英语语法

这是一篇关于语法的思维导图，英语语法是针对英语语言进行研究后，系统地总结归纳出来的一系列语言规则。英语语法的精髓在于掌握语言的使用。以下是对英语语法的一个综合概述，主要内容包括：分类，组成。

语法

• • 名词性成分　
    • 分类
      • 名词
      • 代词
      • 数词
      • 不定式
      • 主语　
        • 短语
          • 名词　
            • boys play football.
          • 动名词
            • Running every morning helps me stay fit.
          • 不定式
            • To learn a new language takes time and dedication.
        • 从句
          • That boys play football is great.
      • 同位语
        • 短语
          • 名词　
            • Michael, my friend, is a good guy.
            • My favorite subject, mathematics, requires logical thinking.
          • 动名词
            • Her goal, becoming a doctor, requires years of study and deication.
        • 从句
          • The fact, that she lied, disappointed everyone.
          • The last question, what measures should be taken, was fully discussed.
      • 宾语　
        • 短语
          • 名词　
            • She ate sushi.
          • 动名词
            • I enjoy reading books.
          • 不定式
            • I want to learn English.
        • 从句
          • 无宾语-补语　　　　　　　　　　
            • that
              • She believe that she will come to the party.
              • I don't know that he is a transsexual.
            • This is where I plant the trees.
          • 有宾语-补语：占位宾语it = 宾语从句
            • I find it unbelievable that Sally is beautiful.
        • 双宾
          • He gave his sister a birthday gift.
  • 形容词性成分
    • 修饰
      • 名词成分
    • 分类
      • 冠词
        • 特指
          • the+形容词
          • the+名词
        • 泛指某个
          • a、an
        • 无冠词
          • 名词复数
            • 泛指事物概念
              • rabbits is smart
              • play football
              • 日子日期
                • in spring
                • on Monday
          • 专有名词
            • 独一无二
      • 数词
      • 限定词
        • 归属
          • my、your
          • her、his、its
          • our、your、their
        • 数量
          • some
            • 相对性
          • much
            • 不可数
          • 可数
            • many
            • few
              • 相对于整体的1/3
          • less
          • little
            • 相对于整体的1/100
        • 范围
          • this、these
          • that、those
          • each
            • 每一个 独立个体
          • every
            • 每一个
      • 定语　
        • 短语
          • 形容词
            • The red car is mine.
            • The beautiful flowers have a sweet fragrance.
          • 分词　
            • The running water is very soothing.
            • The broken vase on the table needs to be fixed.
          • 介词　
            • The man with the hat is my uncle.
            • The book on the shelf belongs to Mmichael.
          • 不定式
            • The best way to learn a language is to practice speaking it.
        • 从句
          • 关系代词-主语
            • who
              • 人
                • Sally is a teacher who is warm-hearted, hardworking, and quick in learning.
                  • Sally is a teacher, and the teacher is warm-hearted, hardworking, and quick in learning.
                • Michael knows a doctor who has three sons working in the hospital.
            • which
              • 物
                • I dont't wear clothes which make me different from other people.
                • Xiamen is a city which is known for its great landscape.
            • that
              • 人|物
                • He is reading a book that is a bout human history.
                • Music that has great lyrics is my favorite.
          • 关系代词-宾语
            • who
              • 人
                • I want to have a friend who/that/whom I can fully trust ^.
                  • 人
            • whom
              • 人
                • This is the book that/which I bought ^ yesterday.
            • which
              • 物
                • Michael likes every piece of music that/wich I recommend ^.
            • that
              • 人|物
                • The book that I borrowed ^ from the library was really interesting.
          • 关系代词-状语介词引导
            • 前置
              • whom
                • 人
                  • The little girl in whom a lot of people are interested is named Lucy.
              • which
                • 物
                  • The conference room in which the meeting will take place is equipped with state-of-the-art technology.
                  • The scholarship for which she applied covers tuition fees and living expenses.
                  • The software with which the team developed the project significantly improved productivity.
                  • The old house about which a lot of people care will be repaired.
                  • Sally sutdies in a school in which the students study like machines.
            • 后置
              • who
                • 人
                  • The little girl who a lot of people are interested in is named Lucy.
              • whom
                • 人
                  • The little girl who/whom/that a lot of people are interested in is named Lucy.
              • which
                • 物
                  • The software which the team developed with the project significantly improved productivity.
                  • This is the very bag which/that I've been looking for.
              • that
                • 人|物
                  • The old house which/that a lot of people care about will be repaired.
          • 关系副词-状语
            • where
              • This is the town where I grew up.
