导图社区 英语语法长难句
英语基础语法(句子结构)和进阶语法(从句、时态、语态和特殊句式),无论是英语基础语法的学习,还是进阶语法的掌握,都是提升英语能力不可或缺的一环。
编辑于2024-10-01 18:40:24基础语法
语法体系
单词 构成英语语言的基本单位
词类
noun verb adjective adverb pronoun numeral artical preposion conjunction interjection intransitive
实词(词性) 特点: 1. 具有实际意义 2. 可以单独在句子中做成分 3. 具有词形的变化
名词 noun n.
n. [C,U] 可数名词,不可数名词
n. [pl.] 通常情况下为复数
动词 verb
vt. 及物动词 vi. 不及物动词
[VN] 动词+名词
情态动词
助动词/半助动词
系动词
+v
非谓语动词
动词不定式
to do
动名词
doing
现在分词/过去分词
doing/done
形容词性
延续性动词与非延续性动词的含义
延续性动词表示一种可以持续的行为或状态
keep work
非延续性动词表示行为是瞬时完成的
arrive go come
形容词 adjective
adj.
副词 adverb
adv.
代词
pron.
独立做句子成分时具有名词性质
形容词性物主代词
数词
num.
独立做句子成分时具有名词性质
识记性
虚词(词性) 特点: 1. 无实际意义或不明显 2. 不能单独在句子中做成分 3. 无词形的变化
冠词
名词
art.
由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词the
介词
prep.
连词
句子
conj
det. = determiner 限定词
感叹词
独立
int.
可忽略
以短语形式出现的特殊词类 3
短语动词
是指那些由(常见)动词和小品词(particle)构成的组合。 小品词也被称为介副词,因为它们兼具介词和副词的特性,
put down look after look out
短语介词
on behalf of
短语连词
as soon as now that
词形变化 (规则,不规则)
名词
数量变化
sisters
所有格
Mike's
动词
时
do, did, will do
态
do, be doing , have done
语态
doing, done
人称和数
第三人称单数 does
非谓语
不定式
to do
动名词
doing
分词
doing, done
形容词
比较级
原级→比较级→最高级 big bigger the biggest carefull more carefull the most carefull
副词
比较级
early earlier the ealiest clearly more clearly the most clearly
代词
人称
I you he/she/it
数
we you they
格
数词
基数词/序数词
4th
断点(word break)
"-" "×"
划分音节,词可在此断开 pa-ral-lel
短语/词组 8
概念
按照一定的语法规则构成具有一定意义但尚未构成句子的语言单位。 可作为句子成分。
名词短语
动词短语
动名词短语
分词短语
不定式短语
谓语动词 非谓语动词
形容词短语 (作定语)
副词短语
介词短语
标点符号
,
逗号
——
破折号
:
冒号
" "
引号
()
括号
;
分号
. ? !
句号、问号、感叹号
词、短语、句子与 句子成分之间的关系
基本成分
规律总结
谓语独立:谓语与动词是单一绑定的,动词只会作谓语。 简单谓语也只能由动词(短语)充当。 复合谓语——系动词+表语/助动词、情态动词+简单谓语
动词(短语)想作为其他成分,需要变换为非谓语动词(短语)
主语和宾语一般由具有名词性质的词(短语)充当。 另外,介词短语可以作作主语,副词短语可以作宾语。
表语和补语可以由除动词(短语)外所有性质的词(短语)充当。 另外,代词和数词不能作主语的补语。
(修饰成分/)
| 独立成分
规律总结
可以作后置定语的动词(短语),亦可作状语和插入语
同位语与插入语所用的词/短语是互补的。
同位语名词性质
插入语形容词性质
句子成分
Subject Predicate
基本成分
主语 7 句子陈述的对象或执行动作的主体。 不定式和从句作为主语时,常使用it做形式主语。
名词(短语)
动词不定式(短语)
常以it作形式主语,of/for引出逻辑主语
It's also a good idea for us to delay the conversation. 推迟谈话也是一个好主意。
动名词(短语)
动名词复合结构,动名词的逻辑主语一般为形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。
The student's knowing English well helps him in learning French.
代词
数词
介词短语
Between six and seven will suit me.
句子
谓语 1 对主语的动作或状态进行陈述或说明。 指出主语“是什么”“做什么”。
简单谓语
单个动词
短语动词
The court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality. 法院驳回了美国联邦通信委员会的请求,这个请求企图阻止所有州制定网络中立性法规。
复合谓语
情态动词+动词原形
部分助动词(do,will,shall)+动词原形形
do+动词原形的肯定形式和否定形式的意义差别较大
肯定形式表强调:
The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is "distasteful" and "nasty". 法院指出,接受好处并因此打开方便之门的行为“令人不快”且“卑鄙龌龊”。
否定形式表否定:
IQ tests do not neccessarily predict so well once populations or situations change. 一旦受试人群或环境发生了变化,IQ测试未必能做出精准预测。
半助动词+不带to的动词不定式
Postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it. 邮政特殊利益集团似乎已经将其扼杀。
半助动词是兼有实义动词和助动词双重特征的动词。 即可以作助动词在实义动词之前构成符合谓语 又可以作实义动词前面加助动词、情态动词或其他半助动词。
常见的半助动词
be型半助动词
be going to be willing to be able to
其他型半助动词
seem to tend to appear to happen to come to
系动词+表语
The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory became his deepest secret. 父亲入狱及自己在黑暗油厂做工的经历所带来的耻辱成了他心底最深的秘密。
概要
时态和语态体现在, 情态动词和助动词上。
情态动词和助动词不会独立存在于完整的句子中, 总会有实义动词的跟随。
表语 10 用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质或状态
名词(短语)
The student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate. 学生文化成为研究生社会化过程中的主要力量。
动名词(短语)
动名词复合结构
My worry is your relying too much on your parent.
代词
子主题
数词
形容词(短语)
分词(短语)
It was very encouraging to see the latest equipment that was on exhibit. 展出的最新设备非常激励人心。
表示心理状态的动词的分词形容词化 都是及物动词,表示的意义是使宾语如何
现在分词衍生而来的形容词:令人......的
exciting 令人兴奋的
过去分词衍生而来的形容词:感到......的
excited 感到兴奋的
介词短语
For individual companies, the temptation is always to let go of workers whose skills are no longer in demand. 对于各公司来说,辞退技能不再被公司需要的员工,一直都是很有诱惑力的做法。
副词(短语)
The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era - the Age of Reason. 文艺复兴结束了,同时,一个新时代——理性时代——到来了。
动词不定式
For one person, the goal may be to be taken more serious. 对一个人来讲,其目标可能是更受重视。
不定式复合结构
The last thing you want is for them to leave. 你不希望他们离开。
句子
宾语 7 动作行为的对象或承受者。
Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world. 印度尼西亚热带森林面积位居世界第三。
动词宾语
介词宾语
分类
单宾语
双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
These upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the pretige of the Nobles. 这些企业新贵们不能为他们(所设立)的奖项买到诺贝尔奖那样的声望。
复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
Listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble. 长期通过耳机听重复且单调的节奏会导致孩子沉浸于自己的幻想中。
充当者
名词(短语)
动名词
动词不定式
???
副词(短语)
I'm not going in there - it's freezing! 我不打算到那里去,太冷了!
副词作宾语时,通常跟在介词后面
接地点副词
介词
in on along around down from near over out of round through under up
+ here there
接时间副词
介词
since +
lately then today yesterday
till/untill +
now then today
after/by/from +
now then today
for +
now then today
before +
now then today
代词
数词
句子
补语
宾语补足语 10 用来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、特征、身份等。
名词(短语)
You'll have to make social media an occasional activity rather than a daily, time-consuming habit. 你必须得让使用社交媒体成为一种偶尔的活动,而不是一种日常且耗时的习惯。
动词不定式(短语)
to省略
Passinate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products. 狂热的消费者会努力劝说他人共同抵制产品。
动名词(短语)
We call this process dissolving. 我们称这个过程为溶解。
分词(短语)
This will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. 这对于那些发现自己的生活和事业都被自动化颠覆的人来说,没什么安慰作用。
形容词(短语)
James Herriot did not find it easy in his early days of "having a go at the writing game". 詹姆斯.赫里奥特在“尝试写作游戏”的初期,觉得它并非易事。
副词(短语)
I'll ask her out tomorrow evening. 我明天晚上约她出去。
代词
You can call me anything you like. 你愿意叫我什么都可以。
数词
Take the time to really put your family first. 花点时间真正地把家庭放在第一位。
介词短语
I would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product. 我会提高价格,并使之更多地成为一种遗产型产品。
句子
主语补足语 8 对主语进行补充说明,常出现在被动句中。
名词(短语)
One company that's doing this is called Blendoor.
动词不定式(短语)
Each subject was then invited to look inside. 接着邀请的每个实验对象往里面看。
动名词(短语)
That is called "jumping the queue". 这叫插队。
分词(短语)
They are found doing something they should not be doing. 他们被发现在做不应该做的事。
形容词(短语)
These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. 然而,以前人们一直认为这些事实之间没有联系。
副词(短语)
Children are invited in to set up an account. 孩子们受邀创建一个账户。
介词短语
Everything must be kept in order. 一切都应安排的井井有条。
句子
The boy has been made what he is. 这个男孩已经成了如今的样子。
(修饰成分/)
定语 用于修饰、限定、说明名词或代词的品质。
All good targerts should have multiple criteria relating to critical factors.
