Bacon

关于Bacon的思维导图，内容有Francis Bacon、Francis Bacon’ Essay、Of Marriage and Single Life.

Bacon

• Francis Bacon
  • Life
    • Experience
      • Also known as Lord Verulam维鲁拉姆男爵, was an English philosopher and statesman
      • Attorney General总检察长
      • Lord Chancellor of England大法官
      • His works are seen as contributing to the scientific method and remained influential through the later stages of the scientific revolution.
      • The Father of Empiricism
    • Francis Bacon’s parents
      • Mother:Lady Anne Bacon (An English translator)
      • Father：Sir Nicholas Bacon (Lord Keeper of the Great Sealfather)
    • Education
      • Trinity College, Cambridge
      • University of Poitiers
  • Major works
    • Scientific works
      • The Great Instauration《伟大的复兴》
      • Novum Organum (New organ " New Method" ) 《新工具》 Advancement of Learning 《学术的推进》
      • Valerius Terminus: of the Interpretation of Nature《自然的解释》
    • Religious and literary works
      • The New Atlantis 《新大西岛》
      • Essays 《论说文集》
      • The Wisdom of the Ancients 《论古人的智慧》
    • Juridical works
      • The Elements of the Common Laws of England
      • Maxims of the Law
      • Cases of Treason
  • Major contribution
    • Baconian method—— inductive methodologies 归纳法
      • Francis Bacon, considered the 'father of empiricism', turned deduction upside down through his scientific method, which took an experimental approach based heavily on inductive reasoning, or testing ideas and eliminating them when there wasn't enough evidence to support them.
  • Achievements
    • The founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science.
    • In 1597, he published his first essay and became England’s first essayist.
• Francis Bacon’ Essay
  • Essay:A short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject or simply to entertain.
  • Stylistic qualities of Bacon's essays
    • Conciseness
    • Brevity
    • Simplicity
    • Forcefulness
    • Rhythm and Coherence
    • Aphoristic style
  • THEMES
    • Worldly wisdom.
    • Ethical qualities.
    • Government.
    • State.
    • science.
  • Number
    • The original edition included 10 essays
    • A much-enlarged second edition appeared in 1612 with 38
    • Another, under the title Essayes or Counsels, Civil and Morall, was published in 1625 with 58 essays.
• Of Marriage and Single Life
  • Persuade people to get married
    • The feature
    • Different types of single men
    • Comparison
    • Conclusion Good VS Bad husbands
  • Why marriage is important?
    • wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity”
    • “Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses”
  • When One should Marry？
    • “A young man not yet, an older man not at all.” (82)
    • Thales of Miletus rejected marriage by telling his mother that he was too young to marry. When he faced the same question later, he said he was too old to marry (Pitcher 82n12).
    • This means a young man who cannot control his desires to a certain extent is not eligible for marriage. Because marriage is not only about fulfilling one’s physical hunger, rather it is about maintaining a friendship and being loyal to a person, and taking responsibility.
    • An old man whose time for marriage has gone should not marry; because he might put himself but also his wife in trouble. He might have maturity but will not have the zeal to continue the spark in a relationship. As a result, his marriage would be a disaster.
• Words
  • mischief n. 损害，伤害。动词搭配有“ do your self a mischief” 伤害自己，“ make mischief with” 挑拨离间，在这里使用到了“ of+n=adj.”的用法，意思是“不管是高尚的事业还是卑劣的”。当我们自己在写作时想要表达“不管，无论”的意思时，第一反应是no matter，这里也提供了一个替换表达 “either or
  • • proceed v. ～to do "继续"是其基本意思。这里的"proceed from"是熟词稀义，意思是"源自某物"，同义词有：originate from，find root in，derive from，stem from等。
  • endow 捐赠，～sb with sth有两个意思，一个是"用什么给谁捐赠"，另一个是"使具有某种品质"。
    • 如：Her resistance to the Nationalists endowed her with legendary status.
  • • transmit v "传递，传播"，搭配是transmit sth (from sb / sth) to sb / sth
  • • hostage n. 本意是人质这里“ hostages to fortune “ 可能招致后患的承诺”not be held hostage to our past.我们的国家必须要摆脱昔日的束缚。
  • • lead 大家熟知的意思是“领导，导致”的意思，但在这里的词组“lead a normal / quiet / busy etc life” 意思是过某种生活。
  • • though yet 我们都知道though/although，不能与不同连用，但需要注意的是他们其实可以和yet连用，同样表示虽然但是的意思。
  • • account （as）“把什么视为什么”，同样的搭配有：regard，consider，view，deem
  • impertinent [ɪmˈpɜ:tɪnənt] “不敬的，无理的”（rude and not respectful, especially to someone who is older or more important）在这里引申为“不相干的”，名次形式是impertinence。
  • covetous [ˈkʌvətəs]adj “贪婪的”（having a very strong desire to have something that someone else has）动词是covet。
  • abatement [ə'beɪtmənt]n “减少，减轻”（ a reduction in something harmful or unpleasant）动词形式是abate，可替换decrease，alleviate，reduce，但要注意abate重在对负面东西的减少，如noise/pollution abatement
  • • discipline n. “管教，训练” 单单把这个中文意思带入原文理解，我们并不能理解其含义，该词的英文含义是：a way of training someone so that they learn to control their behaviour and obey rules，所以控制是该词的核心。
  • • hardhearted adj. 硬心肠的（not caring about other people's feelings）同义词flint-hearted指“铁⽯⼼肠的”。flint作名词是“打⽕⽯”的意思。
  • • inquisitor “审判官” 该词从基本意思“询问者” 来（ someone who is asking you a lot of difficult questions and making you feel very uncomfortable）含贬义
  • 。• call upon= call on "呼吁，短暂到访"，这里的意思应理解成“他们并不经常表现善意”
  • • Chaste [tʃeɪst] adj. “贞洁的，忠贞的”，同义词有chastity和指宗教上的独身celibate。
  • • froward ['frəʊwd] adj. “难驾驭的，固执的”
  • • presume on “利用”（to unfairly ask someone for more than you should, because they are your friend, are generous etc）在这里可以理解为利用她们贞洁的好处 常见搭配是 presume on / upon sb’s friendship/generosity
  • • have a quarrel “有理由，有根据做某事”，quarrel也可指“抱怨某人〔事物〕的原因或理由”，此处引申为结婚的理由。
  • • reputed adj. be reputed to be / do sth “据说的”（according to what some people say, but not definitely）如：She is reputed to be extremely wealthy.
  • · make good “赔偿，补偿”， 如：She promised to make good the damage. 她答应赔偿损失。
  • ·folly n. ~ (to do sth) “愚蠢的想法（或事情、行为） [ˈfɒli]