选择
can/could表推测时一般用否定，“不可能”
may表推测时可能性最小，是没有依据的猜测
must表推测时可能性最大，是有以据的推测，“肯定、一定”
should/ought to have done 有责怪语气
You should have finished your work yesterday.
虚拟语态
用法一：表达愿望、请求、建议、命令等
希望wish / would rather(宁愿)
对现在(do/be)的希望
I wish that I were a rabbit.
I would rather that you didn't eat the carrot.
对过去(did)的希望
I wish (that) I had eaten the carrot.
I would rather that you hadn't eaten the carrot.
对将来(will)的希望
I wish (that) I would / could / should / might eat the carrot
建议suggest / advise / propose / recommend命令order / command / require(命令、要求)要求ask / demand / insist / request
一律接 should do / do（无论主句时态如何）
I demand that you (should) give me a carrot.
I demanded that you (should) give me a carrot.
It is suggested that you (should) eat a carrot.
用法二：表达“不可能”假设
从句加 did，主句四加一（虚拟语气中没有was）
主句和从句都假设现在(do/be)
条件句：过去式（did、were）主句：would / could / should / might + do
If I were you, I would give this video a thumbs-up.If I were a rabbit, I would eat a carrot.If you followed the my mind, you would learn more.
主句和从句都假设过去(did)
条件句：had done主句：would / could / should / might + have done
If I had watched this video befor, I would have aced my test.If you had followed me, you would have learnt more.If you had done your homework yesterday, you would not have had time for the movie.
主句和从句都假设将来(will/shall)
条件句：should / were to + do主句：would / could / should / might + do
If should meet thee aftrer long years, how should I greet thee?thee (古英语)你(宾格)You would learn more, if you should / were to do some exercises.
主句和从句时态不一致
使用上述三种时态下主句和从句各自对应的形式进行搭配
如果我之前学习更勤奋（过去），我现在就是个科学家了（现在）。
I would be a scientist now, if I had studied harder.- 条件句：had done- 主句：would / could / should / might do
如果你将来要去法国读书（将来），那你十年前就应该开始学法语了（过去）。
If you should / were to study in France, you should have started to learn Frence the 10 years ago.- 条件句：should / were to do- 主句：would / could / should / might have done
等
其他零碎用法
It is (high / about) time that sb. did sth.(早该/真的)到了某人做某事的时候了
It is (high) time that you ate a carrot.(定语从句)
Without you, …But for you, …如果没有你…
…将来会做某事Without you / But for you, sb. would do sth.
But for you, I would feel lonely. 没有你，我会感到孤独。
…过去就已经做了某事Without you / But for you, sb. would have done sth.
Without you, I would have died. 没有你，我可能已经死了。
Otherwise …否则…
…将来会做某事Otherwise, sb. would do sth.
…过去就已经做了某事Otherwise, sb. would have done sth.
You save me. Otherwise, I would have diad.
含蓄条件句
不带if，但是依然表条件
Without …
But for …
Otherwise …
If条件句的省略形式
把if去掉，把助动词、系动词、情态动词提前
正常：I would go, if I were you.省略：Were I you, I would go.
正常：I would have come, if I had known about the party.省略：Had I known about the party, I would have come.
正常：I would buy you a gift, if I should travel to America.省略：Should I travel to America, I would buy you a gift.
正常：I would be a scientist now, if I had studied harder.省略：Had I studied harder, I would be a scientist now.
否定形式
not 加在谓语动词的第一个助动词后
主谓一致（主语的单复数决定谓语的单复数）
主语是单数，谓语也得是单数
My family is a bag one. (家庭，一个集合)
主语是复数，谓语也得是复数
My family are watching TV. (家人，一堆元素)
非谓语动词
一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词，其余动词为非谓语动词
谓语动词只能当谓语动词
非谓语动词可充当主语/宾语/宾补/表语/定语/状语非谓语中没有时态
动词不定式：to do
完全不定式
To be or not to be, that is the question.生存还是毁灭，这是一个问题
裸不定式(省略to)
You helped me (to) cook the carrot.你帮我做了一餐胡萝卜
不定式作主语
To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit.(使用形式主语) It is good for the rabbit to eat carrot every day.(主语从句，不是非谓语) It is good that rabbit eats carrot every day.一天吃一根胡萝卜对兔子有好处.
