Chapter 8 Contract of employme

Chapter 8 Contract of employme：Types of working relationship，不同法下用人单位（e'er)和员工(e'ee)的义务，劳动法合同，雇佣合同可以是书面的、口头的，也可以是两者的结合。 然而,一些书面明细是必需的。 在入职后两个月内，雇主必须向雇员提供书面资料。

Chapter 8 Contract of employment 劳动法

• Types of working relationship
  • Employee
    • works under a contract of service 1对1，遵循劳动合同
  • Independent contractor/self-employed
    • works under a contract for service 1对多，遵循劳务合同
  • Importance of the distinction
  • 如何区分员工和自由职业者？
    • Control test: Has the employer control over the way in which the employee performs their duties?(Note: this test is inappropriate for skilled workers) 雇主是否有权控制雇员履行职责的方式?（例外：从事IT，医生）
    • Integration test: If the employee is so skilled that they cannot be controlled, are they integrated into the organisation? 工作是否是组织性的？（自由职业者--附属性）
    • Multiple test/economic reality test: The court takes all the surrounding factors intoaccount. 考虑一些周边因素
      • Provision of tools: usually employer will provide tools to employee.
      • Regularity of hours and payment
      • Number of employers: usually employee work for one employer.
      • Hire helper: usually employee must render personalservice and cannot hire his own helper.
      • Degree of financial risk (profit motive营利目的): employee usually takes few financial risk.
• 劳动法合同
  • A contract of employment may be written, oral or a mixture of the two. However, some written particulars (书面明细) are required. Within 2 months of starting the employer must give written particulars to the employee, including: 雇佣合同可以是书面的、口头的，也可以是两者的结合。 然而,一些书面明细是必需的。 在入职后两个月内，雇主必须向雇员提供书面资料，包括:
    • Names of the employer and the employee
    • The date on which the employment began
    • Continuous employment
    • Pay
    • Hours of work
    • Any holiday and holiday pay entitlement
    • Sick leave and sick pay entitlement
    • Pensions（养老金） and pension schemes
    • Length of notice of termination to be given on each side
    • The title of the job
    • A 'principal statement'（主要声明）, which must include the 前6个＋title of the job, must be provided, but other particulars may be given by way of separate documents
• 不同法下用人单位（e'er)和员工(e'ee)的义务
  • Common law
    • Common law duties of employee
      • Duty to render personal service
      • Duty to obey lawful and reasonable orders
      • Duty of mutual co-operation/Duty to perform the work in a reasonable manner
      • Duty to exercise reasonable care（注意义务） and skill
      • Duty of good faith (忠实诚信义务)
        • 偷钱 Not take the property or money which receives in the employment
        • 对家 Not compete with their employer’s business.
        • 商业秘密 Not disclose trade secrets to third party or misuse confidential information.
    • Common law duties of employer
      • Duty to pay reasonable remuneration（工资）
      • Duty to indemnify （补偿/报销）the employee
      • Duty to provide health and safety workplace
      • Duty to give reasonable notice of termination of employment（解雇）
      • Duty to mutual co-operation/ mutual trust and confidence
      • No duty to provide a reference (推荐信)
      • No duty to provide work (Exception: piecework计件工作, apprentice学徒 etc.)
  • Statutory law
    • National minimum wage (The National Minimum Wage Act 1998)
      • 规定了全国最低小时工资标准，并每年对该标准进行审查。 这是一种刑事犯罪，如果一家公司没有支付所有或部分员工法定最低工资，它将受到经济惩罚。 罚款是按per worker basis计算的。
    • Pay statements
      • 雇主必须提供一份详细的工资报表（itemised pay statement）
    • Transfer of undertaking (e.g. takeover, merger)
      • 更新是自动的。 原业主的所有权利、权力、职责和非刑事责任都移交给了新业主。
    • Maternity leave (产假)
    • Antenatal care (产检)-带薪
      • 请假接受产前护理的员工有权享受她的正常工资（entitled to her normal rate of pay.）。如果雇主拒绝提供休假，员工可以向就业法庭申诉。 但是，如果有合理的理由，雇主有权拒绝给予产前护理休假
    • Paternity leave (陪产假)-带薪
      • 一周或连续两周的假
    • Adoption leave (收养假)-带薪
      • 一方有，带薪
    • Parental leave (陪伴假)
      • 直到孩子十八岁，不带薪！
    • Time off（休假）
      • Trade union（工会）
        • Trade union officials: time off on full pay
        • Trade union member: time off
      • Redundancy
        • 被解雇的员工可以请假去找工作或为其他工作安排培训。
      • Carry out certain public duties
        • 没有法定条款赋予陪审团服务员工休假,但预防一个人出席作为陪审员是藐视法庭（contempt of court）。
    • Health and safety
    • Working time
      • A worker’s working time, including overtime, must not exceed an average of 48 hours perweek.
    • Annual leave: 28 days