英语语法——独立主格结构

英语中的独立主格结构一直是一个难点和易考点。如果能够理解独立主格结构，会对英语有更深一步的理解，更够帮助我们更好地学习好英语，理解和掌握好英语这一语言。在本图中，还引入了流水句(粘着句)和逗号句的概念，用心去理解这两个知识点，对英语一定会有更深的理解！一定会感到耳目一新的！

独立主格结构

• 定义
  • 非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
• 功能
  • 立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。
  • 分类
    • 表示时间
      • • The meeting being over, all of us went home.
          • 表主动
        • Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.
          • 表被动
    • 表示条件
      • The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
    • 表示原因
      • There being no taxis, we had to walk.
    • 表示伴随
      • Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
    • 注：
      • 独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末。
      • 表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
• 构成
  • 前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。
  • • 名词/代词 + 分词
      • • 名词/代词 + 现在分词
          • • 名词/代词与现在分词之间是主动关系(表示主动和正在进行)
            • Eg
              • The girl staring at him, he didn't know what to say.
                • =As the girl stared at him
              • Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
                • =If time permits
        • 名词/代词 + 过去分词
          • • 名词/代词与现在分词之间是被动关系(表示主动和已完成)
            • Eg
              • The problems solved, the quality has been improved.
                • =As the problems were solved
              • Her glasses broken, she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
                • =Because her glasses were broken
    • 名词/代词 + 不定式
      • 表示将要发生的动作。名词/代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
      • Eg
        • He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
        • They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the book store.
    • 名词/代词 + 形容词
      • 常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态
      • Eg
        • An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
        • So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
    • 名词/代词 + 介词短语
      • 常用来说明名词或代词的性质、特征或所处的状态
      • Eg
        • The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.
        • Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
    • 名词/代词 + 名词
      • Eg
        • His first shot failure, he fired again.
        • Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
    • with/without引导
      • with/without + 名词/代词 + 形容词
        • Eg
          • With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
          • She came into the classroom, with her nose red becuase of cold.
      • with/without + 名词/代词 + 副词
        • Eg
          • The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
          • With the meal over, we all went home.
      • with/without + 名词/代词 + 介词短语
        • Eg
          • He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.
          • The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
      • with/without + 名词/代词 + 动词不定式
        • Eg
          • The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
          • Without nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops.
      • with/without + 名词 + 分词
        • • with/without + 名词 + 现在分词
            • Eg
              • She fell asleep with the light burning.
              • Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
          • with/without + 名词 + 过去分词
            • Eg
              • With this problem solved, I went home.
              • With the key lost, she could not enter the room.
      • 注：在with/without的复合结构中，多数情况下with能省略，但是without不能省略。
    • 其它
      • There being + 名词/代词
        • Eg
          • There being nothing else to do, we went home.
          • There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
      • It being + 名词/代词
        • Eg
          • It being Christams, the government offices were closed.
          • It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
• 特点
  • 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
  • 名词或代词与后面的名词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系或动宾关系。
  • 独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
• 注意事项
  • 独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构代替状语从句，且不再保留连词。
    • Eg
      • After class was over, the students soon left the classroom.
        • =Class being over/Class over
  • 不能省略being/having been的情形
    • • 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时
        • Eg
          • It being Sunday, we went to church.
      • There being句型中
        • Eg
          • There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
  • 在“名词/代词 + 介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
    • Eg
      • Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.
      • Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.
• 错句展示
  • Mary was sitting near the fire, her back is towards the door.
  • 逗号前面的两个句子都是独立的，故无法直接使用逗号连接，可以将后一个句子改为独立主格结构方可使用。
  • Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
• 两句的连接方法
  • 破折号
  • 冒号
  • 分号
  • 连词
  • 关系词
  • 特别注意
    • run-on sentences & comma splices
      • Run-on sentences and comma splices occur when tow compete thoughts are combined incorrectly.
      • 分类
        • run-on sentences(粘着句；流水句)
          • Kerry loves to play the guitar she is a wonderful musician.
          • Note: It needs a comma and a conjunction, or it needs a semicolon or a full stop.
          • Corrected
            • Kerry loves to play the guitar; she is a wonderful musician.
            • Kerry loves to play the guitar, and she is a wonderful musician.
            • Kerry loves to play the guitar. She is a wonderful musician.
        • comma splices(逗号句)
          • Jeff likes sports, he coaches soccer in his spare time.
          • Note: A coordinating conjunction is needed after the existing comma, or the comma should be changed to a semicolon or a full stop.
          • Corrected
            • Jeff likes sports; he coaches soccer in his spare time.
            • Jeff likes sports, and he coaches soccer in his spare time.
            • Jeff likes sports. He coaches soccer in his spare time.
      • 逗号无法连接两个独立的句子，若需连接，需使用分号或逗号加连词，或直接将逗号改为句号，后一个单词首字母大写，再或使用独立主格结构(适用于部分句子)。