导图社区 python语法

python语法

Python解释器易于扩展，可以使用C或C++（或者其他可以通过C调用的语言）扩展新的功能和数据类型。 Python 也可用于可定制化软件中的扩展程序语言。Python丰富的标准库，提供了适用于各个主要系统平台的源码或机器码。

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编辑于2021-04-26 14:34:07

18811797692

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python语法
Python解释器易于扩展，可以使用C或C++（或者其他可以通过C调用的语言）扩展新的功能和数据类型。 Python 也可用于可定制化软件中的扩展程序语言。Python丰富的标准库，提供了适用于各个主要系统平台的源码或机器码。

python语法

社区模板帮助中心，点此进入>>

18811797692

他的近期作品查看更多>>

python语法
Python解释器易于扩展，可以使用C或C++（或者其他可以通过C调用的语言）扩展新的功能和数据类型。 Python 也可用于可定制化软件中的扩展程序语言。Python丰富的标准库，提供了适用于各个主要系统平台的源码或机器码。

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蒋龙

python

语法 >

...

换行

()

\ 字符串内换行

操作符

+ * [] [::] in

...

input

print(string,sep=' ',end='\n')

列表字典集合 × 推导式

123_456_789

__weakref__

__dict__ = None

__spec__

get - set 类型检查 - ...

语言特性

迭代器

Iterator

Iterable

__iter__() - __getitem__()

__iter__() - __reversed__()

iter() - reversed()

Iterator

next(iterable,None)

__next__

StopIteration

生成器 generator

yield

yield from

__getitem__()

String

zip() - chain()

itertools

islice

start,end - None -1×

chain

装饰器

decorator

例

备忘录

保存元数据

__name__

__doc__

__module__

__defaults__

__closure__ -> cell

[0].cell_contents

@typeassert

...

functools

@wraps(func) - update_wrapper(wrapper,func,(替换),(更新:dict))

wrapper_assignments - wrapper_updates

module name doc - dict

decorator

wrapper

classmethod staticmethod

带参 - 装饰器工厂

foo(args)(func)

可修改 - wrapper.set()

nonlocal

python2 - [] ???

* ** zip()

版本新特性

@ __loader__ >

Meta path import for built-in modules.

All methods are either class or static methods to avoid the need to instantiate the class.

create_module

exec_module

find_module

find_spec

get_code

get_source

is_package

load_module

module_repr -> inspect

mro

assert ,

x if t1 else y if t2 else z

标准库 >

@ 内置 >

函数 >

help

str repr

ascii

ord - chr

memoryview

bytes bytearray (,encoding)

format

hash id

int float complex

bin oct hex

bool

all any

list tuple dict

set frozenset

max min sum(l,start)

pow abs divmod round

input print(,/,sep,end) open

breakpoint

compile

eval - exec : (,g,l)

__import__

迭代

len

range

enumerate

zip - zip(*)

[slice]

sorted

(,key=func,reverse)

iter

__iter__() - __getitem()__

reversed

StopIteration

filter map reduce

(func,iter)

reduce - functools

staticmethod

classmethod

property

@property

def x()

@x.setter

@x.deleter

property(fget,fset,fdel,doc)

hasattr

getattr

setattr

delattr

callable

isinstance - issubclass

locals globals vars dir

super

object

type

(className,(),{})

异常 >

BaseException

Exception

ArithmeticError

FloatingPointError

OverflowError

ZeroDivisionError

AssertionError

LookupError

IndexError

KeyError

RuntimeError

NotImplementedError

RecursionError

OSError

< 3.3

EnvironmentError

IOError

WindowsError

SyntaxError

IndentationError

TabError

SystemError

ImportError

ModuleNotFoundError

NameError

ReferenceError

TypeError

AttributeError

ValueError

UnicodeError

UnicodeDecodeError

UnicodeEncodeError

UnicodeTranslateError

StatisticsError

Warning

DeprecationWarning

PendingDeprecationWarning

UserWarning

keyword >

kwlist

iskeyword()

constants >

True False

None

NotImplemented

Ellipsis

__debug__

quit

exit

credits

license

py_compile >

compile()

compileall >

compile_dir()

文本

string >

capwords() - ' '

Template

("$var $$")

substitute({})

safe_substitute() - 保留$var

"%(var) %%" % {}

"{var} {{}}".format(**{})

(Template)

delimiter

idpattern - pattern

Formatter - format()

const

printable

ascii_letters

ascii_lowercase

ascii_uppercase

digits

hexdigits

octdigits

punctuation

whitespace

textwrap >

fill(s,width,/,initial_indent,subsequent_indent)

dedent() - min

indent(,prefix,predicate)

shorten(,width,placeholder="[...]")

