导图社区 英语语法思维导图
英语语法思维导图,如复杂句:主句+从句,用关系词将简单句连接起来的句子 eg: That girl who dressed in white is my best friend.
编辑于2023-05-27 19:12:19 广东动词
谓语动词
不及物动词
主语+谓语
单及物动词
主语+谓语+宾语
双及物动词
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
复杂及物动词
又叫完全及物动词,可分为认定动词(consider...)、使役动词(make...)、任命动词(elect...)
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
系动词
主语+系动词+主语补语/表语
简单句
非谓语动词
动词的非限定形式,可以在句中充当除谓语动词以外的其它句子成分,如:主语、宾语、表语、 补语、定语和状语。 Ⅰ. 作主语,不定式和动名词都能作主语,但分词不可以。 ① 不定式一般表示具体的一次性动作,而动名词则表示一般或抽象的多次动作。 eg: Not being tall should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work. (非谓语动词的否定式要直接在非谓语动词前加not,动名词表示一贯性动作,不定式表示具体的一次性动作) ②二者都可以用来代替作形式主语,但在含有no,less 等否定词里,常用动名词作真正的主语。 eg: It's useless talking with her. It's no good discussing with her. ③如果主语和表语都是非谓语动词,二者应该保持同样的形式,同为不定式或同为动名词。 eg:Seeing is believing./To see is to believe. Ⅱ .作宾语,不定式和动名词都能作宾语,但分词不可以。 ①有些动词后只能接动名词。 eg:abandon,admit,advocate,acknowledge,enjoy,appreciate,risk,pardon,resist,forgive,mind,tolerate,suggest等。 ②有些动词后只能接不定式。 eg:aim,ask,agree,claim,endeavor,fail,long,pretend,plan,refuse,tend,prepare,volunteer等。 ③有些动词后既能接动名词又能加不定式,这时意思差别不大,差别主要在于不定式表示具体的一次性动作,而动名词则表示抽象的或习惯性的多次动作。 eg:love,like,hate,begin,start等. ④有些动词既能加动名词又能加不定式,但此时意思差别较大。doing既然指的是做过的事,意味着它没难度,做这件事不需要什么目标和决心;to do既然指的是还没做的事,意味着它有难度,做这件事需要有目标和决心。 eg:try,remember,forget,stop,regret等。 try to do sth尽力去做某事 stop doing 停止做某事 try doing sth尝试做某事 stop to do 停下来去做某事 continue (go on) doing 继续做同一件事 forget doing 忘记做过某事 continue (go on) to do 继续做另一件事 forget to do 忘记去做某事 remember doing 记得做过某事 regret doing sth 后悔做过某事 remember to do 记得去做某事 regret to do sth 对做某事感到遗憾 Ⅲ .作补足语,现在分词,过去分词和不定式均可作主语/宾语补足语,但表达意义不同,现在分词表示主动意义或动作正在进行,过去分词表示被动意义或动作已经完成,不定式表示动作将要发生。 eg:I heard someone singing this song.(主动唱歌) I heard my name called.(名字被叫) He asked me to get in touch with her.(将要联系) Ⅳ. 作定语,四者皆可。 ① 不定式常作名词的后置定语。 eg:I have a lot of time to use. ② 动名词常作名词的前置定语,描述名词性质、功能、用途。 eg:He may be in the reading rome. ③ 一些可作形容词的现在分词常用作前置定语,描述名词状态。此外,一些现在分(短语)可用在名词后作定语,相当于一个定语从句。 eg:Here is a van stopping outside. ④很多表示情绪的过去分词以及一些其它类型的过去分词可用作定语。 eg:She could hear his agitated voice. Ⅴ.作状语,不定式和分词皆可作状语 ①二者表示原因,方式,让步,结果等。而一般不定式常作目的状语,分词表示时间或伴随状况。 eg:He came to see me. Singing a song, they came into the classroom. ②当不定式和分词有了自己的主语(与主句主语不同,但与主句的主语有逻辑关系)通常作状语,表伴随、原因、时间等。 eg:We divided the work,he to clean the table and I move the box. Time permitting,we will have a meeting. ③分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语应保持一致,避免既不带自己的主语,又不以句子的主语作为自己的逻辑主语的分词短语。 eg:Hearing the terrible news,her eyes filled with tears. ④非谓语作状语时,若要使用其否定形式,则需要将否定词放在整个非谓语动词结构前。
现在分词
动名词
过去分词
不定式
To do 不定式有三个形态 to do, to be doing以及to have done,这三个形态也都有各自的被动形态to be done, to be being done和to have been done.这三个不定时的区别,主要是不定式动作和谓语动作发生的顺序,以及形式to have done表示动作在谓语动作之前先发生。I regret to have done it. 做这件事在先,后悔在后。to be doing表同时发生,同时不定式动作有进行的意味,It’s nice to be talking with you. talking 在进行的同时,is也发生了,和你一直聊天很开心。to do相对多用一点,有时候表示和谓语同时发生,有时候表示在谓语以后发生。I am sorry to tell you the truth ,先sorry然后tell事实,很抱歉我要告诉你这个事实。It’s nice to meet you ,同时发生,见到你很高兴,但没有进行的意味。题主提的是被动,原理一样。揣摩It’s nice to meet you.(刚见面)it’s nice to be meeting you.(交谈中)it’s nice to have met you.(交谈结束) 表目的,将来,原因,结果