                • This is the town in which I grew up. → This is the town, and I grew up in this town.
              • Sally studies in a school where the students study like machines.
              • I plant the trees in a place where there's a lot of sunshine.
              • This is the school where we made lifelong friendships.
            • when
              • I'll nerver forget the day when I met you.
                • I'll nerver forget the day on which I met you. → I'll nerver forget the day, and I met you on the day.
              • I still remember the summer when we had an unforgettable road trip.
            • why
              • That is the reason why Sally hates her friend Mary.
                • That is the reason for which Sally hates her friend Mary. → That is the reason , and Sally hates her friend Mary for that reason.
          • 关系限定词-定语
            • which
              • Michael lives in a house of which the roof ^ is leaking.
                • Michael lives in a house, and the roof of the house is leaking.
            • whose
              • 人|物
                • Michael lives in a house whose the roof is leaking.
                • I know a doctor whose three sons are all doctors.
                • Sally studies in a school whose students study like machines.
          • 关系代词-补语
            • which
            • that
              • The nickname stupid-ass that those calssmates named Michael ^ doesn't sound friendly.
      • 补语　
        • 形容词
          • She painted the room blue.
          • You should leave the door open.
          • He is walking around naked.
          • I felt betrayed.
          • Sally's dream has come true.
          • Medicine tastes bitter.
          • 主语-补语
        • 短语
          • 形容词
            • Angry with his dad, Sally stormed out of the room.
            • This woman, smal and thin, has a strong will.
          • 名词　
            • we consider him a fool.
              • 宾语补语
            • He is a good man.
            • He died a martyr.
            • He instantly turned furious the picture of anger.
            • 主语-补语
          • 不定式
            • I found the movie to be very interesting.
            • To live is to eat.
            • The only way to have a friend is to be one.
            • I asked him to buy something for me.
          • 介词　
            • He has become used to the weather.
            • We felt so much at home.
        • 从句
          • 关系代词-主语
            • which
              • 事情
                • I dont't wear clothes, which makes me different from other people.
                • Beijing attracts visitors from around the world, which is great.
                • They said that I took the books, which was just not true.
              • 物体
                • Beijing, which is a great city, attracts visitors from around the world.
                • I went to Xiamen. which is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
            • who
              • 人物
                • Michael knows a doctor, who has three sons working in the hospital.
          • 关系副词-定语
            • where
              • 位置
                • This is the shcool, where we made lifelong friendships.
                • The park, where we used to play, is now a shopping center.
            • when
              • 时间
                • I still remember the summer, when we had an unforgettable road trip.
                • This is the time, when we need to come together.
          • 关系代词-补语
            • which
              • Sally is a smart person, which I am not ^.
              • Michael plays basketball, which I don't ^.
              • That guy whose dad is a blillionaire wasted a loot of money, which fact is hart to belleve.
          • 关系代词-宾语
            • which
              • This is my hometown, which a lot of people know ^.
          • The problem is that he is a transsexual.
  • 副词性成分　
    • 修饰
      • 形容词成分　
      • 谓语动词　　
      • 其他副词成分
    • 分类
      • 状语　
        • 短语
          • 副词　
            • Her performance was surprisingly good.
            • He runs slowly.
            • We got there late.
            • She speaks very softly.
            • I will meet you tomorrow.
            • I will meet you at the park tomorrow.
          • 介词　
            • I am ready for dinner.
            • She speaks like a gun.
            • We went to a movie after dinner.
            • They have classes at our local school.
            • Our team scored in the first quarter.
            • We got there late in the evening.
            • I plant the trees in a place where there's a lot of sunshine.
            • I will meet you at the park.
            • I plant the trees on the playground.
          • 不定式
            • I will meet you at the park tomorrow to get the computer fixed if it doesn't rain.
        • 从句
          • 方式
            • The cat jumped out as a tiger jumped at prey.
          • 条件
            • He runs if he is followed.
            • If you want the cat to get out, open the window.
            • Take an umbrella if it rains.
          • 让步
            • Though I opened the window, the cat didn't jump out.
            • Though/although he tried hard, yet/still he failed.
            • He failed, even if he tried hard.
            • While he tried, he still failed.
            • No matter how hard-working he was, he still failed.
            • However hard-working he was, he stil failed.
            • Despite his hard work, he still failed.
            • Despite that he tired hard, he still failed.
            • In spite of his hard work, he still failed.
            • In spite of that he hard work, he still failed.
            • Difficult as it is to believe, there are fish that can live without water.
            • Much as I respect him, I can't agree with him.
            • Wounded as he was, he finished the basketball game.