@ re >

func

compile

match

findall

sub

subn

split

特殊字符

. \d\D \s\S \w\W

^ $ \A \Z

* + ？{m,n}

[] |

()

aiLmsux

ascll

ignorecase

locale

multiline

dotall

verbose

< = !

P <>

中文 - [\u4e00-\u9fa5]

双字节 - [^\x00-\xff]

difflib >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/difflib.html#module-difflib .

class

SequenceMatcher

(isjunk,a,b,autojunk)

set_seqs()

set_seq1()

set_seq2()

find_longest_match(,,,,)

get_matching_blocks()

get_opcodes()

replace delete insert equal

get_grouped_opcodes(n)

ratio()

quick_ratio()

real_quick_ratio()

Differ

(linejunk,charjunk)

compare(,)

- + ' ' ?

HtmlDiff

make_file()

make_table()

func

context_diff()

get_close_matches(,l,/,n,cutoff)

ndiff()

restore(,1/2)

unified_diff()

diff_bytes()

bool

IS_LINE_JUNK()

IS_CHARACTER_JUNK()

数据结构

enum >

Enum

类变量 - 实例

.key

[key]

(value)

name

value

int

(,)

{}

for in

__members__

_generate_next_value_(name,start,count,last_values)

@unique

Enum(,'x x')

(IntEnum) - 有序

Flag

IntFlag

auto()

@ collections

ChainMap >

maps -> [{:},]

new_child() - 前插入

Counter >

([]/{:})

update()

elements() - 无序

most_common(n)

+ - & |

defaultdict >

(func,{:})

deque >

(maxlen=)

appendleft() extendleft() popleft()

rotate() 负左

namedtuple >

(className,'. .',/,rename)

_fields - rename to _0

_asdict() -> OrderedDict

_replace(key=value)

OrderedDict >

3.x+ dict 顺序确定

move_to_end(key,last)

abc >

Container

Hashable

Iterable

Iterator

Generator

Sized

Callable

Sequence

MutableSequence

ByteString

Set

MutableSet

Mapping

MutableMapping

ItemsView

KeysView

ValuesView

Awaitable

Coroutine

AsyncIterable

AsyncIterator

array >

array('',data)

tofile()

heapq >

[]

heappush()

heappop()

heapreplace()

heapify()

(n,) 1..n

nlargest()

nsmallest()

merge() -> 有序

bisect >

bisect() bisect_left()

insort() insort_left() : insertion

queue >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/queue.html#module-queue .

class

Queue

method

qsize()

empty()

full()

put()

put_nowait()

get()

get_nowait()

task_done()

join()

SimpleQueue

...

LifoQueue

PriorityQueue

Empty

Full

struct >

unpack('',bytes)

h - short

>h 大端法

i - int

weakref >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/weakref.html#module-weakref .

class

WeakKeyDictionary

keyrefs()

WeakValueDictionary

valuerefs()

WeakSet()

WeakMethod()

finalize()

method

__call_()

detach()

peek()

attr

alive

atexit

ReferenceType

ProxyType

CallableProxyType

ProxyTypes

func

getweakrefcount()

getweakrefs()

ref(,callback) - proxy

copy >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/copy.html#module-copy .

func

copy()

deepcopy()

pprint >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/pprint.html#module-pprint .

class

PrettyPrinter

method

pformat()

pprint()

isreadable()

isrecursive()

format()

func

pformat()

pp()

pprint()

isreadable()

isrecursive()

saferepr()

函数式

@ functools >

_gt_from_lt(self,other,NotImplemented = NotImplemented)

_convert = {a:[(b,func),],}

total_ordering

cmp_to_key(mycmp)

class K

return K

class partial

lru_cache()

partial(func,...)

@ itertools >

func

tee

class

accumulate

chain - cycle - repeat

combination - combinations_with_replacement

permutations

product

dropwhile - takewhile

filterfalse - compress

groupby

islice

zip_longest

count

startmap

_grouper

_tee

_tee_dataobject

@ operator >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/operator.html#module-operator .

