定语从句

英语定语从句知识梳理，包括它的功能、结构、分类、关系词、定语从句中应注意的问题、确定关系词的步骤等等。

定语从句

• 一 功能：
  • 相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句子中作定语。
• 二 结构：
  • 先行词+关系词引导的定语从句 The subject which I like best is English. 被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。先行词一般为名词或代词。
• 三 分类：
  • 限制性定语从句、非限制性定语从句
    • 1）限制性定语从句是修饰限制先行词的，如果缺少从句句子的意义就不完整或失去意义，主从句关系十分密切。书写时先行词和定语从句之间没有逗号。 The woman that is talking with my mother is my English teacher.
    • 2) 非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明，主句和从句关系不十分密切。如果去掉从句，主句的意义仍然十分清楚。这种定语从句的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是整个主句。书写时要用逗号和整个主句隔开。 My brother, who is a teacher, can speak French well. Tom didn’t pass the exam, which made his parents angry.
• 四 关系代词as引导的定语从句（as可作为关系代词，引导定语从句）
  • 1 限制性定语从句中：用于固定搭配，先行词与such/so/the same连用时，定语从句用as 引导。
    • 1）This is such an easy question as I can answer. (定语从句；as 作宾语) This is such an easy question that I can answer it. （结果状语从句；that不作成分，译为“如此…… 以至于”）
    • 2）在the same...that....句型中的先行词是表示同一人或物 在 the same…as.... 句型中的先行词却表示的是相似的人或事物
  • 2 非限制性定语从句中：往往无固定先行词，as代替整个句子，译为“正如，正像”常常用于固定搭配中 as is well known，as was expected，as we have seen，as we know等等。可位于句首或句中。
  • 注意对比：1）As we all know, Tai Wan belongs to China. 2）Tai Wan belongs to China, as we all know. 3）Tom came late, which made his teacher angry.
    • (1) 位置不同。 as 引导非限定性定语从句位置灵活，可放在主句之前，之中，或之后， which 只能位于主句之后。 (2) 含义不同。 as 引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点，看法，并指出 主句内容的根据和出发点。翻译成“正如，正像”。Which引导的从句在意义上相当与一个并列 句，可以用and this 代替，翻译成“这一点，这件事”。 (3) 结构不同。as 常用于一些固定结构中。 如：as we know; as is known to all; as we all can see; as has been said before/ above; as might be expected; as is often the case等。
• 七 确定关系词的步骤：
  • 一看句中作何用；二看指人还是物；三看介词在何处；四看是否属特殊
  • 需注意的事项
    • （一）只用that 不用which 的情况（指物时）
      • 1．当先行词为不定代词时，eg: all, much, little, few, many, something, anything, everything, none, nothing等时。 All that is needed is a supply of fuel.
      • 2. 当先行词被the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all等词修饰时。 The only thing that impresses me is her directness.
      • 3. 当先行词是形容词最高级 或 它的前面有形容词最高级修饰时 Can you tell me the most beautiful place that you have ever been to ?
      • 4. 当先行词是序数词或它前面有一个序数词时 Is this the second novel that was written by the famous writer?
      • 5. 当先行词是there be 句型中的主语时 There was a factory in Shanghai that makes very good bicycles.
      • 6. 当先行词既有人又有物时 Can you see a man and his horse that are crossing the bridge?
      • 7. 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 This is no longer the place that it used to be.
      • 8. 当主句的主语是疑问词who 或which的特殊疑问句时 Which of the books that you borrowed from the library was lost yesterday?
    • (二) 只用which ,不用that的情况（指物时）
      • 1. 当关系代词前有介词时 Oxygen is an important element without which man can not live.
      • 2. 当非限制性定语从句时 The sun heats the earth, which is very important to the living.
      • 3. 当先行词为that 或those时 What’s that which is bright in the car?
      • 4. 当一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为了避免重复一个用that, 另一个which eg. Please show me the book that you bought from the shop which was opened last month.
    • （三）定语从句中只用who,不用that的情况（指人时）
      • 1. 在there be句子结构中，主语是人时 There are many good teachers in that school who are loved by students.
      • 2. 先行词为代词one, ones, anyone, all, those 指人时 Anyone who breaks the law must be punished.
      • 3. 当句子中有两个定语从句，避免重复时 I admire the teacher that was praised at the conference who teaches in our school.
      • 4. 当先行词为人称代词时 I who am your good friend will try my best to help you.
    • （四）定语从句中只用that不用who的情况（指人时）
      • 1. 当先行词在主句中做表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时 He is not the man that he used to be.
      • 2. 当主句是以who开头的特殊疑问句时 Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
• 六 关系词：
  • 引导定语从句的都称关系词。注意：what 不能引导定语从句。
    • 1）关系代词：在从句中代替先行词，作成分。
    • 注意：
      • 1. whose 在使用时后面必须加名词； whose+n.= of which+the+n/ the+n+ of which This is the book1) whose cover is red. 2) of which the cover is red. 3) the cover of which is red.
      • 2. 当关系代词在从句中作宾语时，可省略。The pen (which) I bought last year was missing.
    • 2）关系副词
    • 注意:
      • 1. 关系副词可以变为介词+which，但不是所有介词+which都相当于关系副词。
      • 2. 当先行词为case, point, stage, condition, situation, circumstances, scene, position等时，从句中不缺少成分（主语或宾语）时，关系副词为where，表示抽象地点。 We’ll see a case where the music could cure people. The case (that/which) she explained was common. (缺少宾语)
• 五 定语从句中应注意的问题
  • 1. 定语从句的谓语动词单复数由先行词决定
  • 2（1）当先行词是way (表方式，作状语)时，关系词常用that/in which或省略。
  • （2）当先行词是time(次/趟)通常用that 或省略；当time作“一段时间”讲时应用关系副词或介词at/during + which 来引导
  • 3. 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句
  • 4. They stayed with me for two weeks, during which time they drank all the beer I had.
  • 5. 避免与并列句相混 There are 60 students, and most of them are boys. There are 60 students, most of whom are boys. There are 60 students. Most of them are students.
  • 6. 插入语问题：在定语从句中有时会出现插入语现象，它不影响定语从句的正常语序及主谓一致。 You should give a ring to Tom first, who I’m afraid/ I think will not come.
  • 7．定语从句的倒装现象：在定语从句中有时候会出现完全倒装语序，以便使句子更加生动，流畅，自然。这种语序常出现以where 或介词+which 所引导的定语从句中。
  • 8. 分隔式定语从句： 先行词与关系词之间被其他成分如介词短语，不定式短语等分开，这种从句 叫做分隔式定语从句。需注意辨别先行词。
  • 9. 注意区别 Is this the school that you visited. Is this school the one you visited.
  • 10.带有定语从句的强调句 It was in the lab which was taken charge of by Professor Zhang that they did the experiment.