导图社区 形容词和副词
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编辑于2020-02-18 16:17:04专题七.形容词和副词
考点一 形容词和副词的基本用法
1.形容词的基本用法
【拓展】 形容词的其他用法 (1)“the+形容词”表示一类人或物,eg:the old 老人。 (2)数量词+表示长、宽、高、深以及年龄的名词+形容词,eg:five thousand metres long 5千米长。 (3)形容词常用句式: ①“It’s+adj.+of+sb.+to do sth.” 表示“某人做某事是……的”。在这一句型中,常用描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词,eg: good, kind, nice, polite, clever, foolish, lazy, careful等。 ②“It’s+adj.+for+sb.+to do sth.” 表示“做某事对某人来说是……的”。在这一句型中,常用描述事物性质的形容词,eg: easy, difficult, important, safe, dangerous等。
2.副词的基本用法
【拓展】 (1)程度副词一般放在所修饰的词前,但enough作副词时,通常放在被修饰词的后面。 He didn’t work hard enough last term but now he works very hard. 上学期他学习不够努力,但现在他学习非常努力。 (2)副词的构成 [注意] 有些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而非副词, eg:lonely, lovely, friendly, motherly。
考点2 形容词与副词三种级别的变化规则
1.规则变化
2. 不规则变化: 口诀助记:两多,两好,两坏病,一老,一少,远距离。具体变化见下表:
考点3 动词与形容词和副词的搭配
系动词后接形容词,其他动词后接副词。形容词一般是没有-ly, 副词一般是有-ly, 特殊情况除外。初中所学的系动词可以归纳为:6官(look, seem, smell, taste, sound, feel); 4变(turn变色,get变温,be / become变成,go变质 );4句型(make, find, think, keep / stay)。具体举例如下: ①The mountain looks so beautiful. 这山看起来真漂亮。 ②He seems energetic. In fact he is tired. 他看起来很有活力。实际上他累了。 ③The dish smells good and tastes delicious. 这道菜闻起来很香,尝起来美味。 ④The music sounds soft. Whenever he hears it, he feels happy and relaxed. 这音乐听起来柔和,无论他什么时候听,他都感到开心和放松。 ⑤When he heard his teacher’s words, his face turned red at once. 当他听到老师的话,他的脸马上变红了。 ⑥Summer comes, it is getting hotter and hotter. 夏天来了,天气变得越来越热。 ⑦Jim was / became happy again after his father’s visit. 吉姆在他爸爸来看望之后再次高兴起来。 ⑧If you don’t put the food in the fridge, it will go bad easily. 如果你不把食物放入冰箱,它就容易变质。 ⑨What he said made me happy. 他所说的话使我高兴。 ⑩He found / thought it easy to learn English. 他发现/认为学英语很容易。 ⑪We should keep our classroom clean. 我们应该保持教室干净。 ⑫We must try our best to keep / stay healthy. 我们必须尽力保持健康。 ⑬Don’t write so carelessly, your teacher won’t be happy. 不要写得这么粗心,你的老师会不高兴的。 ⑭All the students played games with their teacher happily. 所有学生都高兴地与老师玩游戏。
考点4 形容词与副词三个级别的选用
1. 没有东西相比,用原级;两者相比,用比较级;三者或三者以上相比,用最高级。eg:This story book is interesting. (没比较,原级) This story book is more interesting than that one. (两者比,比较级) This story book is the most interesting of the three books. (三者比,最高级)
2. 三个级别的基本句型: 原 级: ①very, so, too, quite, rather + 原级 The man is very (so, quite, rather) kind. 这个男人是非常(如此,相当,十分)仁慈的。 It’s too cold outside. Come in please. 外面太冷。请进来吧。 ②as + 原级 + as, not as(so) + 原级 + as He is as tall as his brother. 他与他哥哥一样高。 Lesson 1 is not as(so) difficult as Lesson 2. 第1课不如第2课难。 ③原级 + enough He is not old enough to go to school. 他不够年纪上学。
比较级:①比较级 + than Health is more important than wealth. 健康比财富更重要。 The green coat is less expensive than the red one. 绿色大衣比红色大衣更便宜。 ②far, much, a lot, a little, a bit, even, still + 比较级 Li Jun is far (much, a lot) stronger than Li Ming. 李军比李明强壮得多。 I am a little (a bit) younger than Lucy. 我比露西年轻一点点。 Jack and I want to lose weight. After some time I am still fatter than before. Jack is even fatter than before. 杰克和我想减肥。过了一段时间我仍然比以前胖。杰克甚至比以前更胖。 ③比较级+and+比较级,表示“越来越……” Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. 我们国家正变得越来越强。 She grows taller and taller. 她长得越来越高。 注:more and more+原级(多音节词) ④the + 比较级+句子,the + 比较级+句子,表示“某人(物,事)越……,某人(物,事)就越……” The harder you study, the better you will be at your lessons. 你学习越努力,你的功课就越好。 The more we get together, the happier we’ll be. 我们在一起越多,我们就越开心。 “特殊疑问词+be/V.+形容词比较级, A or B?” Which is bigger, the earth or the moon? 哪一个大,地球还是月球? Who draws better, Jenny or Danny?谁画得比较好,詹妮还是丹尼?