< <= == != > >=

lt()

le()

eq()

ne()

gt()

ge()

bool

not()

__not__()

truth()

is_()

is_not()

. i-

+ -

add()

sub()

* @ **

mul()

matmul()

pow()

/ // %

truediv()

floordiv()

mod()

abs()

& | ^

and()

or_()

xor()

<< >>

lshift()

rshift()

+ -

neg()

pos()

index()

__index__()

inv()

__inv__()

invert()

__invert__()

seq

concat()

__concat__()

contains()

__contains__()

countOf()

__countOf__()

indexOf()

__indexOf__()

length_hint()

delitem()

__delitem__()

getitem()

__getitem__()

setitem()

__setitem__()

attrgetter()

itemgetter()

methodcaller()

@ contextlib >

url: https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.9/Lib/contextlib.py .

class

AbstractContextManager

AbstractAsyncContextManager

ContextDecorator

ExitStack

AsyncExitStack

contextmanager

asynccontextmanager

func

closing()

nullcontext()

suppress()

redirect_stdout()

redirect_stderr()

时间

time >

num

time() - 1970 1 1 0:0

monotonic() - 单调起点未定义

clock() - 处理器

perf_counter() - 高精度

num struct_time str

gmtime() - UTC

localtime()

os.environ['TZ']

tzname timezone daylight:01

tm_

year mon yday mday wday hour min sec isdst

s_t -> num -> str

mktime()

ctime()

str -> s_t -> str

strptime()

strftime()

@ datetime >

MINYEAR 1

MAXYEAR 9999

object

timedelta ()

class

min max # max > - min

resolution - 1 microsecond

instance

days

seconds

microseconds

totol_seconds()

date (year,month,day)

constructor

today()

from timestamp(timestamp)

from ordinal(ordinal)

from iso format(date_string) -

YYYY-MM-DD

from iso calendar(year,week,day)

class

min max

resolution - 1 day

instance

year

month

day

replace() - set'

timetuple()

to ordinal()

weekday()

iso weekday()

iso calendar()

iso format()

ctime()

str f time()

datetime

time ()

tzinfo

timezone

calendar >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/calendar.html#module-calendar .

class

Calendar

iter-

weekdays()

month-

dates()

days()

days2()

days3()

days4()

month/year-dates/days/days2-calendar()

TextCalendar()

formatmonth()

formatyear()

prmonth()

pryear()

HTMLCalendar()

cssclasses

cssclass_noday

cssclasses_weekday_head

cssclass_month/year/ year_head

LocaleTextCalendar()

LocaleHTMLCalendar()

func

setfirstweekday()

firstweekday()

isleap()

leapdays()

weekday()

weekheader()

monthrange()

monthcalendar()

prmonth()

month()

prcal()

calendar()

timegm()

day_name

day_abbr

month_name

month_abbr

数学

decimal >

Decimal

(''/f/(s,(),e))

from_float()

int √ float ×

'Infinity' 'NaN' '0' '-...'

上下文

context = getcontext()

with localcontext()

c.copy()

setcontext(c) - 线程

attrs

Emax Emin

capitals

prec - 1-MAX_PREC

rounding

ROUND_

ceiling floor

half_even

down - up : 0

half_down

half_up

05up

flags - traps {}

create_decimal()

fractions >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/fractions.html#module-fractions .

Fraction

()

numerator=0 denominator=1

fraction

float/decimal/string

attr

numerator

denominator

method

self

as_integer_ratio()

limit_denominator()

magic

__floor__()

__ceil__()

__round__()

__round__(n)

static

from_float()

from_decimal()

random >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/random.html#module-random random

seed()

state = getstate()

setstate(state)

randbytes(n) :

randrange()

stop - 0 stop 1

start stop step

randint(a,b) : [a,b]

getrandbits() :

seq

choice()

choices() :

shuffle()

sample(,k)

分布

random() [0.0,1.0)

uniform(a,b) [a,b]/[b,a]

triangular(low,high,mode) :

gauss(mu,sigma)

-variate

beta(alpha,beta) :

expo(lambd)

gamma(alpha,beta) :

lognorm() :

normal() - gauss :

vonmises(mu,kappa) :

pareto(alpha) :

weibull(alpha,beta) :

Random() :

SystemRandom() :

math >

const

isfinite()

nan

isnan()

inf

isclose(,,rel_tol=,abs_tol=)

trunc()

floor()

cell()