to do(be done)
to be doing (being done)
to have done (have been done)
不定式的完成时表示动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
独立主格结构
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词 The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。 2. 名词(代词)+过去分词 The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。 3. 名词(代词)+不定式 Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来,我们将把会议推迟到下周。 4. 名词(代词)+介词短语 The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。 5. 名词(代词)+形容词或副词 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。 6. There being +名词(代词) There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。 7. It being +名词(代词) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息。 注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。独立主格结构没有所有格形式。
关系词
关系代词
关系副词
助动词
本领
动作时间
过去
现在
将来
过去将来
动作状态
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
时态
一般过去时
+动词过去式(通常在动词原形后加ed,还有不规则变化) 动作已经发生了,但看不出习惯动作,用短语used to 表过去常常做某事
一般现在时
+动词原形 +动词的第三人称单数形式(s/es) ① 表达事实 eg:The sun rises in the east. ② 表达习惯 eg: I play basketball. ③ 表示预计发生的事 eg: The bus leaves at 8.p.m. tonight.
一般将来时
助动词will +动词原形 说话者十分确定 eg: The sun will rise again tomorrow.
一般过去将来时
would+动词原形/be的变位+going to +动词原形 eg: I said I would eat a carrot for lunch. I said I was going to eat a carrot for lunch.
过去进行时
助动词be的变位+动词的现在分词
现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作 be doing(通常动词原形+ing,不规律变化) eg:I am listening to the radio. 有时可表示将来,常见的有arrive\come\go\leave\travel等。 eg:We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 现在进行时与always,forever,constantly,continually等连用,表示说话者的某种情绪。 eg:He is always complaining.
将来进行时
过去将来进行时
过去完成时
现在完成时
将来完成时
过去将来完成时
过去将来完成进行
现在完成进行
表示一个动作发生在过去,一直延续到说话的时刻。这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能继续延续下去。常和表示一段时间的状语使用。 have/has been doing eg:I have been learning English for two years.(现在还在学)
将来完成进行
过去将来完成进行
动作语气
陈述语气
祈使语气
虚拟语气
与事实相反的虚拟条件句(if)
和过去事实相反
条件句的谓语动词用“had done”,主句的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+have done” eg: If he had known it,he would have told me.(事实上,他不知道)
和现在事实相反
条件句中的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were),主句的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形” eg: If I were you, I would eat it.(但我不可能是你)
和将来事实相反
描述将来很小可能性的动作/事件。 条件句的谓语动词用should do/were to do/动词的过去式,主句的谓语动词用would/should/could/might+动词原形。 eg:If she should encounter any difficulty in her life, her sister would help her out。(表示对将来情况的推测)
错综时间条件句
主句与从句的动作发生时间不一致 eg:If only the patient had received a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics,he might still be alive now. 主句表示与现在事实相反,从句表示与过去事实相反。
含蓄条件句
Much as I would have liked to, I couldn't lend him the money bacause I simply didn't have that much spare cash.