            • Fail as he did, he would never give up.
          • 地点
            • People plant trees where there are a lot of sunshine.
            • I plant the trees where there's a lot of sunshine.
            • Stay where you are
            • A driver must slow down where there are schools.
            • Where there is a will, there is a way.
            • Where there is love, there is alsowalth and success.
          • 时间
            • 时间点
              • When I opened the window the cat jumped out.
              • He became surprised when he saw me.
              • When I arrived, Sally left.
              • I handed in my homework before I was asked to.
              • It began to rain as soon as/immediately/ the moment/minute/second we arrived home.
              • No sooner had we arrived home than it began to rain
              • Hardly/Scarcely had we arrived home when it began to rain.
            • 时间段
              • I worked hard when I was at school.
              • Her performance was good when her mom is around.
              • Sally telephoned me when I was doing my homework.
              • Sally telephoned me while I was doing my homework.
              • I arrived after he hand left.
            • 时间线
              • You grow smarter as you grow older.
              • As China becomes richer, Chinese people spend more.
              • Sally and I haven't met each other since I became a middle school student.
              • until
                • He was waiting for me at my home untill I came back.
                • He didn't leave until I came back.
                • We had to stay here until it stopped raining.
                • We didn't go out until it stopped raining.
                • I was playing video games until 12 o'clock last night.
                  • until 12 o'clock last night, I was playing video games.
                • I didn't go to bed until 12 o'clock last night.
                  • until 12 o'clock last night, I didn't go to bed.
                • We didn't go out until it stopped raining.
                  • Until it stopped raining, We didn't go out.
                    • Not Until it stopped raining did we go out.
                      • It was not until it stopped raining that we went out.
                • He didn't leave until I came back.
                  • Until I came back, He didn't leave.
                    • Not until I came back did he leave.
                      • It was not until i came back that he left.
          • 原因
            • I am glad that you teach English.
            • I did't go to school yesterday because I was having a cold.
            • We didn't go to the party because/for it was raining.
            • Since you're a middle school student, you should know how to study.
            • As you're a middle school student, you should know how to study.
            • We didn't go to the party because of the rain.
            • I didn't marry her because she was beautiful.
            • Sally doesn't play the piano because she likes to.
            • I don't study English because it's too hard for me.
            • I don't study English because I need to pass Gaokao.
          • 目的
            • I opened the window so that the cat could jump out.
            • I spoke slowly so that the students could understand me better.
            • I spoke slowly in order that the students could understand me better.
              • In order that the students could understand me better, I spoke slowly.
            • Sally opened the window so that/so that she could breathe some fresh air.
            • Take an umbrella in case it rains.
            • I spoke slowly so that the students could understand me better.
            • Sally opened the window so that she could breathe some fresh air.
          • 结果
            • I opened the window, so that the cat jumped out.
            • Sally opened the window so that she breathed some fresh air.
            • I spoke slowly so that the students understood me better.
            • Sally runs so fast that nobody can beat her in the 100m sprint.
            • Sallyis so used to the Chinese culture that you won't notice she's actually an American.
            • Sally is so smart that she always tops our school.
            • Sally is such a smart gril that she always tops our school.
            • Sally is such that she always tops our school.
            • The weather is so hot that it's even hard to breathe.
            • It's such hot weather that it's even hard to breathe.
            • It's such weather that it's even hard to breathe.
          • 比较
            • The mountain peak is even higher than I expected.
          • 条件
            • I will meet you at the park tomorrow if it doesn't rain.
            • lf you work hard, you will succeed.
            • Unless you work hard, you won't succeed.
            • If you don't work hard, you won't succeed.
            • Please let me know in case you need anything.
            • Once you have learned English, you will find it interesting.
            • You may leave as/so long as you come back on time.
            • So far as the weather remains okay, we shall start tomorrow.
      • 定语
• 组成
  • 主语　　　　　　　　　　　　
    • 名词短语　　　　 　
      • boys play football.
    • 动名词短语　　　　
      • Running every morning helps me stay fit.
    • 不定式短语　　 　　
      • To learn a new language takes time and dedication.
    • 名词性-从句　　 　
      • That boys play football is great.
  • 同位语 = 名词成分解释名词　　
    • 名词短语　　　　　
      • Michael, my friend, is a good guy.
      • My favorite subject, mathematics, requires logical thinking.
    • 动名词短语　　　　
      • Her goal, becoming a doctor, requires years of study and deication.
    • 名词性-从句　　　　
      • The fact, that she lied, disappointed everyone.
      • The last question, what measures should be taken, was fully discussed.