前置定语(置于被修饰的名词或代词之前) 7 由具有形容词性质或名词性质的词或短语充当。
名词(短语)
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills. 电费。
名词所有格
动名词
One reason is that fishing technology has improved. 一个原因是捕鱼技术提高了。
分词(短语)
More Americans are opting to work well into retirement, a growing trend thatt threatens to upend the old workforce model. 更多的美国人在退休后继续正常工作,这一日益增长的趋势可能会颠覆旧的劳动力模式。
现在分词与动名词作定语的区别:
形容词(短语)
代词/限定词
A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities. 一个优秀的、有创新思维的思考者总是在探索许多其他的可能性。
数词
后置定语(置于被修饰的名词或代词之后) 6 由具有形容词性质或名词性质的词、短语或从句充当。
不定式(短语)
分词(短语)
形容词(短语)
Now something similar could be happening in the ocean. 现在,类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。
修饰不定代词时作后置定语
后置定语
someone
副词(短语)
The court's ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism. 法院裁决是在同腐败和官方偏袒的斗争中向前迈出的一步。
一般只有表示时间和方位的副词可做定语。
now then today tomorrow
here there forword above delow
介词短语
句子
状语 用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子。 由具有副词性质的词、短语或从句充当。
说明时间、地点、范围、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、程度、状态。
表示让步、比较、伴随
充当者
名词(短语) 表时间、地点、方式、程度、状态等
Enraged by Entergy's behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. 安特吉公司的行为激怒了佛门特州参议院,去年参议院以26票比4票的结果否决了它的延期申请。
动词不定式(短语) 表目的、结果、条件、原因、方式等
The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry. 这个箱子太重了,小男孩搬不动。
分词(短语)
You and your children will benefit and emerge from stressfull moments feeling better physically and emotionally. 你和你孩子都会从感到有压力的那些时刻中获益并摆脱出来,身心状态都会更好。
独立主格结构 (with/without)+名词(短语)/代词+非谓语动词
Human nature being what it is, most prople stick with default setting. 大多数用户都会使用默认设置,这是人性使然。
形容词(短语)
We're fairly good at judging people based on first impression. 我们非常擅长根据第一印象去评判他人。
副词(短语)
数词
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. 首先,我们迫切需要对研究对象下定义。
介词短语
The majority were willing to cooperate with the tester in learning a new skill. 大部分愿意与测试员合作去学习一项新技能。
句子
同位语 对名词或代词进行解释和补充。 一般位于名词、代词之后,通常用逗号隔开。 由具有名词性质的词、短语或从句充当。
名词(短语)
代词
,since we both care about needy workers. ,因为我们都关心贫困工人。
动名词(短语)
子主题
数词
One of you three is a rich man. 你们三人中有一个富翁。
句子
有时,使用介词of引出同位语
子主题
独立成分
独立于句子主干之外的词、短语或句子。 有意义上、语气上、情感上的联系,但没有语法关系。
感叹语 表示说话人强烈的感情色彩,常位于句首,亦可位于句中或句末。 可以是感叹词、名词、动词、副词等形式。
感叹词
God! What a big surprise! 天哪!这是多大的一份惊喜啊!
呼语 是说话者对另一方的称呼,可置于句首、句中或句末。
对人和事物 的称呼
Can I help you, madam? 要帮忙吗,夫人?
插入语 在句子中插入词、短语或句子,用来表示说话者的态度,或对所表达的内容进行补充、强调、举例说明或解释。 与句子其他成分无语法上的联系,通常用逗号、破折号与其他成分隔开。
动词不定式(短语)
In the medical field, to take an obvious example, the pandemic meant that there were still clear shortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel.
常见的作插入语的动词不定式(短语)
to be frank to be honest to begin/start with to be sure
分词短语
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. 从基因角度看,避免身高过高是有好处的。
常见的作插入语的分词短语
generally considering strictly speaking judging from/by ...
形容词(短语)
James Herriot, contrary to popular opinion, did not find it easy in his early days of, as he put it, "having a go at the writing game". 与大众观点相反,
常见的作插入语的形容词(短语)
wonderful true even worse more interesting most important worse still
副词(短语)
Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best feautures in its own products. 然而,在微软表示已在自家产品中应用了应用了这两款软件的最优特性后,这两款应用程序便都被放弃了。
常见的作插入语的副词(短语)
fortunately though especially even so meanwhile actually luckily nevertheless
介词短语
After all, it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a connection. 毕竟,吸烟致癌的传言流传了多年后才找到证据证明这一联系。
常见的作插入语的介词短语
in my opinion as a result to one's surprise for example at the same time as a matter of fact/in fact in my eyes
其他短语
子主题
All in all, the criticism seemed fair. 总的来说,这种批评似乎时公平的。
More than that, 不仅如此,
句子
Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you avoid getting sick this winter. 不管你信不信,一个温暖的拥抱甚至可能帮助你在这个冬季避免生病。
常见的作插入语的句子
what's more I think I'm afraid you see what's worse
句子结构
语法进阶
句子结构
简单句
五大基本句型
SV SVP SVO SVIODO(间接宾语 直接宾语) SVOOC
SV
不及物动词
SVP
系动词
子主题
SVO
SVIODO
SVOOC
标点符号
,
逗号
——
破折号
:
冒号
" "
引号
()
括号
;
分号
. ? !
句号、问号、感叹号
句子的语气 (按此分类的句子类型) 5
六大结构
并列结构
句子成分并列
连词
表并列
and
表选择
or
并列句
连词(CJ)
表示语义引申或联合
and nor not only...but(also)... neither...nor...
This novel is not science fiction, nor is it Gothic horror. 这部小说既非科幻故事,也非哥特式恐怖故事。
表示语义转折或对比
but yet while whereas
Divorced persons may remary, but a gender prejudice shows up. 离了婚的人可以再婚,但是会出现性别歧视。
表示选择
or either ... or ... or else
Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J. Crew. 聘请一位私人造型师,或使用像 J. Crew这类店里的免费形象设计服务。
表示因果
so for
They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. 他们授予大法官终身职位,因此大法官就可以毫无顾忌地得罪当权者,且无须获得政治支持。
短语连词
as soon as now that
标点
;
分号
Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report's authors. 全新的商业模式正在涌现;报告的作者指出了三种主要的模式。
副词作为连接词
子主题
比较结构
比较结构在英语中用来展示两个或多个事物之间的差异。
more...than
否定结构
否定结构通常通过在句子中加入否定词或使用否定形式来构成。
分割结构
由修饰成分的加入,导致主句的基本成分的分隔。
主谓语分隔
定语分隔
其他
嵌套结构
从句里面套从句
(||)
独立主格结构
名词+非谓语
用来提供额外的背景信息、时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等。这种结构在句子中作为状语使用,但并不作主语或宾语。
He with his work done, left the office early.
这种结构可以用来增加句子的深度和复杂性,同时提供额外的情境或原因。
复合句: 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子
主句
从句
先行词与连接词
先行词
被修饰性从句所限定或说明的词、短语或句子
同位语,通常是名词(短语) 定语,通常是名词(短语) 状语
连接词,即引导词
()
基本成分 ——名词性从句 4
| 定语从句
状语从句 9
主语从句和定语
从句缺少成分时,用代词或连词作为连接词
作为连接作用的代词 代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。
从句不缺少成分时,用副词或介词作为连接词
状语从句
从句不缺少成分
否定和倒装体现在主句中,不体现在从句中
名词性从句 4
主语从句
it作形式主语 (避免头重脚轻)
it + be + xxx + that 从句
名词(短语)
It's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business. BuzzFeed 没有遗产型业务是一种极大的奢侈。
形容词(短语)
But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. 但很明显,大多数总统顾问仍然没有严肃对待全球变暖的问题。
过去分词
It was argued at the end of 19th century that humans do not cry because they are sad but that they become sad when the tears begin to flow. 19世纪末还有人认为,人们不是因为悲伤而哭泣,而是当眼泪开始流淌时才变得悲伤。
it + 不及物动词 + that 从句
It turns out that the brain needs exercise in much the same way our muscles do, and the right mental workouts can significantly improve our basic cognitive function. 事实证明,就像肌肉需要锻炼一样,我们的大脑也需要锻炼,适当脑力训练可以改善我们的基本认知能力。
it + don't matter+主语从句; it + make no different +主语从句
It makes no different how you write, just so you do. 如何拼写并不重要,只要动笔就好。
出现在疑问句中
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society. 美国知识分子在他所处的社会中受到排斥且被认为是无足轻重的,这是认真的吗?
出现在感叹句中
How strange it is that the students are so quiet in the classroom! 孩子们在教室里那么安静,真奇怪!
majority workouts
引导词的用法
单纯连词引导的主语从句
只起连接作用 在从句中不做成分
that
无实义,不可省略。 有时口语可省略
That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. 海洋鱼类被过度捕捞的事实多年来一直为人所周知。
whether/if
表示”是否“,不可省略 if引导的主语从句只能置于句末。
It is not clear if anyone was injured. 目前还不清楚是否有人受伤。
连接代词引导的主语从句
起连接作用 在从句中充当句子成分 (除状语)
who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever
It hasn't been decided who will be sent to work there. 还没决定将派谁到那里工作。
连接副词引导的主语从句
起连接作用 在从句中充当状语
when where why how whenever wherever
It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. 广告商们对此作何回应,现在还不得而知。
表语从句
引导词的用法
单纯连词引导的表语从句
that whether as if/though because
as if/though
表示“仿佛”
It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. 这仿佛20年来日益严厉的求职和救济金管理体制改革从来没有发生过一样。
because
表示“原因”
That is partly because universitiies continue to produce ever more PhDs. 部分原因是大学在继续培养更多的博士。
连接代词引导的表语从句
who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever
连接副词引导的表语从句
when where why how whenever wherever
宾语从句
宾语从句的位置
及物动词+宾语从句
介词+宾语从句
You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. 你可以说他们的观点愚蠢,或者拿他们的无知开玩笑。
系动词+形容词+宾语从句
常见的此类形容词
happy afraid excited disappointed
He felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 他认定自己在数学方面不可能有所建树。
间接宾语?
引导词的用法
单纯连词引导的宾语从句
that whether/if
that引导宾语从句时, 不能省略的几种情况。
从句主语是this、that或被this、that修饰限定时
主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语
宾语从句为复合句
当一个句子中含有由并列连词连接的两个或两个以上的宾语从句时, 除第一个可省略外,其他通常不省略。
it作形式宾语代替宾语从句时
连接代词引导的宾语从句
who whom whose what which whoever whatever whichever
who whom whose what which whoever whatever det. 任何……的事物,无论什么 pron. 任何事物;究竟是什么;无所谓,什么都可以; <非正式>名叫某某的东西(用于指称不知道的东西) adv. 任何,丝毫(表强调);<非正式>不管怎样 conj. 不管什么,无论什么;任何…...的事物,凡是…...的东西 int. (表示勉强接受)随便你怎么说 whichever
Send it to whoever is in charge of sales. 把这寄给负责销售的人。
连接副词引导的宾语从句
when where why how whenever wherever
when where why how
宾语从句的语序
无论主句是陈述句还是疑问句, 宾语从句都是陈述语序。
Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? 广告商应该假定用户乐意被追踪并收到行为广告吗?
宾语从句的时态
主过,从过
Half of them found a toy; the other half discovered the container was empty. 他们中的一半人发现了一个玩具;另一半则发现容器是空的。
主现将、祈使,从不限
Emphasize that you're only offering your opinion, not gospel truth.