不定式作宾语
The rabbit likes to eat carrots.
使用形式宾语itI consider it important to eat a carrot every day.我发现每天吃一个胡萝卜很重要
有些动词后，不能用to do做宾语
不定式作宾补
The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.兔子指望狼吃一根胡萝卜
有些动词后，不定式做宾补时，省略to
表示感觉的动词：see / find / watch / feel / hear / notice / observe / look at / listen to使役动词：have / make / let（get后不能省略）
Carrots make the rabbit feel happy.
除了上述特殊的动词，其他动词后，不定式做宾补时，to可省可不省略
The wolf helped the rabbit (to) grow carrots.
不定式作表语
The rabbit's dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the would.兔子的梦想就是吃掉世界上每一种胡萝卜
不定式作定语
The rabbit has a lot of carrot to eat.兔子有很多胡萝卜要吃
不定式作状语
表原因
I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.相当于 I was surprised beacause I got a thumbs-up.
表目的
I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
表结果
I got enough thumbs-up to make another video.
高级不定式
to be eating a carrot
The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot.这兔子之前似乎在吃一根胡萝卜（的过程中）
to have eaten a carrot
The rabbit will appear to have eaten a carrot.这兔子之后会看起来像是吃过了一根胡萝卜
to have been eating a carrot
七种常考形式（形式决定意思）
主动：doing
Smiling, Tom walked in.
被动：done
Beaten, Tom walked in.
要做/去做/未做：to do
To finish his homework, Tom turned to Jerry for help.
to do 的其他用法
想要/期待做某事：want / desire / expect to do
某人据说/被报道/被期待做某事：sb. is said / reported(被报道) / expected / supposed(被认为) to do
sb. is siad to have done某人据说曾经做过
形容词 + to do
I am happy to do sth.
形容词包括：喜怒哀乐惊好坏和难易
英语难学结构
English is hard (for us) to study.
作业要做结构
I have homework to do. 我有作业要做 (自己做作业)I have homework to be done. 我有要被做的作业 (谁做都可以)
only to do
表示令人惊讶的结果，“结果却…”
He went home, only to find everything stolen.
要被做：to be done
Everyone wants to be praised.
正在被做：being done
Being scolded by his father, Tom felt sad.
之前做：having done
Having eaten in this restaurant before, Tom refused to come again.
之前被做：having been done
Having been beaten badly, Tom refused to come again.
独立主格结构
普通句子：名词 + 谓语动词独立主格：名词 + 非谓语动词/介词/形容词/副词
从句
什么地方用
从充当的成分来看
名词性从句
主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句
定语从句
状语从句
从主句的完整性角度来看
如果主句缺名词
主从
(That Tom is ugly) is true.
宾从
We all know (that Tom is ugly).
be + 形容词 + 从句I am sure that there's a carrot on the table.
表从
The fact is (that tom is ugly).
如果主句不缺名词
同从
I know the fact that Tom is ugly.同位语从句也叫“内容从句”
同从是用来解释先行词的内容
同从的先行词一般是抽象名词：news / fact / idea / report / answer / question / opinion(意见，看法)
I am sure of the fact that there's a carrot on the table.
宾补从句
You can call me what you like.你可以叫我你想叫的（你可以随便叫我什么）
My education made me who I am today.我的教育成就了今天的我
定从
I know the fact that Tom said.
定从是修饰先行词(任意名词)，修饰后仍然不知道先行词的内容
状从
从句考什么
根据意思，选关系词1、有哪些关系词2、分别是啥意思3、有啥特殊要求
名词性从句的关系词
【连词】从句本身不缺名词
that用于肯定句
不翻译
We know that Tom teaches well.