  • 谓语
  • 宾语　　　　　　　　　　　　
    • 名词短语　　　　　
      • She ate sushi.
    • 动名词短语　　　　
      • I enjoy reading books.
    • 名词性-不定式短语　
      • I want to learn English.
    • 名词性-从句　　 　
      • 无宾语-补语　　　　　　　　　　
        • that
          • She believe that she will come to the party.
          • I don't know that he is a transsexual.
        • This is where I plant the trees.
      • 有宾语-补语：占位宾语 = 宾语从句
        • I find it unbelievable that Sally is beautiful.
    • 双宾　　　　　　 　
      • He gave his sister a birthday gift.
  • 定语 = 限定名词成分范围　　　
  • 状语　　　　　　　　　　　　
    • 副词　　　　　　　
      • I will meet you tomorrow.
    • 副词性-介词短语　　
      • I will meet you at the park.
    • 副词性-从句　　　　
      • I am glad that you teach English.
  • 补语 = A is B
    • 关系代词-主语
      • which
        • 事情
          • I dont't wear clothes, which makes me different from other people.
          • Beijing attracts visitors from around the world, which is great.
          • They said that I took the books, which was just not true.
        • 物体
          • Beijing, which is a great city, attracts visitors from around the world.
          • I went to Xiamen. which is one of the most beautiful cities in China.
      • who
        • 人物
          • Michael knows a doctor, who has three sons working in the hospital.
    • 关系副词-定语
      • where
        • 位置
          • This is the shcool, where we made lifelong friendships.
          • The park, where we used to play, is now a shopping center.
      • when
        • 时间
          • I still remember the summer, when we had an unforgettable road trip.
          • This is the time, when we need to come together.
    • 关系代词-补语
      • which
        • Sally is a smart person, which I am not ^.
        • Michael plays basketball, which I don't ^.
    • 关系代词-宾语
      • This is my hometown, which a lot of people know ^.
• 分类
  • 基本句
    • 陈述
      • 主语 + 谓语动词（不涉及事物）
        • 名词
          • He sleeps
        • 名称从句
          • The girl with a black bag on her back smiled
        • 子主题
      • 主语 + 谓语动词（涉及单及事物动词）+宾语
        • I like you
      • 主语 + 谓语动词（涉及双及事物动词）+ 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
        • I teache you English
      • 主语 + 谓语动词（宾补动词）+ 宾语 + 宾语-补语
        • I consider you smart
      • 主语 + 谓语动词（连接赋予动词）+ 主语-补语
        • 状态连接赋予动词
          • 形容词
            • He is tall
              • ← tall
          • 不定式短语
        • 他人感官连接赋值动词
          • it smells nice
            • ← (it ← nice)
          • He looks tall
            • ← (He ← tall)
          • He became a teacher when he was 21 years old.
            • ← (He ← teacher)
  • 复杂句
    • 并列句
    • 嵌套句
      • 名词性-从句
        • 陈述句　　
          • That　　
            • 主语从句　
              • That he is a transsexual doesn't matter.
            • 同位语从句
              • The foreigner, that he is a transsexual, doesn't matter.
            • 宾语从句　
              • I don't know that he is a transsexual.
            • 补语从句　
              • The problem is that he is a transsexual.
            • He is a transsexual.
        • 一般疑问句
          • Whether
            • 主语从句　
              • Whether he is a transsexual doesn't matter.
            • 同位语从句
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know whether he is a transsexual.
            • 补语从句　
              • The problem is whether he is a transsexual.
            • he is a transsexual. → Is he a transsexual?
        • 特殊疑问句
          • What　
            • 主语从句　
              • what he is doesn't matter.
            • 同位语从句
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know what he is.
            • 补语从句　
              • The problem is what he is.
            • he is what. → What is he?
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know what happened yesterday.
                • What happened yesterday. → What happened yesterday?
          • Who　　
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know who is in the classroom.
                • Who is in the classroom. → Who is in the classroom?
          • When　
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know when Sally leaves.
                • Sally leaves when. → When did Sally leave?
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know when will Sally leave.
                • Sally will leave when. → When will Sally leave?
          • Why　　
            • 宾语从句　
              • I dont't know why you are laughing.
                • you are laughing why. → Why are you laughing?
• 浮动主题
  • 不定式
• 介词
  • 简单介词: as,at,by,during,with...
  • 分词-介词: considering,including,given,granted..
  • 短语介词: ahead of, next to, because of, owning to, along with, as well as, in case of, in charge of, in common with, as a result of
  • in case of, in charge of, in common with, as a result of, in the absence of, to the best of, with an eye to...