主谓一致

主谓一致即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致，语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致，意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致，就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。

主谓一致（二）

• 以表示数量概念的 名词词组作主语
  • 表示确定 数量的
    • 当主语为表示时间、距离、价值、度量等名词复数时，常遵循意义一致，即若看作整体，动词用单数，若强调个体，动词用复数。
      • a.Fifty miles is a long way for a young child to go alone. b.Those last two miles were the longest I’ve ever had to run.
    • • 分数（或百分数）+of，动词形式依of词组中的名词类别⽽定
        • Two-thirds of the swampland has been reclaimed for farming
    • 两数相减相除动词⽤单数，相加相乘单数复数都可以
      • Forty minus fifteen is twenty-five.
      • • Five times eight is/are forty.
    • 如果主语由"one in / one outof +复数名词”构成，在正式语体中，动词用单数;在非正式语体中，动词也可按“就近原则”用复数
      • One in ten students has failed the exam. One in ten students have failed the exam.
  • 表示非确定数 量的
    • 如果主语是all of…，some of…，none of…，half of…，most of…等，随后的动词单复数形式依of-词组中的名词类别⽽定
      • Most of the money was recovered by Deputy Palyer.
      • Most of the members were there.
    • 如果主语是lots of，heaps of，loads of，scads of，plenty of+名词，表许许多多时，随后的动词单复数形式依of-词组中的名词类别⽽定
      • • Lots of food is going to waste.
        • Lots of people are waiting outside.
    • 如果主语是a portion of，a series of ,a pile of ,a panel of, committee of+名词，动词⽤单数
      • A pile of logs was set beside the hearth.
      • This series of books is at the end.
    • 如果主语是“限定词+kind/type/sort of+n”构成
      • a/this/that kind of+单数或不可数名词，动词用单数
        • This type of car is fashionable.
      • these/many kinds of+单数/不可数名词/复数名词，动词用复数
        • These kinds of cars are fashionable.
    • 如果主语是many a +名词或者more than one+名词，⽤语法 ⼀致原则，动词⽤单数
      • Many a good man has been destroyed by drink.
      • More than one company was suppressed.
    • • 如果主语由"an average of/ a mioityof+复数名词”构成，而且明确表示多数个体概念，随后的动词用复数;如果不表示则动词用单数
        • An average of 25 persons apply each month. An avrage of 25 applications a month is not unusual.
• 其他方面
  • 以名词性分句 作主语
    • what,who,why,how,whether等引导，动词通常用单数
      • What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
    • 由and连接的两个并列名词性分句作主语，表两 件事，动词⽤复数
      • What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.
  • 以非限定分句 作主语
    • 主要是不定式分句和ing分 句,动词通常用单数
      • To eat well is all he asks
    • 两个由and 连接的并列⾮限定分句作主语，指两 件事，动词⽤复数，指⼀件⽤单数
      • Playing tennis and playing football are all good exercise.
  • 分句关系中的 主谓一致
    • “one of + 复数名词 + 关系分句”
      • 通常根据语法一致的原则用复数；当one前面有定冠词the，the only，any等限定词和强调语，则根据意义一致原则用单数。
        • He was one of those people who are instantly popular. Stone is the only one of the three who is married and has a child.
      • 有时one前面并没有the only等限定词和强调语，关系分句中的谓语动词也用单数形式
        • The Cutty Sark was one of the fastest sailing ships that has ever been built.
  • 分裂句中的 主谓一致
    • It is I/me+who–/that-分句
      • It is I who am to blame.
      • It is me that is to blame.
  • 存在句中的 主谓一致
    • 谓语动词单复数形式取决于随后实义主语的形式
      • There are three routes you can take. There is a note left on the desk.
    • 当实义主语的名词词组是并列结构时，只要第⼀个并列 成分不是复数，谓语动⻋就可⽤单数
      • There is more grace and less carelessness. There is a long springboard and three rafts at varying distances from the shore.
• 以并列结 构作主语
  • 由and/both…and连 接的并列主语
    • 单复数意义判断
      • 有些由物质名词组成的并列结构，它们是一种合成食品，视为单数。
        • fish and chips（炸鱼薯条）；bread and butter（黄油面包）；ham and eggs（火腿加鸡蛋）；whisky and soda（加苏打水的威士忌）；bacon and eggs（咸肉煎蛋）等等。
      • 有些由两个物件组成的物品，配套使用，也可视为单数意义。
        • a knife and fork（一副刀叉）；a bow and arrow（一副弓箭）；a cup and saucer（一套杯碟）；a cart and horse（一架马车）；a needle and thread（针线）；the wheel and axle（轮轴）；the hammer and sickle（铁锤镰刀旗）；the Stars and Stripes（星条旗）等等。
      • 并列主语and前后如果都有冠词修饰，通常表复数意义；如果只在and前有冠词修饰，一般表单数意义
        • a. The director and the chief engineer are experienced persons. (“厂长和总工程师”指两个人) b. A worker and engineer was present at the meeting. (“一位工人工程师”指同一个人)
      • 还有些并列结构，固定在一起使用，通常表达一个概念，也视为单数意义。 有时因语境的不同，也可能看作复数意义。
        • law and order（法律与秩序）；war and peace（战争与和平）；trial and error（试错法，反复尝试）；iron and steel（钢铁）；blood and iron（铁血政策）；science and technology（科学技术）；sum and substance（实质）；truth and honesty（真诚）；wit and humor（机智与幽默）；all work and no play（只工作不玩耍）；early to bed and early to rise（早睡早起）等等。 a. Science and technology are activities that involve human values. （“科学和技术”指两种人类活动） b. Science and technology is one of the inputs they use. （指笼统的“科技投入”）
      • 由and连接的并列修饰语 + 不可数名词作主语,若相当于省略结构，一般视为复数，否则常视为单数
        • a. American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than British beer. （“美国啤酒和荷兰啤酒”指两种啤酒） b. Simple and plain living is a fine quality. （“生活简朴”是一个概念）
    • 复数意义
      • The fishing and the hunting in Arizona were good that year.
      • Both Tom and his son are scientists。
    • 单数意义
      • Ham and eggs is my favorite food.
      • bread and butter is my favorite food.
    • and连接的并列名词词组带有each，every， many a，no等限定词时，随后的动词常⽤单数
      • Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled to a copy.
      • Every person is unique.
  • 由or/nor/either…or 等连接的并列主语
    • or，nor，either…or，neither…nor，not only…but also等，一般按照就近原则
      • Neither my father or my brothers are coming.
      • Either my sister or my mother is at home
    • 由neither … nor连接的两个单数或不可数名词作主 语，正式语体中，按就近原则用单数；非正式语体中，多依据意义一致用复数。
      • a. Neither she nor Mark was unduly concerned.（正式语体） b. Neither James nor Virginia were at home.（非正式语体）
    • 由either ... or连接的两个单数或不可数名词作主语，正式语体中，遵循就近原则，动词用单数；在非正式语体中，动词间或可以用复数。
      • a. If either David or Janet comes, he or she will want a drink. （正式语体） b. If either David or Janet come, they will want a drink. （非正式语体）
  • 主语+as much as等
    • 主语后有as much as，rather than，more than，no less than等引导的从属结构时，动词形式看主语本⾝的单复数
      • His brother rather than his parents is to blame.
      • My parents as much as my sister are worried about me
  • 主语+as well as等
    • 主语后有as well as，in addition to，with，along with，together with，exceptthan等引导的从属结构时，动词形式看主语本⾝的单复数
      • No one except two girls was late for dinner.
      • The father,together with his sons,was happy enough yesterday.