“说”
“…的那件事”
if用于否定或疑问句
“是否”，表示不确定的事，只能用于
vt. 的宾语从句
I wonder if Tom is ugly.
带形式主语it 的主从
It puzzles me if Tom is ugly.
if 不能跟ro not搭配使用
whether用于否定或疑问句
“是否”，表示不确定的事
whether到处都能用，经常和or not搭配
The question is whether Tom is ugly.
whether he can come or not is a mistery.他能不能来都是个迷
We don't know if / whether Tom theaches well.我们不知道Tom是否教得好
【连接副词】从句本身不缺名词“问我外号”
when
“…的那个时间”
I forgot when I should be back.
where
“…的那个地方”
I forgot where I met her.
why
“…的原因”
I forgot why he left.
how
“…的方法”
We don't know when/where/why/how Tom will get married.
怎么
I wonder how I can go home.
多么
I am surperised at how ugly Tom is.
【连接代词】从句一般缺名词“两人两物”
who
“…的那个人”
Who killed Tom is still a mystery.
whom
“…的那个人” whom在从句中做宾语
I wonder whom Tom killed.
which
“哪个”
There are three apples, I don't know which you like.有三个苹果，我不知道你喜欢哪个
有选择范围
what
“的那个东西”
I don't know what I can do.
无选择范围
“什么”
I don't know what I can do.
例外
which和what修饰名词构成一个整体
I don't know which student broke the glass.
I don't know what fruit you like.
宾语从句中的that可以省略
定语从句关系词
特殊关系词（先考虑这个，再考虑下面的）
as
“正如”
As we all know, Tom is ugly.As is known to all, Tom is ugly.Tom is ugly, which is known to all.
as 和 which 一样， 可以指代整个主句
as 引导的定从可以放在主句之前
whose
“ta的、ta们的”
I have a house whose windows face the sea.我有一所窗户朝海的房子
关系代词从句缺名词
“ta / ta们”
who
LiHui is a teacher who teaches English.
whom
Tom is the teacher whom we beat everyday.
which
Tom never wears a thing which makes him different.Tom 从来不穿让他与众不同的东西
限制性定语从句，只能修饰名词
You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station which you can hire to reach your host family.
“这件事儿”
Tom never wears a thing, which makes him different.Tom 从来不穿东西，这件事让他与众不同
非限定性定语从句，可以修饰句子
that
LiHui is a teacher that teaches English.
that 的用法口诀：“人物绝不避人物”
人
Li Hui is a theacher that / who teaches English.
物
Li Hui a has pen that / which is very beatiful.
绝(绝对化概念)
Tom is the only teacher that teaches Chinese in school.
all the rabbits that ate a carrot所有吃胡萝卜的兔子
the only rabbit that ate a carrot唯一吃胡萝卜的兔子
最高级、序数词、only / very / all先行词是唯一时，用that (连提问都不用，就能明确知道的对象）先行词是多选一时，用which
不(不定代词)
I know something that you don't know.
避(避免重复)
Who is the man that is so ugly?(已经有了who了，为了避免重复，所以使用that)
人物(先行词即有人又有物)
The man and his car that I saw just now were very ugly.
关系判断法则（语法填空）
空格前无逗号无介词，直接填that，否则不填that
Tom is a teacher _____ theates maths.
Tom is a car ______ is stolen.
逗号后，人用who，物用which
Tom is a teacher, ______ is ugly.
Tom has a car, ______ is ugly.
介词后，人用whom，物用which
Tom has a girlfriend with ______ he often quarrels(吵架).
Tom has a car in ______ he often quarrels with his girlfriend.
She showed the visitors around the museum, the construction ____ had taken more than three years.
答案：of which
关系副词从句不缺名词（非时间即地点）
关系副词相当于 介词+which
when
“那会儿”
I sill remember the days when we were yuang
where
“在那儿”
I still remember the farm where we played together.
why
公式：The reason (why …) is (that …)
某人之所以做某事的原因是因为...