宾语从句的否定转移
否定转移到主句中
主句谓语表达“” 从句若含有否定意义
I don't think people are capable of that anyone. 我认为人们再也做不到那样了。
宾语从句的简化
不定式结构
当宾语从句的主语与主句主语相同时, 宾语从句简化为动词不定式结构。
How do we know when we should invest in an upgrade? How do we know when to invest in a upgrade? 我们如何知道何时投资于(自我形象的)的提升呢?
当主句的谓语动词后跟双宾语,且宾语从句的主语与主句的间接宾语一致时, 宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+动词不定式”结构
Devices tell workers which direction they can walk to pick up a package from a shelf. Devices tell workers which direction to work to pick up a package from a shelf. (自动化)设备会提示员工从架子上取货的路径。
当主语的谓语动词是使役动词,且宾语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致时, 宾语从句可简化为“原宾语从句主语的宾格+动词不定式(短语)”结构
使役动词
Humility requires that you should recognize weaknesses in your own arguments. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments. 谦虚要求你认识到自身观点的不足。
当从句谓语动词是感官动词时, 宾语从句可简化为“宾语+宾语补足语”结构 补足语常为分词(短语)或不带to的动词不定式(短语)
感官动词
How many times have I heard that people said,"" How many times have I heard people say,""
宾语从句可简化为名词(短语)
子主题
同位语从句
先行词为一些抽象的名词
子主题
引导词的用法
单纯连词引导的同位语从句
that whether
连接代词引导的同位语从句
who whose what whom which whoever whatever whichever
I have a shrewd idea who the mystery caller was. 这个神秘的来访者是谁,我能猜个八九不离十。
The question "what happens when the wind doesn't blow or the sun doesn't shine?" has provided a quick put-down for skeptics. "在不刮风或者不出太阳时,会发生什么呢?"怀疑论者快速用这一问题进行反驳。
连接副词引导的同位语从句
when where why how whenever wherever
when where why how
形容词性从句
定语从句
先行词与关系词
关系词
引导定语从句,代替先行词在定语从句中充当句子成分。
关系代词
关系副词
可与介词+关系代词互换
where=in which
分类
限定性定语从句/ 限制性定语从句
用于修饰和限定先行词, 与先行词关系密切,不可省略。
非限制性定语从句
对先行词起解释和补充说明的作用,去掉也不影响对主句的了解; 与先行词的关系比较松散 与主句间通常用逗号隔开,一般不用that引导,且关系词不能省略。
可引导非限定性定语从句的关系词
which who whom where when as
关系词的用法
关系代词的用法
that which who whom whose as but than
that
先行词:人或物。 在从句中作的成分:主语、宾语、表语或补语 可省略:宾语、表语或补语
Everything () he achieved in life was earned the hard way. 他的一生种所有的成就都来之不易。
which
先行词:物。 在从句中作的成分:主语、宾语或表语 可省略:宾语
The country produces only about 60 per cent of the food () it eat, down from almost three-quarters in the late 1980s. 该国的粮食产量仅为粮食总消耗量的60%左右,低于20世纪80年代末的近四分之一。
Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients--notably, protein--to feed expanding tissues. 身高的增长需要热量和营养(特别是蛋白质),以满足身体组织扩张的需要,人在20岁以后就很少再继续长高了。
who
先行词:人。 在从句中作的成分:主语或宾语 可省略:宾语
In theory, a girl may veto the spouse () her parents have chosen. 理论上,女孩子可以拒绝父母为她挑选的配偶。
whom
先行词:人。 在从句中作的成分:宾语 可省略:宾语
Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meet up with colleagues () you don't always see. 利用中午用餐和喝咖啡的时间去结识那些不经常见面的同事。
whose
先行词:人或物。 在从句中作的成分:定语
We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. 我们将这种售出的媒体定义为自有媒体,该媒体的访问量如此巨大,以至于其他机构将其内容或电子商务引擎投放在此环境中。
互换
of whom
of which
as 正如、和...一样
先行词:人或物。 在从句中作的成分:主语、宾语或表语
结构
such...as
You have such a book as he has. 你有这样一本与他一样的书。
the same...as
This is the same bag as I lost yesterday. 这个书包和我昨天丢的一样。
as/so...as
but
先行词:人或物。 在从句中充当的成分:主语 主句含有否定意义,相当于that/who...not
There are few but admire his talent. 很少有人不钦佩他的才华。
than
先行词:人或物。 在从句中作的成分:主语、宾语或表语
He did more than the rest of us did together. 他做的比我们其余人合在一起做的都要多。
介词+关系代词 which(指物)/whom(指人)
介词+which(指物)/whom(指人) 在从句中充当的成分:状语 介词+which有时可以与副词互换。
介词
on in
He fell ill suddenly, because of which he didn't come to our party last night. 他突然生病了,因此昨晚没有来我们的聚会。
介词+which+名词 在从句中充当的成分:状语 名词有时可以省略。
Tom spent four years in college, during which (time) he learned French.
名词(短语)/代词/数词+of+which/whom 在从句中充当的成分:主语 表示所属或部分与整体的关系
A few tricks may help you navigate back to civilization, one of which is to follow the land. 一些技巧可以帮你指引方向,回到文明社会,其中之一就是沿着地势走。
the + 形容词比较级/形容词最高级+of+which 在从句中充当的成分:主语 表示所属或部分与整体的关系
The studies also ran up against many methodological challenges, the biggest of which centered on the old statistical saying. 这些研究还遇到许多方法论的挑战,其中最大的挑战集中在古老的统计学说法上。
介词+which(指物)/whom(指人)+ 动词不定式 结构变换
All tests require a potential candidate with whom they can compare DNA. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to campare DNA. 所有鉴定都需要一个可以将DNA样本与之进行比对的潜在对象。
如何确定介词
固定搭配
先行词习惯搭配
上下文语义
关系副词的用法
when where why that as before after since
when
先行词:表时间。 在从句中充当的成分:时间状语
where
先行词:表地点或 。 在从句中充当的成分:地点状语
why
先行词:reason。 在从句中充当的成分:原因状语
That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to near future. 这正是我们创办《孤》的原因之一,这本新刊物致力于研究不久的将来。
that
先行词:表时间、地点、原因、方式等。 在从句中充当的成分:状语 可以省略
This counterintuitive link between downtime and productivity may be due to the way (that/in which) our brains operate. 休息与生产力之间这种违反直觉的联系可能是我们大脑的运作方式所导致的。
as
I live in the same place as Tom does. 我和汤姆住在同一处。
before after since
先行词:表时间。 在从句中充当的成分:时间状语
In the years since he stopped running, his joint had deteriorated badly. 在他停止长跑的那几年里,他的关节衰退得很厉害了。
关系词的辨析 (有两个以上的关系词可选时)
宜用that的情况 不用which/who的情况
先行词为不定代词 或被修饰
不定代词
all little many much few some(thing) every() any() nothing none
All (that) I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. 我只需走到我的CD架旁,或者打开电脑,从iTunes上下载更多录制好的音乐。
先行词为序数词 或被修饰
序数词
子主题
先行词为形容词最高级 或被修饰
先行词被xx修饰
xx
the only the very the same the right the last
That's not the only thing () the American economy needs. 那并不是美国经济唯一需要得东西。
先行词既有人又有物
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most. 她在作文中描述了她印象最深刻的一些人和地方。
先行词在主句中作表语 关系代词在从句中作表语
The village is not the one that it was years ago. 这个村庄已不再是多年前得样子了。
主句是以xx开头的特殊疑问句
xx
who which what
Who is the girl that is standing there? 站在那边的那个女孩是谁?
