why does listening seem so difficult?
Characteristics of the listening process
4 principles for teaching listening
combine listening with other skills
focus on the comprehension of meaning
grade difficult level appropriately
Models of for teaching listening
bottom-up model
start with sound and meaning recognitions
top-down model
listening for gist and making use of the contextual clues and background
Three teaching stages
Pre-listening
listening for specific information
Post-listening
multiple - choice questions
note-taking and gap-filling