The reason why Jerry cried was that tom was too ugly.
关系副词解题技巧
why引导的定从只修饰名词reasonwhen和where则满足“非时间即地点”，只要不是时间，都理解成地点(where)
I have reached a point in my career(事业) ________ I have to decide what to do next.
注意：在定从的世界里，没有what和how
关系词在定语从句中作宾语时（先行词为人或物），可以省略
状从
时间
“之前” before
The rabbit ate a carrot at home before the wolf stopped by.狼来串门之前，兔子吃了根胡萝卜（stop by 串门，顺路看看）
“当…时” when / while / as
when 时间点 “突然”
The rabbit was eating a carrot when I reached home.我到家的时候，兔子在吃胡萝卜
while 时间段
I read English while I am free.
as 同时 “一边…一边 / 随着”
I ate a carrot as I made the video.
“之后” after
The rabbit ate a carrot after the wolf stopped by.狼串过门之后，兔子吃了胡萝卜
“自从” since一般使用完成时
The rabbit has shared three carrots since the wolf stopped by.自从狼来串门，兔子以救分享了三根胡萝卜了
“直到” until
The rabbit waited until the wolf stopped by.兔子一直在等，直到狼来串门
The rabbit didn't eat any carrot until the wolf stopped by.兔子直到狼来串门，才吃了胡萝卜
“一…就…” as soon as
The rabbit will eat a carrot as soon as the wolf leaves.
“下次”the next time
The rabbit will share the biggest carrot the next time the wolf stops by.
地点
“…的地方” where
I read English where others play.
“不管在哪里” wherever
The rabbit will go wherever he can find a carrot.兔子将会去他能找到胡萝卜的地方（不管那个地方在哪里）
“所有地方” everywhere
The rabbit sees a carrot everywhere he goes.兔子在他到的所有地方都能看到胡萝卜
= every place where 定语从句
“任何地方” anywhere
The rabbit can eat a carrot anywhere he likes.兔子可以在他喜欢的任何地方吃一根胡萝卜
= at any place where 定语从句
条件
“如果”
if
If the rabbit sees a carrot, he will eat it.
provided本身意思是“提供；准备；抚养”
Provided that my video is excellent, you will give it a thumbs-up.如果我的视频很帮，你会给他点赞
in case
In case you don't understand, please comment below.如果你不明白，请在下方评论
“除非” unless
Unless you like this video, you will not give it a thumbs-up.除非你喜欢这个视频，你不会给他点赞
“只要” as long as
As long as I make excellent videos, you will remain my follower.只要我一直做高质量视频，你就会继续关注我
让步
假设
“即使”even if
Even if I see a carrot, I will not eat it.
事实
“尽管” although / though / even though / while
Although I see a carrot, I will not eat it.尽管我看到了一根胡萝卜，我也不会吃它
未知情况
“不管如何，无论如何”no matter / regardless
No matter what happens, I will not eat the carrot.
Regardless who orders me, I wil not eat the carrot.
“无论…”whenever / wherever / whoever / whichever / whatever (疑问词+ever)相当于 no matter + 疑问词
Wherever it went, …= No matter where it went, …无论它去哪里…
方式
“像…一样” as
Eat the carrot as I do.像我一样吃胡萝卜
还可以用定语从句表达：Eat the carrot the way (in which) I eat it.
Leave the carrot as it is.别动这胡萝卜 / 让这个胡萝卜保持原样
“好像… / 就像…”as if / as though是与现实相反的假设
I feel good as if I just ate a carrot.我感觉良好，就好像我刚吃了胡萝卜一样
You spend so much money as if you were a millionaire.你花这么多钱，就好像你是百万富翁一样
还可以用定语从句表达：You spend money the way (in which) millionaires do.
原因
“因为”beacause强因果关系
beacause 和 so / for的区别：beacause引导从句，构成复杂句so(所以)和for(因为)是连词，构成复合句beacause 和 so / for不能混用
The rabbit was hungry, so he ate the carrot.