主句以here或there开头 且先行词指物
Here are five simple ways that you can make the first move and start a conversation with strangers. 这里有五种简单的方法,可以让你迈出第一步,与陌生人开始交谈。
宜用which 不用that的情况
先行词指物 关系代词前有介词
In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand. 通过这种方式,它们就给自己立足的那片沉默无言的环境赋予了宁静。
引导非限定性定语从句
子主题
先行词为that且指物时
Everything except that which makes life worthwhile. 一切,除了那些使生活有价值的东西。
宜用who的情况 不用that的情况
先行词指人
关系词与先行词之间存在其他成分时
They are young people from the country who have never been away from home. 他们是从农村出来的年轻人,之前从未远离家乡。
引导非限定性定语从句
两个先行词分别带有定语从句 且其中一个定语从句的先行词为that
The boy that you met at the school gate yesterday morning is our monitor who studies very hard. 昨天早上你在学校门口遇到的那个男孩是我们的班长,他学习非常努力。
as和which的用法辨析 (引导非限定性定语从句)
as:通常对主句进行评论或说明,位置灵活,可位于句首、句中或句末 which:对主句所叙述的事情进行补充说明,只能位于句中或句末
As is reported in the newspaper, some artistic treasures will be on show at the exhibition on the weekend. 据报纸报道,一些艺术珍品将在周末的展览上展出。
子主题
as:先行词只能是句子 which:先行词可以是一个名词
子主题
as:从句被动语态be可以省略 which:从句被动语态be不可以省略
As (is) reported by China, 18 patients are criticallly. 据中国报告,18名病人病危。
从句谓语是否定形式 从句有复合宾语 用which
Natural landscapes and vegetation surround this place, which makes it a great house for some quality relaxing time. 自然景观和植被环绕着这个地方,这使它成为一个可以享受高品质放松时光的好房子。
关系词的省略
关系代词的省略
that\which\who\whom 在从句中作宾语且介词不在其前面
that 表语、宾补
关系副词的省略
非正式文本中
先行词表时间 (when/that)
先行词表地点 (where/that)
先行词为
reason (why/that)
the way (that/in which)
区分定语从句和同位语从句
先行词
同位语先行词比较抽象 定语从句先行词比较具体
同位语从句的先行词不一定表示时间、地点或原因
连接词
that
whether/what/how 引导同位语从句
从句与先行词的关系
子主题
副词性从句
状语从句 9
时间状语从句
连接词的用法
常用引导词引导的 时间状语从句
when while as before after since
when
在某一特定的时间点/段 主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生或先后发生 从句谓语既可以是延续性动词,也可以是非延续性动词
These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions. 当你修改时,在纸张上阅读也比在屏幕上阅读更方便。
while
主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生,或主句动作发生在从句动作发生的过程中 从句谓语须是延续性动词
The TSA cannot countinue diverting resources into underused PreCheck lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. 当大多数人旅客承受着没有必要的排队时,TSA(美国交通运输安全管理局)不能再继续将资源投入到未充分利用的预检通道上。
as
主句的动作和从句的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或主句动作与从句动作伴随进行 从句谓语多用表示动作或状态变化的动词。
As the ecomomy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. 随着经济的复苏,对有抱负的领导来说,机会将大量存在。
before
主句的动作发生在从句动作之前
The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. 在其地基建立之前,EEOB(艾森豪威尔行政办公楼)就已经有了一定的历史了。
it be + 一段时间 + before... 一段时间之后才
It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. 一年后,她才成为一家小型互联网商品交易所的领导。
after
主句的动作发生在从句动作之后
After a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying into a good family. 在选定配偶后,双方家庭都会去调查对方的家庭情况,以确保自己的孩子通过婚姻进入一个好家庭。
since
主句完成时 从句过去时
And since the first Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers' dollars has become intense. 自从1995年第一家互联网赌博网站建立以来,争夺赌徒手中钱财的竞争就变得日益激烈。
till/until as soon as by the time once
as soon as
表示主句动作紧随从句动作的发生而发生
若主句为祈使句、含有情态动词或使用一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时表将来。
As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. 一觉从噩梦中醒来,就立刻确定梦中是什么困扰着你。
若主句为一般过去时, 从句也用一般过去时
, but it broke the promise almost as soon as the deal went through. 但几乎交易刚一达成,脸书就食言了。
till/until(正式)
表示主句的“动作/状态”延续的终点。
主句为肯定句: 主句谓语动词为连续性动词, 表示动作持续到从句表示的时间点就结束。
Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. 埃里克森在瑞典长大,早先学习核工程,直到他意识到如果转而学习心理学,会有更多机会进行自己的研究。
主句为否定句: 主句谓语为非延续性动词, 表示主句的动作自从句表示的时间点才开始。
I didn't realize this until you told me. 直到你告诉我,我才意识到这点。
by the time
表示到某一时间为止,主句动作已经完成,主句一般用完成时态
By the time a problem has been addressed and remedied it may have vanished in the marketplace. 待某个问题得到解决和补救时,这个问题可能已经在市场中不复存在。
若主句动作不强调已经完成,只是说明某时候的状况, 则主句不用完成时,而应根据实际需要选用适当的时态, 此时by the time 相当于 when
By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, he would quit. 输到5000美元时,他对自己说如果能够回本,就不赌了。
once
表示动作已经发生, 意为“一……就……”
多与过去时态连用
Once the grapes were pressed, the juice was put into barrels. 葡萄一经挤压,葡萄汁就装进桶里。
特殊引导词引导的 时间状语从句
the minute the instant the moment the day next time every time
名词短语
the minute the instant the moment 表示“一……就……”
I want to see him the minute he arrives. 他一到我就想要见他。
the day next time every time
Every time we fail at something, we can choose to look for the lesson we're meant to learn. 每当遭遇失败时,我们可以选择从中汲取应该学习的教训。
instantly immediately directly no sooner...than hardly/scarcely...when
instantly immediately directly 用作连词 表示“一……就……”
Immediately she'd gone, I remembered her name. 她刚走开我就想起来她的名字。
no sooner...than hardly/scarcely...when 表示“一……就……”
I had no sooner arrived there than he appeared. 我一到那里,他就来了。
主句一般为过去完成时, 从句为一般过去时 提到句首,主句部分应为倒装语序
No sooner had I arrived there than he appeared.
地点状语从句
连接词的用法
常用引导词引导的 原因状语从句
where wherever = no matter where anywhere everywhere
where
表示一个确定但非特指的地点
“The tradition rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted,”says one headhunter. 一位猎头说道:“按照传统规则,待在原来的职位会更保险。但是这一规则已经彻底颠覆了。”
wherever = no matter where
表示不确定的地点
Wherever she led, they followed. 她指向哪,他们就跟到哪。
anywhere
表示任何地方
You can go anywhere you like.
everywhere
表示各个地方
The dog followed me everywhere I went.
原因状语从句
连接词的用法
常用引导词引导的 原因状语从句
because since as now (that)
because
表示造成某种状况得直接原因,通常置于句末,语气最强。
Most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a noncontroversial but respected public figure. 大多数(欧洲)王室能够幸存下来,是因为使选民无需费力寻找一个没有争议且受人敬重得公众人物。
since
表示已知或显然的原因,侧重强调主句内容,通常置于句首,语气较弱。
Since our cheif business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. 由于我们对他们(青年人)所做的首要工作在于使他们能够融入共同生活中去,所以我们不禁要细想自己是否正在形成让他们获得这种本领的能力。
as
表示对结果的附加说明,通常置于句首或句末,语气最弱。
As you were out, I left a message. 因为你不在,所以我留了一张字条。
now (that)
表示已知原因,因果关系不强,侧重于引出一个新情况,主要用于口语
子主题
特殊引导词引导的 原因状语从句
given (that) considering (that) seeing (that) in that
Given that you are still young, I forgive you. 考虑到你还年轻,我原谅你。
条件状语从句
分类
真实条件句 表示某种假设发生的可能性较大, 用陈述语气。
If you don't like it, change it.
非真实条件句 表示某种假设发生的可能性不大, 用虚拟语气。
If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 然而,假如他参加了上个赛季的比赛,那他就会是42名(球员)中的一员了。
引导词的用法
常用引导词引导的 条件状语从句
if unless as/so long as in case once
if
表示在某种条件下可能发生某事
If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning. 如果你不熟悉单词或习语,你就猜测它们的意思。
引导肯定状语从句时,可以转换为 “祈使句+and+陈述句”结构
If you travel on a london bus, you'll quickly see how this works with driver. Travel on a london bus and you'll quickly see how this works with driver.
引导否定状语从句时,可以转换为 “祈使句+or+陈述句”结构
If you don't start earlier, you will fail to arrive there in time. Start earlier, or you will fail to arrive there in time.
从句中含有be动词,且从句主语与主句主语一致, 则从句的主语和be动词可省略。
Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices, if (it is) possible, with drug maufacturers. 不管是何种方式,如果可能的话,“全国性”机构的优势之一就是能够跟药品制造商谈判取得更优惠的价格。
unless
相当于“if... not...” 表示“除非;如果不”
At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or "we wake up in a panic," Cartwright says. 卡特莱特认为,总的来说,除非所做的梦使我们失眠或“使我们惊醒”,否则,我们可能我们几乎没有理由去在意这些梦。
as/so long as
表示说话人的希望、愿望或遗憾的心情等
This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction. 只要使用的方向正确,它就是足够的。
in case
表示在某种前提下
In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘了,就情提醒我一下。
once
多与一般现在时连用,表示一种假设
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. 一旦某项发现声明公开化,其发现者就会获得学术赞誉。
既能引导时间状语从句 也能引导条件状语从句
特殊引导词引导的 条件状语从句
supposing(that) on condition that provided/providing(that)
We'll hold the concert next Monday provided that the weather is good. 如果天气好的话,我们将在下周一举行音乐节。
时态
主将从现
If this doesn't change, American business, communities and consumers will be the losers. 如果这一情况不改变,美国企业、社会各界和消费者都将蒙受损失。
主祈从现
If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. 如果此刻你突然有相关而又重要的想法,就把它写到初稿中
主情从现
However, when done too often, this habit can sometimes hurt more than it helps. 然而,如果(称重)太过频繁,这种习惯有时候会弊大于利。
结果状语从句
连接词的用法
常用引导词引导的 结果状语从句
so...that such...that so (that)
so...that从句
so 是副词,修饰形容词或副词
形容词/副词
He reads so passionately that his parents have to institute a "no reading policy" at the dinner table. 他如此酷爱读书,以至于他的父母不得不制定吃饭时“禁止读书”的规矩。
many/few + 可数名词复数
He made so many mistakes that he had to begin his work anew. 他犯的错误太多了,因此必须重做。
much/little + 不可数名词
With zinc, there is so little research that it is difficult to determine zinc's effect on a cold. 目前针对锌的研究寥寥无几,以至于很难判定其对感冒是否有效。
形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数
She is so good a teacher that we all love her. 她是一位很好的老师,我们都很喜欢她。
若主句和从句的主语一致,
且从句为否定句时 可与含“too...to”结构的简单句进行互换
Recently I've been so busy that I haven't done it. =Recently I've been too busy to do it. 最近我一直很忙,因此还没做那件事。
且从句为肯定句时 可与含“形容词+enough+to do”结构的简单句进行互换
The monkeys were so happly that they will exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. =The monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. 猴子们很乐意用几块石子换回几片黄瓜。
such...that从句
such 是形容词,修饰名词(短语)
a(n) (+形容词) +可数名词单数
He had such a pleasant, readable style that one might think that anyone could imitate it. 他的(作品)风格欢快且通俗易懂,让人觉得谁都可以模仿。
(+形容词) + 可数名词复数/不可数名词
Indeed, homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can't possibly cope. 实际上,无家可归者的数量已达到如此规模,以至于地方政府都无法应对。
so (that)从句
通常置于主句之后。
To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra spare between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences, and corrections. 为了便于修改,页边距和行距应该大一些,这样方便添加词语、句子和要修改的内容。
目的状语从句
引导词
常用引导词
so that in order that in case
特殊引导词
for fear that in the hope that lest
引导词的用法
常用引导词引导的 时间状语从句
so that in order that in case
so that
常置于句末
For this reason, caravanserais were strategically placed so that they could be reached in a day's travel time. 鉴于此,商队客栈被设置在了最佳位置,以便旅行者们能在一天的行程时间内到达。
in order that
常置于句首或句末
All those concerned must work together in order that an agreement can be reached. 一切有关人员必须通力合作,以便能达成协议。
in case
常置于句末
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. 戴上帽子,以免太阳太晒。
特殊引导词引导的 时间状语从句
for fear that in the hope that lest
for fear that in the hope that
He worked hard for fear that he might be fired by the boss. 他拼命地干活,以免被老板解雇。
lest
He gripped his brother's arm lest he be trampled by the mob. 他紧抓着他兄弟的胳膊,怕他让暴民踩着。
目的从句的简化
主句和从句的主语一致, 可借助表目的的动词不定式短语或固定短语将复合句转化为简单句。
so as to in order to for the purpose of
When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so that you can build the conversation from that point. →When you meet a person for the first time, make an effort to find the things which you and that person have in common so as to build the conversation from that point.