表希望
wish引导
①与过去事实相反,从句的谓语动词“had +过去分词”或“would/could+have done"(be用were). eg:I wish I had forgotten it. ②与现在事实相反,从句的谓语动词用过去式(be用were) eg:I wish I were a bird. ③表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“would/should/could/might+动词原形” eg:I wish I could fly.
had hoped
表示过去未实现的愿望,即“本来希望”,从句的谓语动词用“would+动词原形”。 eg:I had hoped that she would answer my phone.
would rather/sooner/as soon
接省略that的从句,表示“希望”或“但愿、情愿、宁愿”,从句用一般过去时表示现在或将来的愿望,用过去完成时表示过去的愿望。 eg:I'd rather you had not won that game.
在表示建议、命令、要求等动词后
谓语动词常用“should +动词原形”should 可以省略。 一坚持 insist 二命令 order command 三建议 suggest advise propose 四要求 ask demand require request 当以名词的形式出现时,后面的同位语从句仍然要用虚拟语气。
在包含一些形容词以及其对应的名词的句子中
在包含important,necessary,proper,imperative,essential,advisable等的形容词以及其名词对应的主语从句/表语从句/同位语从句中,谓语动词形式为“(should)+动词原形” eg: It's necessary that he (should) realize his situation. His sole requirement was that the system work.
as if/as though引导的状语从句
①表示与现在事实相反,从句的谓语动词用过去式(be用were) eg:Alice talks as if she were innocent. ②表示与过去事实相反,从句的谓语动词用“had done" eg:The animal was walking as though it had hurt its leg. ③表示将来发生的可能性不大,从句的谓语动词用”would +动词原形“ eg:The manager has been making his speech as if the meeting would never end.
情态动词用于虚拟语气
could/would have done本能做却未做 eg:He could/would have finished it on time, but he was ill that day. (虚拟) could/would not have done本不能做却做了 should / ought to have done本该做而实际上没做 eg:You should / ought to have done this exercise more carefully. (表责备) should/ought to not have done 本不该做却做了 eg:You should't / oughtn't to have told her the truth. (表责备) need have done needn't have done表示过去做了某事,但本没必要做 must have done might have done
否定、情感...
复合句
用连接词将简单句连接起来的句子。 eg: The rabbit like eat carrots and jump on the grass.
复杂句
主句+从句,用关系词将简单句连接起来的句子 eg: That girl who dressed in white is my best friend.
定语从句
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
状语从句
时间状语从句
地点状语从句
原因状语从句
结果状语从句
让步状语从句
①though、although、even if、even though 引导让步状语从句。 eg:Although he is a socialist, Mr.Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class. 注:though, although引导让步状语从句,不能加but. ②as引导让步状语从句,从句的表语、状语或从句中谓语的实义动词要提到从句句首。如果动词原形提前放在句首,从句的谓语要补加助动词do/does/did/will 等。 eg: Difficult as it was, they finished it in time. Fail as he did, he would never give up. 注:作表语的单数可数名词放在从句句首时,该名词前不可加冠词。 eg: Child as he is, he knows much about the society. ③while 引导让步状语从句,表示“尽管,虽然",表达并列的转折,即主句与从句的动作是在同一时间发生的。 eg:While I felt sympathy for her, I could not do much to help. ④no matter 与how/what/when/where等疑问词连用,或上述疑问词加ever都可以引导让步状语从句。 eg:No matter what/Whatever what you do, I won't tell you my secret. No matter how/However sly a fox may be, it's no match for a good hunter. 注:no matter how/however 引导让步状语从句时,词后面需要跟其修饰的形容词或副词。
条件状语从句
比较状语从句
方式状语从句
名词性从句
主语从句
宾语从句
表语从句
同位语从句
词性
名词
动词
冠词
代词
形容词
数词
副词
介词
叹词
连词
句子成分
主语
谓语动词
宾语
宾语
宾语补语
主语补语
定语
同位语
状语