You must really like me, for you have given all my videos a thumbs-up.
I read English because I want to study abroad.
“因为”in that
不能放在句首，一般放在句中
“既然” since
注意和之间状语从句的since（自从）区别
Since you are hungry, you can eat the carrot.既然你饿了，你可以吃这胡萝卜
“因为” as弱因果关系
As you were not here, we ate the carrot without you.因为你之前不在这里，所有吃胡萝卜没带上你
since 和 as 引导的从句一般放句首
目的
so that / so以便
so that 不能放在句首
I pulled an all-nighter so that I could finish the video in time.
in order that为了，以便
In order that I could finish the video in time, I pulled an all-nighter.为了能及时完成视频，我熬夜不睡
目的状语从句常搭配情态动词
结果
so … that …such（接名词） … that …太…以至于
I ate so many carrots for lunch that I fult sick afterwards.我吃了太多的胡萝卜，导致我之后感到不舒服
such 后接名词It was such a tasty carrot that I ate it all at once.这是个如此好吃的胡萝卜，以至于我一下子就吃完了
so 后接形容词It was so tasty a carrot that I ate it all at once.
“结果 / 导致”so that
I ate a lot of carrot for lunch so that I wasn't hungry at all in the afternoon.
比较
“更…” 比较级 + than …
This carrot is bigger than that one is.(省略)This carrot is bigger than that one.这个胡萝卜比那个大
“同样得…”“一样…”as … as …
He is as smart as I am.(省略)He is as smart as me.
She is as beautiful as Snow White is.(省略)She is as beautiful as Snow White.
“越…越…”
The more you practice English, the more fluent you become.你越多练习英语，你就越流利
从句知识大总结
如果主句不完整，则从句是主从/宾从/表从
如果主句完整，则从句是同从/定从/状从
同从和定从的区别
如果从句不完整，则引导词是代词
如果从句完整，则引导词是连词或副词
并列
A = B结构相同含义相似
A and B
肯定句
I like Tom and Jerry.
A or B
否定句
I don't like Tom or Jerry.
A as well as B和…一样（和and差不多）
I like Tom as well as Jerry.
not only A but (also) B不仅A而且B是紧跟着的两个词并列
I like not only singing but also dancing.
Tom not only teaches Chinese but also eats rats.
LiHui is not only handsome but also clever.
Tom runs not only fast but also steady.
Tom works not only in Beijing but also in Tianjin.
并列连词
并列关系
and
The rabbit is smart and cute.
not only … but also …不但… 而且…
The rabbit ont only teaches English but also makes videos.
neither … nor …既不 … 也不 …都不 …
The rabbit likes neither apples nor pears.兔子既不喜欢苹果也不喜欢梨
Neither the rabbit nor the wolf likes(就近原则用三单) apples.兔子和狼都不喜欢苹果
选择关系
or
What does the rabbit like? Apple or carrot?
either … or …不是 … 就是 …
Either the rabbit or the wolf is going to the party this evening.
Either the rabbit or I am(就近原则) going to the party this evening.
neither … nor …既没…也没…
The rabbit neither ate nor slept yesterday.
or / or else / otherwise否则
Hurry up, or / or else / otherwise you'll be late.快点，否则你要迟到了（威逼利诱句型）
转折关系
but
The rabbit cooked some carrots, but he didn't eat any.兔子煮了胡萝卜，但他没吃
yet
The rabbit cooked some carrots, yet(连词) he didn't eat any.兔子煮了胡萝卜，但他没吃
比较yet的副词和连词
I haven't eaten yet(副词), yet(连词) I'm not hungry.我还没吃，但我不饿
however / nevertheless(偏书面)
The carrots were ready. However / Nevertheless, the rabbit was still making videos.
因果关系
so 所以
The rabbit is busy, so he won't go to the party tonight.
therfore(偏书面)
The rabbit is busy. Therefore(注意逗号), he won't go to the party tonight.
for 因为
The rabbit will skip lunch, for he is busy making a video.
because 是原因从句的引导词 for 是并列句的连词
形容词
什么地方用
定语
修饰名词
一般放在名词前面
I want to tell you an interesting story.