让步状语从句
连接词的用法
though/although even if/even though no matter + 疑问词 疑问词 + ever as while whether(...or)
though/although
不能与but连用,但可与yet、still等词连用
Though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining. 虽然纸质广告的销售额仍然高于在线广告和移动广告,但纸质版报纸的收入却仍然在下降。
二者常可互换 但也有区别
though
可用于“名词/形容词/副词等+though+主语+谓语/系动词”结构 although不能
I will say no more on these matters, important though they are. 我不想对这些事在说些什么,尽管他们很重要。
从句指某种假设,用虚拟语气
Though all the world were against me, I should still hold to my opinion. 就算全世界都反对,我仍然坚持我的观点。
可以作副词,置于句末,用于补充说明。
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. 不过,这些项目不一定对环境产生负面影响。
although
更正式,语气更强
even if/even though
Even if a state is considered a high performer in its science standards, "that does not mean it will be taught", he says. 即使一个州被认为有很好的科学教育标准,“那也并不意味着气候变化会被教授”,他表示。
even if
通常强调对把握不大的事情或假设情况的让步。
It doesn't feel like a human or democratic relationship, even if both sides benefit. 即使双方都能从中受益,这也不像是一种人性化的或民主的关系。
even though
通常强调对真实情况的让步。
The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. 虽然现在智商测试不像以前使用那么频繁,但人类智力似乎仍然由智商分数来界定。
no matter + 疑问词 疑问词 + ever
No matter how formal or informal the work environment, the way you present yourself has an impact. 无论工作环境多么正式或不正式,你展示自己的方式都会产生影响。
Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. 无论是哪条路,你对每处的曲曲弯弯都了如指掌。
疑问词 + ever 还可以引导名词性从句和其他状语从句
as
须将从句中的表语、状语或谓语的一部分提前,构成 “名词(短语)/形容词(短语)/副词(短语)+as+主语+谓语(+其他)”或 “谓语动词+as+主语+情态动词/助动词(+其他)” 若前置的名词是可数名词单数,要省略不定冠词a/an
Child as he is, he is afraid of nothing. 尽管他是个小孩,但他什么也不怕。
while
While seemingly innocent, this loss of mental focus can potentially have a damaging impact on our professional, social, and personal wellbeing. 虽然看似无害,但这种大脑失焦可能会对我们的职业、社交和个人幸福产生破坏性的影响。
whether(...or)
What the study doesn't measure is whether people are still doing work when they are at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. 该研究没有考量人们在家时是否继续工作,无论是家务还是从办公室带回家的工作。
granded/granting (that) admitting that for all (that) in spite of the fact that
Granting that a lot of people were absent, we held the meeting as usual. 尽管许多人缺席,我们还是照常开会。
方式状语从句
连接词的用法
as as if/as though like
as
During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. (普通科学家)在其一生大部分时间里,都将遵守职业道德视为理所当然,就像商人遵守商业道德一样。
as if/as though
Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals. 同样地,孩子们常常会将机器人当成同伴来对待,即使机器人只能发出简单的社交信号。
like
Nobody understands him lilke I do. 没有人像我这样了解他。
the way
But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does. 但是,由于大笑很难维持,所以它不能像散步或慢跑一样具有显著效益。
比较状语从句
连接词的用法
常用连接词引导的 时间状语从句
than as
than
常用于“比较级+than+从句”结构
Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a labor market that's tighter than it's been in decade. Z世代即将步入社会,在比过去几十年竞争更为激烈的劳动力市场中寻找工作。
两种否定形式
no+ “和...一样不”
He sees the gradual disappearance of "", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English (is).
not+ “不比...更...”
as
常用于“as+形容词+as”结构, 其中,前一个as是副词,后一个as是连词
We need to use it as carefully and as productively as we can. 我们需要尽可能谨慎且有效地利用时间。
含有不定冠词a(n)
French is as difficult a language as English (is). 法语跟英语一样难学。
否定 “not as/so...as”
It's not so easy as you'd think.
省略从句中与主句相同的部分,只保留比较部分。 从句的谓语与从句谓语相同时,用do的不同形式替代从句谓语
AI "vision" today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of human (is sophisticated). 目前,AI的眼力远不及人类的复杂精妙。
其他可用于比较含义的结构
“the+比较级...,the+比较级“ “越......,越......”
Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumer, the higher the likelihood of a better price. 基础经济学表明,潜在的消费者越多,获得更优惠价格的可能性越大。
“A is to B what C is to D” “A对于B,相当于C对于D”
Water is to fish what air is to man. 水对鱼来说正如空气对人一样。
特殊句式 5
倒装句 强调句子某成分 平衡句子结构 承上启下
倒装句的分类
完全倒装:将整个谓语置于主语之前。
"None of those programs do that," says another expert. “这些程序都无法做到。”另一位专家说。
部分倒装:将助动词、系动词、情态动词置于主语之前。
Never shall I forget those moments that turned my dreams to ashes. 我永远不会忘记那些把我梦想变成灰烬的时刻。
倒装句的用法
完全倒装
@There be句型表示“有......,存在......”
Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. 从基因角度讲,避免身高过高是有好处的。
表示“时间、地点、方位”的副词或介词短语位于句首,且主语为名词
常见的相关副词: 地点副词: 方位副词: 时间副词: 谓语通常是vi 主语是代词时,谓语不提前。
Now comes you turn to guard. 现在轮到你站岗了。
子主题
形容词(短语)作表语位于句首
Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. 鲜为人知的是,在生活中,名叫 更具优势。
谓语部分的分词(短语)位于句首
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. 加重女性体内更多压力化学物质剂量的,是她们增多的压力“机会”。
部分倒装
具有否定意义的副词、连词或介词短语位于句首
常见的此类词及短语: 副词/连词: 介词短语:
At no time should we break the school rules. 无论何时我们都不应违反校规。
tips
子主题
only修饰状语并位于句首
Only when we lose them someday, do we know how to value. 只有到哪一天我们失去了他们,才懂得如何去珍惜。
tips
子主题
上句的肯定情况也适用于下句的人或物时 “某人某物也是如此” so +助系情+主语
While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. 尽管这项声明含糊不清,但它代表着一个起点。“人工智能系统作出的决策应该是可解释的、透明的和公平的”这一理念也是如此。
tips
子主题
上句的否定情况也适用于下句的人或物时 “某人某物也不” neither/nor +助系情+主语
Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. 美国人不再期望公众人物运用技巧和天赋来驾驭英语语言,无论是在他们演讲时还是写作时。而公众人物自己也不再有这样的渴望。
so/such...that句型
So fast does the light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. 光传播得很快,我们很难想象它得速度。
tips
子主题
某些表示祝愿的句子
May you have a happy New year! 祝你新年快乐!
tips
子主题
疑问句
Can this merely be coincidence? 这难道只是一个巧合?
What does "national" mean? “全国性”是什么意思呢?
tips
子主题
as/though引导让步状语从句时, 通常将从句中的表语、状语或谓语的一部分置于句首,形成 ”名词(短语)/形容词(短语)/副词(短语)+as/though+主语+谓语(+其他)“或 ”谓语动词+as/though+主语+情态动词/助动词(+其他)“的结构
Hard thought he tried, he can't change her mind. 尽管他做了很大的努力,但都没办法改变她的决定。
Try as he might, he refused. 尽管他可以试试,但是他拒绝了。
There be句型
本质: 完全倒装
基本用法
”There be +主语+其他(时间状语/地点状语/后置定语等)“ 某时、某地有某人、某物
tips
There be 结构 与 实义动词have的区别
子主题
There be 结构 与 表存在的主系表结构 (sb./sth.+be+介词+sp.)的区别
子主题
be动词 形式和时态变化
就近原则, 即其形式与离它最近的主语保持一致。
主谓一致(就近原则):谓语动词的形式与距离自己最近的主语保持一致。 这种就近原则的使用确保了句子的流畅性和逻辑性,使得谓语动词与最近的主语在语法上保持一致,从而避免了可能的混淆。
There is a table and two chairs in the room。
时态变化体现在be动词上
There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve. ()如今已再度兴起,或者说人们已经开始重新思考内疚感是什么及其会起到什么作用。
其他用法
”There be +主语+后置定语—xxx(+其他)“ 非谓语动词(短语)作后置定语, 补充说明主语的状态。
1. 动词不定式(短语) 表示动作还未发生。
There is a better way to win arguments. 有一个更好的方法来赢得争论。
2. 分词(短语)
现在分词(短语) 表示主动的、正在发生的动作。
There are no good theories explaning what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.
过去分词(短语) 表示被动的、已经完成的动作。
There are many common methods used to cook fish. 常见的烹饪鱼的方法有很多。
变式
替换be动词
表示事物发生或存在的短语
标注
seem to be happen to be appear to be
There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing. 以牺牲长期投资为代价的短期思维似乎占据了主导地位。
There appear to be plenty of others like him. 似乎像他一样的人还有很多。
不及物动词
标注
go
In my room, these stands a small bookcase near the window. 在我的房间里,有一个小书柜立在窗户边上。
There + 情态动词+be 表示”必然有“”可能有“或”过去习惯存在“等
It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process. 它使用数据分析来帮助识别在招聘过程中可能存在偏见的地方。
常用句型
"There be no use (in) doing sth" 表示做某事没有用
There was no use crying over spilled milk. 打翻了牛奶,哭也无用。
"There be no need (for sb.) to do sth" 表示做某事没必要
There is no need to advertise the fact that you are a single woman. 没必要宣传你是个单身女性这一事实。
"There be no doubt that..." 表示毫无疑问...
There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. 毫无疑问,同龄群体体会对我们的行为产生巨大的影响。
强调句
it is ... that/who/whom ...
肯定句
It is/was +主语+that/who+其他成分
It is/was +宾语+that/who/whom+其他成分
It is/was +状语+that+其他成分
It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS. 正是在这种背景下,英国信息委员会专员伊丽莎白 · 德纳姆对NHS下属的皇家自由医院信托基金会做出了定罪裁决。
否定句
It is/was +not+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其他成分
It is not by chance that the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word. 《葬礼进行曲》没有成为《英雄交响曲》的最后乐章,而是第二乐章,这并非偶然,因为这样苦难就不会成为最后的结局。
一般疑问句
Is/Was it +被强调部分+that/who/whom+其他成分
But is it really happiness that's linked to investment? 但是,与投资相关的真的是幸福(指数)吗?
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词+is/was it +that+其他成分
What is it that makes us feel we need to hide behind our screens?
还原
It is what that makes us feel we need to hide behind our screens.