整数部分,小数部分 = modf()

m,e = frexp()

ldexp(m,e)

fabs()

copysign(,sign)

factorial()

1.0 √

1.1 ×

gamma(x) -> (x-1)!

lgamma() - 更精确

sum()

fsum() - 精确

符号 ???

fmod()

gcd()

指对数

指数

pow() - callback

sqrt()

exp()

对数

log(,e)

log10()

log2()

log1p() - 1 plus

expm1() - minus 1

三角

radians()

degrees()

sin() cos() tan()

arcsine() arccosine() arctangent()

sinh() cosh() tanh()

asinh() acosh() atanh()

c = hypot(a,b)

高斯误差函数

erf()

erfc() = 1 - erf()

statistics >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/statistics.html#module-statistics statistics

mean()

fmean()

geometric_mean()

harmonic_mean()

median()

median_low()

median_high() :

median_grouped()

mode()

multimode()

quantiles() :

pstdev()

pvariance()

stdev()

variance()

StatisticsError

NormalDist :

系统

os.path >

abspath()

basename()

commonpath()

commonprefix()

dirname()

exists()

lexists()

expanduser()

expandvars()

getatime()

getmtime()

getctime()

getsize()

bool

isabs()

isfile()

isdir()

islink()

ismount()

join()

normcase()

normpath()

realpath()

relpath()

samefile()

sameopenfile()

samestat()

split()

splitdrive()

splitext()

supports_unicode_filenames()

pathlib >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/pathlib.html#methods Path

PurePath

PureWindowsPath

WindowsPath

PurePosixPath

PosixPath

Path

('')

iterdir()

... / '' / ''

resolve()

open()

bool

exists()

is_dir()

init

('',...,'')

(p1,p2)

() - '.'

parts - (,)

root - parents - parent

anchor :

drive

name

stem :

suffix

suffixes

as_posix() : '\' -> '/'

as_uri()

bool

is_absolute()

is_relative_to() :

is_reserved()

nul - windows

joinpath()

match() : 通配符

relative_to()

改

with_name()

with_stem()

with_suffix()

glob >

glob()

list(iglob)

iglob()

_iglob

_iglob()

dirname,basename = os.path.split()

glob_in_dir(dirname,basename,dironly) = _glob1,_glob2

glob0()

_glob0()

glob1()

_glob1()

_glob2()

_iterdir()

os.scandir()

_ishidden()

has_magic()

'([*?[])'

fnmatch >

fnmatch()

fnmatchcase()

filter()

translate()

linecache >

getline()

clearcache()

checkcache()

lazycache()

tempfile >

class

TemporaryFile

NamedTemporaryFile

SpooledTemporaryFile

TemporaryDirectory

func

mkstemp()

mkdtemp()

gettempdir()

gettempdirb()

gettempprefix()

gettempprefixb()

tempdir

shutil >

copyfileobj()

copyfile()

copymode()

copystat()

copy()

copy2()

ignore_patterns()

copytree()

rmtree()

move()

disk_usage()

chown()

which()

make_archive()

get_archive_formats()

register_archive_format()

unregister_archive_format()

unpack_archive()

register_unpack_archive()

unregister_unpack_archive()

get_unpack_formats()

get_terminal_size()

filecmp >

func

cmp()

cmpfiles()

clear_cache()

class

dircmp

method

report()

report_partial_closure()

report_full_closure()

attr

left

right

left_list

right_list

common

left_only

right_only

common_dirs

common_files

common_funny

same_files

diff_files

funny_files

subdirs

const

default_ignores

mmap >

mmap

method

close()

find()

rfind()

flush()

madvise()

move()

seek()

tell()

size()

resize()

read()

read_byte()

readline()

write()

write_byte()

attr

closed

const

madv_

normal

random

sequential

willneed

dontneed

remove

dontfork

dofork

hwpoison

mergeable

unmergeable

soft_offline

hugepage

nohugepage

dontdump

dodump

free

nosync

autosync

nocore

core

protect

codecs >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/codecs.html#module-codecs .

encode()

decode()

getencoder()

getdecoder()

getincrementalencoder()

getincrementaldecoder()

getreader()

getwriter()

lookup()

lookup_error()

strict_errors()

replace_errors()

ignore_errors()

xmlcharrefreplace_errors()

backslashreplace_errors()

namereplace_errors()

open()

iterencode()

iterdecode()

class

EncodedFile

CodecInfo

attr

name

encode

decode

incrementalencoder

incrementaldecoder

streamwriter

streamreader

IncrementalEncoder

encode()

reset()

getstate()

setstate()