如果跟其他东西搭配，共同修饰一个名词，则需要放在名词后
This is a story (interesting for me).
修饰不定代词
放在不定代词后
I want to tell you something interesting.
不定代词：something / somebody / anything / anybody / nathing …
表语
只能做表语的形容词
alike 相似的aloud 大声的asleep 睡着的awake 醒着的alive 活泼的alone 孤独的afraid 害怕的aware 知道的…
补语(宾语补足语)
I will make the child happy.
形容词考什么
名词如何变adj.
+ ful
+ less
同根词
动词如何变adj.
doing
令人…
exciting
done
感到…
excited
+ able
eatable
adj. 的比较级最高级
碰到as选原级
LiHui is as handsome as WuYanzu.
碰到than选比较级
LiHui is more handsome than Tom.
in / of / among 选最高级of 和 among 后接比较对象in 后接比较范围
LiHui is the most handsome man among / of all human beings in the world
副词
什么地方用
修饰动词
be后
Tom is really ugly.
实前
Tom really likes bananas.
助实间
Tom should really stop smoking.
修饰整句
Unfortunately, Tom died.
修饰 adj./adv.
Tom is really ugly.
Tom runs really fast.
副词考什么
adj. + ly = adv.
副词的比较级/最高级
碰到as选原级
Tom runs as fast as dog.
碰到than选比较级
Tom runs fastest than dog.
in / of / among 选最高级of 和 among 后接比较对象in 后接比较范围
Tom runs faster of / among all creatures in the whole world.
really -> reallier -> realliest
使役动词
使役动词是复杂及物动词，需要宾语补语所以下面的例句都是按照宾补的词性做分类注意隐含的解释都是不绝对的
make(轻微)强迫做某事
动词原形/裸不定式(省略to)做宾补
I make the wolf eat carrot from time to time.我让狼偶尔也吃一些胡萝卜这里的eat是裸不定式，省略了to
形容词做宾补
The carrot made the wolf full.
let允许某人做某事
动词原形/裸不定式(省略to)做宾补
I'll let the wolf eat some chocolate.我会让狼吃点巧克力
副词做宾补
Let me out!out在这里是副词(不是介词)
have给某人任务/责任做某事
动词原形/裸不定式(省略to)做宾补
I'll have the wolf wash the dishes. 我会让狼洗盘子
I had someone wash my car.我让某人洗了我的车
这句的someone可以省略，句子可以改写成：I had my car washed.改写规则为：宾补中的动词变为过去分词，并放到最后。
have sth. done 遭遇某种经历(不幸的)“经历……”
I have my carrots stolen yesterday.我昨天经历了胡萝卜被偷
People would rather(宁愿) pay large sums of money than have their life work destroyed by gangsters.人们宁愿支付大笔的钱，也不愿意经历自己一生的工作被歹徒摧毁
I had someone do my nails.我让某人给我修了指甲
I had nails done.
get说服/鼓励某人做某事
不定式做宾补
I'll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes.我会让狼洗完盘子再把厨房清理了
I'll get someone to wash my car for 10 dollar.我会让狼免费给我洗车隐含的语气是自己口才好，会忽悠
force强迫某人做某事
force sb. to do sth.
Government troops have forced the rebels to surrender.政府军已迫使叛乱分子投降
drive驱使，逼迫
drive sb. to do sth.drive sb. to/into sth.
The detective wondered what had driven Tom to phone her.警探不明白是什么原因促使tom打电话给她
The noises in my head have nearly driven me to suicide.我脑子里乱七八糟的声音几乎逼得我要自杀
leave委托，交给
leave it (up) to sb. to do sth.