反义疑问句
It is/was +not+被强调部分+that/who/whom+其他成分,isn't/wasn't it
It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born, wasn't it ? 正是因为伟大的发现,一种基于理性的新哲学才得以诞生,不是吗?
连接词的运用: 连接词 that/who/whom, 无实义
that
that/who
that/who/whom
时态的运用: 强调句的时态依原句时态而定。
人称和数的运用: 被强调部分若为主语, that/who之后的谓语在人称和数上应与句子主语保持一致。
其他用法
It is/was not until +被强调部分+that+其他成分
It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own. 直到20世纪80年代中期,当强化年龄和性别差异成为儿童市场的主导营销策略时,粉色才彻底流行起来。
省略句 3
为避免重复 而进行的省略
限定词
He had to suffer many disappointments and (many) rejections along the way. 他这一路走来曾饱尝沮丧和被拒的滋味。
省略重复的介词
I see libraries as a safe haven for readers and (for) writers.
我认为图书馆是读者和作家的避风港。
省略动词不定式(短语)中重复的to或to之后的内容
A number of companies use Al image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and (to)prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. 很多公司使用人工智能图像处理技术来检查基础设施,以防出现设备故障或泄漏。(英一2021年新题型)
The boy wanted to ride in the street, but his mother told him not to (ride in the street). 那男孩想在街上骑车,但他的母亲叫他不要这样做。
省略重复的主语
That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and (that common-sense change)wouldsave the USPS $2 billion per year.
那项符合常理的变革得到广泛的公众支持,且每年能够为美国邮政署节省20亿美元。英一2018年Text4
谓语
整体省略
Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys,and (live) on supplies of fresh water.(整体省略重复的谓语)
绝大多数人居住在山谷里,且以淡水为生。英一2019年完形)
部分省略
The computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and (may)not (be) subject to peer review or outside evaluation.(省略部分重复的谓语)
公司用于判定(亲属)关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利保护,从而不接受同行评审或外界评估。英一2009年Text2)
省略重复的宾语
省略前面的
Some Al software can analyze (marketing email subject lines) and optimize marketing emailsubject lines to increase open rates.
一些人工智能软件可以通过分析和优化营销电子邮件的主题行来提高邮件打开率。英一2021年新题型
省略重复的定语
The new staff are predominantly young men and (young) women fresh from postgraduate study.新的员工大多是刚刚完成研究生学业的青年男女。(英一2021年翻译)
省略多个重复的句子成分
What does a child do when he's sad? He cries. (What does a child do) When he's angry? He shouts.孩子难过时会做什么呢?他会哭。生气时呢?他会大声喊叫。英二2016年新题型)
省略与上文重复的内容
To be fair, the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods entirely, but (telling people) toreduce their lifetime intake.公平地说,FSA(英国食品标准局)表示,不是建议人们完全不吃烤制食品,而是减少他们一生中烤制食品的摄入量。(英一2020年完形)
比较状语从句 省略as/than之后与主句重复的内容
Data is becoming an asset which needs to be guarded as much as any other asset (needs to beguarded).数据正在变成一种资产,需要受到与其他任何资产同等程度的保护。(英一2007年Tex4
要点提示
为避免重复而进行的省略不仅常出现在单个句子内,也常出现在句子之间。这一类省略不仅能使表达更加简洁,还能起到语义纽带作用,使句子之间的联系更加紧密。例如:
Are you pressed for time? If (you are) not (pressed for time), I suggest we have lunch.你时间紧张吗?如果不紧张的话,我建议我们去吃午饭。
语法习惯上的省略
介词省略
①由what、how、who、whether等连接代词或连接副词引导的名词性从句作介词of或about的宾语时,其前的介词of或about可省略;一些表示方式、行为、时间或距离等的状语中的介词也可省略;在一些固定结构或句型中,也往往省略介词
常见的省略介词的固定结构和句型
be busy (in) doing sth.忙于做某事
spend money/time (in)doing sth.花钱/时间做某事
cause difficulty (in) doing sth.对做某事造成困难
have a good time(in)doing sth.做某事很开心
prevent/stop...(from)doing sth.阻止······做某事
have trouble(in) doing sth.做某事有困难
For my part, I have no idea (about) whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. 就我而言,我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的音乐指挥家,甚至是不是一位好的音乐指挥家。英-2011年Te1
On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law (on)Monday.美国最高法院周一以5:3的投票结果推翻了亚利桑那州移民法的诸多条款。英-2013年Text4)
The point of a style upgrade isn't to become more vain or to spend more time (in) fussing overwhat to wear.形象提升的重点不是变得更加虚荣或花大量的时间去考虑穿什么。燕一2016年新题型)
形容词最高级作表语时可省略定冠词the;其前由序数词、物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等限定词修饰时须省略定冠词the
作表语
前面有限定词修饰
While all the experts are busy debating about which option is (the) best, the people who want toimprove their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information. 当所有的专家都在忙于讨论哪种选择最好的时候,那些想要改善生活的人却被这些相互矛盾的信息搞得一头雾水。
Both apps were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its ownproducts. 在微软表示已在自家产品中应用了这两款应用程序的最优特性后,这两款应用程序便都被废弃了。(英二2021年Text3
After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country. 英国的人口密集程度在欧洲仅次于荷兰。2016年Tex12)
动词不定式(短语)有时会将动词不定式符号to省略。比如在作help、find或know的宾语补足语时,可省略to;在主动语态下作感官动词或使役动词的宾语补足语时,须省略to
These tools can help you (to) win every argument.
这些方法可以帮助你赢得每一场争论。2019年新题型)
How many times have I heard people say, "I could write a book, I just haven't the time."
我曾无数次听到有人说:“我能写书,只是没时间而已。”(二2019年■译)
Discussing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less threatened.
私下讨论(有异议的)问题会使有权力的人感到不那么受威胁。(二2021年新题型)
及物动词后接两个或多个宾语从句时 只有第一个that可以省略。
及物动词的宾语从句通常可以省略引导词that
DeSombre isn't saying (that) people should stop caring about the environment.德松布尔并不是说人们应该停止关心环境。英二2019年Text4)
India has just announced (that) it will “eliminate all single-use plastic in the country by 2022."印度刚刚宣布,将“于2022年之前消除国内所有一次性塑料制品”。英二2019年Text4
Tips
当及物动词后接两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时,通常只有第一个that可以省略。例如:
We had previously thought (that) the market would return to some semblance of order and that our clientswould not join in the panic.
我们曾经以为市场会回到某种表面的秩序,这样我们的客户就不会加入恐慌的行列中。寒
定语从句省略关系词
Your boss proposes a new initiative (which/that) you think won't work.你的老板提出了一个你认为行不通的新方案。英二2021年新题型)
Use your lunch and coffee breaks to meetup with colleagues (whom/who/that) you don't alwayssee.利用中午用餐和喝咖啡的休息时间去结识那些不经常见面的同事。英二2020年新题型
Ground surveys allow archaeologists to pinpoint the places (where) digs will be successful.地面勘测能够让考古学家精准定位有效的挖掘位置。英一2014年新题型)
One reason (why/that) their pay has gone up so much is that CEOs really have upped their gamerelative to many other workers in the U. S.economy.CEO的薪资增幅如此之大的一个原因是,与美国经济中的许多其他工作者相比,他们的确提升了自身的工作技能。英二2020年Tet2)
状语从句中的省略
当某些表示时间、条件、地点、方式、原因或让步的状语从句的主语和主句主语一致或从句的主语为it,且从句的谓语含有be动词时,可省略从句的主语和be动词
They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when (they are) facing severe, urgentcircumstances.(时间状语从句)
在面对严峻且紧迫的情况时,他们仍然可以不受第四修正案的保护条例的约束。英-2015年Teat2)
Their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if (it is)possible.(条件状语从句)
如果可能的话,应该在距离朋友及社交活动场所的远近方面考虑他们的意见。英二2019年新题型)
由no matter(what/how/why等)引导的让步状语从句可省略what/how/why等和be动词
Call me when you get there, no matter(what) the time (is).
无论什么时间,你到了那儿就给我打电话。寒
so...that 引导结果状语从句时,that可以省略
This storm is so big (that) its clouds are effecting twothirds of the country.
这场风暴如此强劲,以至于它的云层影响着这个国家三分之二的地区。寒
虚拟语气中的省略
①非真实条件句中,如果从句中有had、should或were,可省略if,并将had、should或were移至句首
Had Entergy kept its word (=If Entergy had kept its word), that debate would be beside the point.如果安特吉公司能遵守诺言,那样的争议就无关紧要了。英一2012年Text2
,Were it not for this fine powder (=If it were not for this fine powder), the seed would never beperfect orcomplete.要是没有这种细细的粉末,种子就永远无法变得饱满完整了。诚
② suggest、advise、recommend、require、demand、request、order、decide、desire、insist等表示“建议”“要求”“命令”“决定”“期望”“主张”等意义的动词后接的宾语从句中,谓语须用“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气,should可以省略
·The state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant's license(should)besubject to the Vermont legislature's approval.该州(指代“佛蒙特州”)更进一步,要求该核电厂许可证的任何延期申请均须得到佛蒙特州立法机关的批准。关-2012年Te2
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)(should) do likewise.欧洲各国的部长随即要求国际会计准则理事会(IASB)也这样做。一2010年Tet④
③ suggestion、advice、proposal、recommendation、requirement、demand、necessity、order、decision、desire等表示“建议”“要求”“命令”“决定”“愿望”等意义的名词后接的同位语从句中,或这些词作主语时的表语从句中,谓语须用“should+动词原形”表示虚拟语气,should 可以省略
He made a suggestion that they (should) vote for the Republican candidate.他建议他们投票给共和党候选人。
His recommendation is that the experiment (should) be repeated.他的建议是,实验要重做。或
疑问句中的省略
①一般疑问句可省略主语和助动词,使句子更加简洁
(Are we) Reading it simply for pleasure?只为了消遣而阅读吗?英一2015年新题型
②特殊疑问句可以将某些不重要的部分省略,以突出重点内容
What (are we going) to do?该怎么办呢?关一2005年新题型
感叹句中常省略主语it和be动词,以突出感叹的主体
How nice (it is) to see you again.很高兴再次见到你。
What a pity(it is)!真遗憾呀!■
其他语法习惯上的省略
Most of those initial doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not recommended forpeople over 50 (years old) or those with heart disease.这批初期(疫苗)大多数是FluMist鼻腔喷雾剂型疫苗,是不推荐50岁以上人群或有心脏病的人群使用的。类二2010年元形)
He had an engagement at a restaurant at eight(o'clock).他8点钟在一家餐馆有一个约会。减
使用习惯上的省略
句子中有许多成分在语法上是不可或缺的,但出于长期形成的语言习惯等种种原因,在实际使用中通常将其省略。部分使用习惯上省略的成分被补充完整后反而是不正确的。使用习惯引起的省略大致有以下几种:
祈使句中的省略
①祈使句的主语一般是第二人称you,通常省略
(You) Remind the person that this is your point of view.提醒那个人这是你的看法。二年
*(You)Do not misunderstand me.不要误解我的意思。(赛二2015年的规型)
②祈使句还可以省略其他成分 No smoking (is allowed here)l禁止吸烟!