IncrementalDecoder

decode()

reset()

getstate()

setstate()

StreamWriter()

write()

writelines()

reset()

StreamReader()

read()

readline()

readlines()

reset()

SteamReaderWriter()

StreamRecoder

const

bom

bom_

utf8

utf16

utf16_be

utf16_le

utf32

utf32_be

utf32_le

io >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/io.html#module-io .

class

StringIO

BytesIO

FileIO

RawIOBase

IOBase

func

close()

fileno()

flush()

readline()

readlines()

writelines()

seek()

tell()

truncate()

bool

isatty()

readable()

seekable()

writeable()

attr

closed

BufferedIOBase

TextIOBase

TextIOWrapper

line_buffering

write_through

reconfigure()

func

open()

open_code()

exception

BlockingIOError

UnsupportedOperation

const

default_buffer_size

压缩

zlib >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/zlib.html#module-zlib .

adler32()

compress()

compressobj()

crc32()

decompress()

decompressobj()

Compress

compress()

flush()

copy()

Decompress

attr

unused_data

unconsumed_tail

eof

method

decompress()

flush()

copy()

const

zlib_version

zlib_runtime_version

gzip >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/gzip.html#module-gzip .

func

open()

compress()

decompress()

class

GzipFile

peek()

bz2 >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/bz2.html#module-bz2 .

func

open()

compress()

decompress()

class

BZ2File

peek()

BZ2Compressor

compress()

flush()

BZ2Decompressor

method

decompress()

attr

eof

unused_data

needs_input

zipfile >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/zipfile.html#module-zipfile .

class

ZipFile

method

close()

getinfo()

infolist()

namelist()

open()

extract()

extractall()

printdir()

setpassword()

read()

testzip()

write()

writestr()

attr

filename

debug

comment

Path

attr

name

method

open()

iterdir()

is_dir()

is_file()

exists()

read_text()

read_bytes()

PyZipFile

writepy()

ZipInfo

method

is_dir()

attr

filename

date_time

compress_type

comment

extra

create_system

create_version

extract_version

reserved

flag_bits

volume

internal_attr

external_attr

header_offset

CRC

compress_size

file_size

func

bool

is_zipfile()

const

zip_stored

zip_deflated

zip_bzip2

zip_lzma

tarfile >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/tarfile.html#module-tarfile .

func

open()

is_tarfile()

exception

TarError

ReadError

CompressionError

StreamError

ExtractError

HeaderError

const

encoding

ustar_format

gnu_format

pax_format

default_format

class

TarFile

method

getmember()

getmembers()

getnames()

list()

next()

extractall()

extract()

extractfile()

add()

addfile()

gettarinfo()

close()

attr

pax_headers

TarInfo

classmethod

frombuf()

fromtarfile()

method

tobuf()

bool

isfile()

isreg()

isdir()

issym()

islnk()

ischr()

isblk()

isfifo()

isdev()

attr

name

size

mtime

mode

type

linkname

uid

gid

uname

gname

pax_headers

加密

hashlib >

const - lower

algorithms_guaranteed

algorithms_available

class

hash

attr

digest_size

block_size

name

method

update()

digest()

hexdigest()

copy()

shake

digest()

hexdigest()

blake2b

const

salt_size

person_size

max_key_size

max_digest_size

blake2s

const

...

func

pbkdf2_hmac()

scrypt()

hmac >

new()

digest()

HMAC

attr

digest_size

block_size

name

method

update()

digest()

hexdigest()

copy()

compare_digest()

secrets >

choice()

randbelow()

randbits()

token_bytes()

token_hex()

token_urlsafe()

compare_digest()

导入

importlib >

url: https://docs.python.org/zh-cn/3/library/importlib.html#module-importlib .

metadata >

pkgutil >

class

ModuleInfo

ImpImporter

ImpLoader

func

extend_path()

find_loader()

get_importer()

get_loader()

iter_importers()

iter_modules()

walk_packages()

get_data()

resolve_name()

modulefinder >

func

AddPackagePath()

ReplacePackage()

class

ModuleFinder

modules

report()

run_script()

runpy >

run_module()

run_path()

zipimport >

zipimporter

attr