Noelle：Leave it to me.交给我吧
I'll leave it up to you to decide.我会把这件事交给你来决定
固定搭配
prove (to be) + adj. / n. 被证明是…
The operation proved (to do) a success.他的手术被证明是成功的。
介词用法
背：介词搭配
介词搭配其实 可以根据介词的基本含义推断出来
懂：介词含义
in
“范围里”
arrive in + 大地方
in the evening
在某种情绪中in anger / regret / danger
on
“吸附”
特定的某一天/特定的上午下午晚上
a lecture on science（基于科学的）科学讲座
at
“点”
arrive at + 小地点
at night
look / stare at
aim / shoot at
laugh at
knock at
to
“终点”
go to school
look forward to XXX
向着
在某些含有介词to的结构中，若其后要接动词，则应用动名词。这类结构常见的有:注意这里的to是介词，而不定式 to do 中的 to不是介词
look forward to(盼望)
She was looking forward to being a scientist.她盼望成为一个科学家。
devote oneself tobe devoted to(致力于)
This dictionary is devoted to explaining word usage.这本词典致力于解释单词的用法 / 这词典是用来解释单词用法的。
He will devote himself to gardening. 他将致力于园艺
be/get used to(习惯)
He's not used to being treated like this.他不习惯于受到这样的对待。
lead to(导致)
get down to(开始认真)
pay attention to(注意)
Pay more attention to uniting and working with those who differ with you.更注意团结那些与自己意见不同的人一道工作。
refer to(谈到)
point to(指向)
turn to(转向)
object to(反对)
equal to(等于、能胜任)
Bill is quite equal to running the office.比尔完全有能力管理这个办公室。
belong to(属于)
for
“为”因为/为了
look for 寻找
leave for Beijing为了北京而离开
“花” 花钱/花时间
I bought this book for 10 dollars.
for a long time
of
“修饰”
a book of storiers
be made of 由…组成（能看到原材料）
“所属”
one of us
from
“离开”
come from Shandong
be made from （看不到原材料）
over
“正上方/越过”
Build a bridge over the river
through
“介质中/穿过”
和through长得像的词
throw/θrəʊ/ v.扔，抛
though/ðəʊ/ adv. 尽管，虽然
thought/θɔːt/ n. 思想；v. 想，认为
across
“平面上/经过”
cross“十字架”
swim across river 游过这条河
under
“正下方”
above
“上方”（不一定是正上方）ab + over
below
“下方”（不一定是正下方）
beneath
“下方贴着”
beyond
“超越 / 另一边”
beyond my imagination
with
“伴随着”
with + 简单工具，表示“简单使用”
by
“倚靠”
by + 复杂工具，表示“复杂使用”
交通工具
against
“反对 / 怼”
warn sb. against警告某人
guarantee sb. against sth保证某人免受某事
into
往里（动态）
“进入”
look into 调查/研究
“成为”
change into
out of
往外（动态）
Get out here!
在外面（静态）
out of control
about
在周围
They fly about the bushes.
ad 离开 + out 在外边
关于
Let's talk about books.
around
在周围
They fly around the bushe.
a 一个 + round 圈
冠词
翻译法
翻译成“一，个，一个”，用a/an
元音音素前用an辅音音素前用a
an houran applea university
翻译成“那，那个”，用the
特指泛指
特指：明确知道说的是哪个
泛指：随便哪个都行，或一类中的一个
有the表具体无the表抽象
in hospital 在住院in the hospital 在医院里
in bed 在睡觉in the bed 在床上
go to school 去上学go to the school 去学校
play basketball / chess玩的不是具体的球或棋，而是抽象的规则
play the piano玩的是具体的西洋乐器
play pipa非西洋乐器不用加the
in space 在无限的太空中in the universe 在宇宙中in the space 在某具体空间中
in front of the bus在外部的前面in the front of the bus 在内部的前面
代词
什么地方用
当名词用
I / me / mine / myself
当形容词用
my
代词考什么
I 我 （主语）
me 我 （宾语）
my 我的（形容词）
mine 我的（名词）
myself 我自己（名词）
Tom is looking for ___ (he) mother.
主题