简短通知、标题、电报、说明等内容中可以省略be动词
ID (is)required.须提供身份证
表示诊所、医院、店铺、学校、住宅等建筑的所有关系,常省略所有格后的地点名词
I've just had a tooth out at the dentist's(clinic). 我刚在牙科诊所拔了一颗牙,或
祝愿或祝福语中常省略|wish you和冠词a/an/the
(I wish you a)Merry Christmas! 圣诞快乐!
为突出重点, 在一些介绍或说明性文体中会将一些没有实义、仅有语法作用的成分 (如it is,they are,there is/are, these are等)省略
(These are) Five amazing ways that you can make conversation with almost anyone. 这就是五个几乎能让你同任何人交谈的神奇方法。
一些能够根据语法规则简单推测出的成分可进行省略
(Iam)Glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。
一些能够根据常识或 在语篇中能根据文章主题、上下文语境 推测出的成分可以省略
This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein; or, The ModernPrometheus, (written) by Mary Shelley. 今年恰逢玛丽·雪莱的《弗兰肯斯坦-现代普罗米修斯的故事》出版两个世纪。
部分固定结构中的省略
“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”结构中,如果主句和从句的谓语都包含be动词,则通常可以省略从句中的be
The higher the altitude (is), the lower the temperature is. 海拔越高,温度越低。
What if 句型中省略了 would happen
What (would happen) if she forgets to bring it? 要是她忘记带来,会怎么样呢?
not only...but also...结构中 既可整体省略 but also,也可只省略but或also
Not only is it delicious, (but also) stinky tofu offers a valuable lesson. 臭豆腐不仅美味,还给我们上了宝贵的一课。
Not only does she speak Spanish, (but) she's also good with computers.她不仅会说西班牙语,还精通计算机。
He is publishing a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligentthan the others, but (aIso) explains the process that has brought this about. 他将要发表一篇论文,这篇论文不仅表明人类的某一族群比其他族群更聪明,还解释了导致这一结果的过程。共一2008年完形
替代 3
名词性替代 名词性替代是指 用替代词来代替上文中出现过的名词(短语)。
不定代词one/ones代替上文出现的可数名词, 通常与被替代词所指的是不同的对象。 其中one代替上文出现的单数可数名词,ones代替复数可数名词
A calm,rule-following child might respond better to a different sort of parenting than,for example,a younger one.(one代替 child) 例如,对于某种与众不同的养育方式,一个冷静、守规则的孩子可能比一个更年幼的孩子反应更好。英二2020年完形) The losers are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones.(ones 代替 retailers)输家是那些纯线上的零售商,尤其是规模较小的纯线上零售商。英一2019年Text4)
Tips
①one之前有this、that、another等限定词,ones之前有these、those等限定词时,通常可将one/ones省略。 Feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another(one). 在一种情景下可能有益的情绪在另一种情景下则可能是有害的。
②one/ones 不能代替作表语或宾补的名词(短语),须代替时应使用so。 C++ was the leading language and people thought it would always be one.(X) C++ was the leading language and people thought it would always be so.(V) C++曾经是最主要的编程语言,人们以为这会一直持续下去。
除one/ones之外,其他不定代词(如some、both、all、many等)代替上文出现的名词(短语),通常与被替代词(或短语)所指的是相同对象或泛指同类对象。这一类替代中有些也可看作省略
The ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves todeath-as some have done.(不定代词 some代替 some models) 这项关于超瘦模特的禁令似乎不仅是为了保护模特不致饿死自己-已有模特因节食而死。英一2016年Text1) They were impressionable kids during the crash of 2008, when many of their parents lost their jobsor their life savings or both.(不定代词 both 代替 their jobs 和 their life savings) 2008年经济危机时,他们正是易受影响的孩子,当时他们许多人的父母失去了工作或毕生积蓄,或两者都失去了。(英二2020年Text4)
人称代词、物主代词、疑问代词、连接代词和指示代词代替上文出现的名词(短语),通常与被替代词(或短语)所指的是同一对象或泛指同类对象,部分情况可看作省略
For Williams, those activities became what he calls “electronic heroin.” (人称代词 he 代替 Williams)对威廉姆斯来说,这些活动变成了他所谓的“电子海洛因”。英一2006年新题型)
You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer-that's not good enough. Mine isfilled with leftovers,bread, stock,meat and fish.(物主代词 Mine 代替 My freezer) 你可能会骄傲地宣称冰箱里只有冷冻青豆-这还不够好。我的冰箱里装满了剩饭、面包、高汤、肉和鱼。
动词性替代
do的各种形式代替 前文中出现的谓语()或谓语()加其他成分
Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness,we need art to tell us,as religion once did Memento mori: remember that you will die,that everything ends,and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it.(did 代替told us) 今天,我们则围充斥着承诺,告诉我们快乐可以轻易收得,我们需要艺术像宗救曾微过的那样提醒我们人终有一死:记得你终将死大,一切都会站水,快乐不在于否认这一事实,而在于接受它。
do的各种形式与So连用来代替前文的动宾或动状结构
Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. (do so 代替 offer DNT) 微款的E浏览器和本果的 Safari 浏览器都提供了“禁止追踪”选项;谷歌的浏览器Chrome今年也将提供同样的功能。
do的各种形式与so搭配,构成“So+主语+do”和“so +do+主语”两种结构。前者主语与前文主语一致,表示对前文内容进行肯定;后者主语与前文主语不同,表示前面所说情况同样适用于后面的人或物
·-He works hard. 一他工作努力。 -So he does, and so does his brother.(So..doesoso does均代替works hard) 一他确实这样,他兄弟也是如此。
分词性替代 分句性替代是指用替代词so或not代替整个分句。 其中So代替肯定意义的分句,not代替否定意义的分句。
so/not 可与 think、 believe、expect、afraid、 guess、imagine、 suppose 等词连用,代替前文所提出的观点
-Is he coming? 一他来吗? -Ibelieve so.(so代替he is coming) 一我想他能来。我
-Have you found Paula? 一你找到宝拉了吗? -l'm afraid not,Kate.(not 代替Ihave not found Paula) 一恐怕还没有,凯特。
so/not 可与if搭配,代替上文内容,表示条件
Do you want that cake?lf not, I'll have it.(not代替you don't want that cake) 你想要那块蛋糕吗?如果不想要,我就要了。
so可与 even 搭配,代替上文内容,表示让步
In most of the homeless gardens of NeYork City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible, yet evenso the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life.(so代替the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible) 在纽约大多数无家可归者的花园中,实际种植植物是不可行的,但即便如此,这些花园的构造似乎常体现了试图唤起动植物生命气息的种种努力。
句子的语气 (按此分类的句子类型) 5
陈述语气 表示动作和状体符合客观事实,包括肯定、否定。
陈述句 用于陈述事实或表明陈述人的看法和态度的句子。 . 结尾,降调
肯定
否定
情态动词、助动词、系动词后面加not
从句的否定体现在主句中。
some→any
It can catch someone's attention in a crowded room. 在拥挤的房间里,它可以吸引一些人的注意力。
It can't catch anyone's attention in a crowded room. 在拥挤的房间里,它不能吸引任何人的注意力。
除not外,具有否定含义的词
never nobody hardly little few seldom
But most law graduates never get a big-firm job. 但是,大多数法学院毕业生从未进入大律师事务所工作。
疑问语气 表示说话的人在不确定的情况下提出问题、进行询问。
疑问句 用于提出问题或询问情况的句子 ?结尾
1. 一般疑问句 询问对错,句末语调上升
以情态动词、助动词、系动词提问
Is it possible to like everyone in your office? 有没有可能喜欢上你办公室里的任何人?
回答
Of course not,+否定句
No,+否定句
Possibly
Yes,+肯定句
Of course,+肯定句
2. 特殊疑问句 寻求信息,降调
连接词 —— 疑问词
(1) 疑问代词 对主语、表语、宾语等进行提问。
人:who whom whose 事物:what 物:which
(2) 疑问副词 对副词性成分进行提问。
where why when how
Why is it possible to like everyone in your office? 为什么喜欢上你办公室里的任何人是可能的?
(3) how 词组 how + adv/adj
how old how long
3. 选择疑问句 提出两种或两种以上的情况供对方选择
无倒装
并列选项用or连接 首项升调,尾项降调
Which is bigger, the apple or the pear?
Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
4. 反意疑问句 陈述后附加问句,对陈述的事实或观点提出疑问
附加问句是简短的一般疑问句,一般“前肯后否、前否后肯”
What fine weather, isn't it? 天气真好,难道不是吗?
Yes, it is. / No, it isn't. 是的,天气很好。 / 不,天气不好。
You don't sleep, do you? 你没睡觉,是吗?
Yes, I don't. / No, I do. 是的,我没睡。/ 不,我睡了。
祈使语气 表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。
祈使句 一般用来表示请求、命令、劝说、号召、警告等。 “.”“!”结尾,语调降调。 主语默认you,通常省略。
肯定式
Let + 宾语 +动词原形
Let us revert to the original subject. 我们回到原来的主题吧。
动词原形 +
Make eye contact. 保持眼神的交流。
Be + 表语
Be open to hearing other opinions. 要听取其他人的意见。
Please + 动词原形
Please come in. 请进。
否定式
Do not + 动词原形
No + 名词
No smoking.
感叹语气
感叹句 表达喜、怒、哀、乐等不同的感情色彩。 “!”“.”结尾,语调降调。
基本构成 连接词what、how 不必额外加程度副词
what 代词作定语修饰名词
What a damnable climate we have! 我们这儿的氛围好糟糕啊!
What clever boys they are! 他们好聪明啊!
how 副词作状语修饰形容词、副词、谓语动词或句子
How beautiful a girl she is! 她真是一个漂亮的姑娘啊!