最高级:①the + 最高级 + of .../in ... /among ... Lisa runs the fastest in her class. 丽莎在她班上跑得最快。 Jordan is the most famous player of all the basketball players. 乔丹是所有篮球运动员中最闻名的。 This picture is the most beautiful among these. 这幅画是这些画中最漂亮的。 ②one of + the + 最高级 + 名词复数Tom is one of the best football players in his school. 汤姆是他学校里最好的足球运动员之一。 ③the+序数词+最高级 he Yellow River is the second longest river in China. 黄河是中国第二长的河流。
考点5 注意
1. 比较级前面一般没有定冠词the,但遇到以下句型时要用the。eg: ①He is the heavier of the two boys. 他是两个男孩子中更重的那个。 ②Lily is the cleverer of the twins. 莉莉是双胞胎中更聪明的那个。
2. 最高级的句型有时可以用比较级句型表示,但要注意搭配。具体如下: Shanghai is the largest city in China. 上海是中国最大的城市。 =Shanghai is larger than any other city (any other + 单数) in China. (上海和其他城市都属于中国,同范围) =Shanghai is larger than the other cities (the other + 复数) in China. (上海和其他城市都属于中国,同范围)
注:Shanghai is larger than any city (any + 单数) in Indian. 上海比印度的任何城市都要大。(这里上海是中国的,而其他城市是印度的,所以它们的范围不同)
考点6 几组常用词的区别
1. already 与yet 两者均表示“已经”,用于现在完成时,already用于肯定句,yet用于否定句和疑问句的句末。 (1)I have already come, but she hasn’t come yet. (2)Have you had your lunch yet?
2. also, too, either, as well 四者都表示“也”。also 用于句中;too用于肯定句句末,前有逗号;either用于否定句句末,前有逗号;as well 用于句末,前面没有逗号。 (1)They went to see the movie. We also went to see the movie. (2)He likes apples. I like apples,too. (3)If you don’t go to the park, I won’t,either. (4)He is a scientist. I am a scientist as well.
3. hard和hardly hard 作形容词表示“硬的”,作副词表示“努力,猛烈地”;hardly是一个否定词,表示“几乎不”。 (1)To get good grades, he works very ___________. (2)The floor is so _________ that I feel uncomfortable. (3)It’s raining hard. I can __________ see the things in front of me. hard hard hardly
4. sometimes, some times, sometime, some time sometimes表示“有时”,用于一般现在时;some times表示“几次,几倍”,多数用于现在完成时;sometime表示“某时”,用于过去时或将来时;some time表示“一段时间”,用于将来时和现在完成时。 (1)Sometimes he goes to school on foot. (2)I have been to Guilin some times so far. (3)Will you come to see me some time next week? (4)I will stay in Guangzhou for some time.
5. alone和lonely alone: adj. “单独的,独自的”; adv. “独立地”(常用词组:do sth. alone 单独做某事)。 lonely: adj. “(精神上的)孤独的,寂寞的,荒凉的,偏僻的”。 (1)She can finish her work alone. (2)He is new here. He has few friends , so he always feel lonely. (3)Tom’s grandpa lives alone in a lonely house, but he never feels lonely.
6. So(Neither) do I 和So I do “So(Neither)+助动词+主语”句型表示“某人(物)也一样(不一样)”,So 用于肯定,Neither 用于否定。 eg:(1)Tom has finished his homework. So has Lucy. (露西也一样) (2)She doesn’t learn swimming. Neither do I. (我也没学) 而“So+主语+助动词”句型表示“某人(物)确实如此”。 eg:—He is an honest boy. 他是一个老实的男孩。 —So he is. 是的,他真的是。
注意:两种句型的判断主要是两个短句主语是否指同一个人(物),指同一个人(物)时用的是“So+主语+助动词”句型,指不同人(物)时用“So(Neither)+助动词+主语”句型。 如:(3)—Mary went to plant trees last Saturday. —_____________________. (约翰也去了) (4)—Mary worked very hard. —____________________. (她确实很努力) So did john. So she did.
形容词用于修饰名词和代词,表示人或事物的性质和特征;副词既可修饰动词,又可修饰形容词和其他副词,甚至整个句子。