How cute the bunny is! 这只兔子真可爱!
How anxiously we waited! 我们等得好心焦!
How he enjoys colleting stamps! 他是多么喜欢收集邮票啊!
其他形式
祈使句、陈述句、疑问句表达强烈的感情 句末用“!”。
Every person is a really good book to read, or to have a conversation with!
感叹词或短语
And so congratulation and well done! 恭喜,干的不错!
Hooray! At last! 好哇!终于这么做了!
虚拟语气 表示说话人的主观愿望、建议或与事实不符的假设等, 不代表客观存在的事实。(条件在前,结果在后。)
If I were rich, I'd buy a yacht. 如果我有钱,我会买一个游艇。
非真实条件句
非真实条件句中虚拟语气的构成
非真实条件句中虚拟语气的具体用法
与现在事实相反
If we adult could indugle in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies. 如果我们成年人能够放任自己犯点傻,傻笑几声,我们就能减少体内的压力激素。
与过去事实相反
If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 然而,假如他参加了上个赛季的比赛,那他就会是42名球员之一了。
与将来事实相反
If you should succeed, everything would be all right. 如果你将来成功了,一切都会好的。
If he were here this evening, we would play cards. 如果他今晚在这的话,我们就玩牌。
非真实条件句中虚拟语气的其他用法
非真实条件句的省略与倒装
if省略,助动词/情态动词提到主语前面
含有were, had, should的非真实条件句
Were it not for the fact that I saw it with my own eyes, I wouldn''t believe it. 若非我亲眼看到,我是不会相信的。
含蓄条件句 采用其他方法体现虚拟语气
介词短语
介词包括:with/without/but for
What would you do with the extra time? 如果你有一般的时间,你会做什么?
连词或起连词作用的副词
如:otherwise/or/but
He must have thought Jane was worth it or he wouldn't have wasted time on her, I suppose. 我想,他当时肯定认为简值得他费心思,否则他就不会在她身上浪费时间了。
分词短语
Failing this time, what would you do? 假若今天失败了,你会怎么办?
动词不定式短语
To hear him talk, one would take him for a fool. 如果你听见他说话,你会认为他是个傻瓜。
名词短语
A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. 要是你早来几个小时,你就见到那位著名的作家了。
上下文语境
They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities. 他们担心它会损害本国经济发展,使他们失去急需的技术人才,而这些人才可以在国内的大学任教。
错综时间条件句 主句的动作与从句发生的动作发生在不同时间
主句与现实事实相反,从句与过去事实相反
A judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. 一名担心对罪行表现得心慈手软得法官,如果在当天已经宣判五六名被告只进行强制性社区服务,那他就更有可能将其他某个被告送进监狱。
主句与过去事实相反,从句与现实事实相反
If I were you, I would have taken his advice. 如果我是你的话,我早就听他意见了。
主句与将来事实相反,从句与过去事实相反
If they have left home in early morning, they would arrive in half an hour. 要是他们一大早就离开家得话,再过半个小时就该到了。
主句为祈使句。从句为非真实条件句
If you should change your mind, do let me know. 如果你改变主意得话,一定要告诉我。
在其他从句用法
用于宾语从句中
表示”“的动词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气 从句谓语用”(should)+do“
要求、请求、建议、命令、决定、主张
require
Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's picture should illustrate his own story. 狄更斯坚持认为西摩的画应该描绘自己创作的故事。
wish后接宾语从句的三种情况
现实事实相反 从句谓语用”were“
过去事实相反 从句谓语用”(could/would) have done“
He wished he could have helped her more than he did. 他希望自己当时能帮他更多。
将来不太可能实现的愿望 从句谓语用”should/would/could/might + do“
You wish that you could turn back the clock and start over. 我希望时光可以倒流,重新开始。
wish后接宾语从句的三种情况
对现在或将来的虚拟 从句谓语用”did“
I'd rather you came next Saturday. 我宁愿你下周来。
对过去的虚拟 从句谓语用”have done“
I would rather you had told me the truth. 我倒是宁愿你告诉我真相。
用于主语从句中
it is xxx that 主语从句 从句谓语用”(should)+do“
xxx部分形容词
标注
So, it is important that you think before you say or do anthing. 因此,在你说或做任何事之前先思考一下是很重要的。
xxx部分过去分词
标注
This year, it was proposed that the system be changed. 今年,有人提议改变这一体制。
xxx
标注
With little or no previous experience, it is no wonder that you start to fumble. 你几乎或者说根本没有相关经验,刚开始时笨手笨脚一点也不奇怪。
用于表语从句/同位语从句中
表示”“的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句用虚拟语气 从句谓语用”(should)+do“
My advice is that you quit smoking. 我的建议是你应该戒烟。
用于定语从句中
It time (that) 定语从句 从句谓语用”did / should do“
It's high time () you concentrated on your work at hand. 是该你集中精力做手头上工作的时候了。
用于状语从句中
方式状语从句 从句谓语用”“
did/were
Beethoven's music tends to move from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. 贝多芬的音乐往往会从混乱转向有序,仿佛秩序是人类生存的必需品。
have done
He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他表现得若无其事。
should/would/could/might + do
He looks at me as if he could read my mind. 他看着我,好像能读懂我的心思。
目的状语从句 从句谓语用”“
should/would/could/might + do
In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission proposeed adding a "do not tack" option to internet browser, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be follow. 2010年12月,美国联邦贸易委员会建议在浏览器上添加”“功能,以便用户告知广告商他们不想被追踪。
时态 4x3、语态 2
句子的时态(4x4=16)
一、一般态 表示发生的动作和存在的状态。
一般现在时(do/does)
表示现在
表示现在或经常性、习惯性发生的动作或存在的状态
Most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions. 我们大多数人会陷入精神萎靡的状态,并常常归咎于一些心理疾病。
表示主语目前的身份、性别、特征、能力或性格等。
He is a teacher at a New Hampshire high school. 他是新罕布什尔州一所高中的老师。
表示普遍事实或客观真理。
Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the word. One reaps what one sows.
在新闻标题、历史简介、小说章节标题或 介绍电影、戏剧、小说、图片等内容时。
Its hero avoids being civilzed—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness. 书中的主角拒绝被教化——不上学,也不学习读书——所以他能保住他善良的天性。
表示现在进行
Here/There + 谓语 + 主语 Here/There + 主语(代词) + 谓语
并非绝对进行
Here is the wearher forecast for tommrrow. 现在播送明天的天气预报。
Here they come, your heros. 他们来了,你们的英雄。
并非总是表示现在进行
Here are five simple ways. 这有五种简单方法。
表示过去
引用已故名人的理论、著作或描述其言行。 主要是强调其客观性。
Marx says that people are the total social relations.
一些动词表示不确定的过去时间。
如 hear, say, tell等。
I hear that you are planning a sightseeing trip to China.
表示将来
表示不会轻易改变的按时间表、计划或安排要发生的动作。 常会有具体的时间状语。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
用于条件/时间状语从句,代替一般将来时。
if the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022. 如果这些议案通过,那么该州各委员会将被要求在2022年之前为女性预留出50%的委员会席位。
一般现在时的标志词
频率副词
never
频率词组
once in a while
其他词组
from time to time
亦可用于其他时态
一般过去时(did)
表示过去
表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态
The reseachers investigated one class session's impact on eating meat. 研究人员调查了一堂课对吃肉的影响。
表示过去一段时间内经常、反复发生的动作或状态, 可与频率副词连用,也可以用“used to do”表达。
Lighting was always changed on a sunday.
Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. 以前曼哈顿新开张的人气餐馆阿兰.杜卡斯一桌难求。
表示过去将来
表示过去说话时还未发生的动作或存在的状态, 多用在时间、条件、让步状语从句中代替过去将来时。
He said that he would give her the book if he saw her.
一般过去时的标志词
具体时间词
last+时间词
时间段+ago
in+过去的时间词(组)
其他
一般将来时(will do)
will(1.2.3)/shall(1)+do 表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态, 必然、倾向、习惯发生的事或者将来反复发生的动作。
I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. 我会把他定义为对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生的首要责任和乐趣的人。
be going to do 表示主观打算、计划要做的事 或客观迹象表明要发生的事。
if you're going to make a print product, make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. 如果你打算制造纸质版产品,就专为那些已经为之痴迷的人而做。
be to do 表示按照安排、约定、义务或职责必须去做的事,较为正式。
You are to report this to the police. 你应该去报警。
be about to do 表示客观上马上发生的事, 一般不与具体的时间状语连用。
Gen Zs are about to hit the streets looking for work in a lobor market that's tighter than it's been in decades. Z世代即将步入社会,在比过去几十年竞争更为激烈的劳动力市场中寻找工作。
一般将来时的标志词
具体时间词(组)
next+时间词
in+一段时间
in+表示将来的时间词
其他
过去将来时(would do)
would(1.2.3)/should(1)+do 表示立足于过去的过去的某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior. 委员会认为,其他机构会保护自身免受反竞争行为的侵害。
was/were going to do 表示曾经打算要做的某事,或立足于过去根据客观迹象推断将要发生的动作。
She said she was going to retire. 她说她准备退休。
was/were to do 表示按照过去的计划或安排,将在过去的某个时刻发生的事。
More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009. 2009年10月初,300多万剂疫苗就可以投入使用。
was/were about to do 表示立足于过去判断将来会发生的事情, 有时表示“即将或正在想做某事,突然发生了其他事”
Something frightful was about to descend on him. 可怕的灾祸就要降临到他头上。
连用的标志性时间状语
子主题
二、进行态 表示某个时间点内或时间段内进行的动作或存在的状态。
现在进行时(be doing)
表示现阶段发生的动作或存在的状态。
But while aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in bain function may not be. 但是,尽管衰老不可避免,科学家们却发现大脑功能的某些变化可能并非不可避免。
变化类系动词:become, turn, grow, get 表示现阶段动作或状态逐渐变化的过程。
Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. 年轻人,作为数字世界原住民,越来越擅长区分网络空间里的真真假假。
表示重复性动作,用于少数非延续性动词, 如:
Two boys are jumping on the ground.
表示现阶段经常性或习惯性的动作 常与()副词连用, 含有赞扬、不满、厌烦、惊讶等感情色彩。
That woman next door is always complaining. 隔壁的那个女人老是抱怨个不停。
非延续性动词 通过现在进行时表达按计划将要发生的动作。
Ireland says it is leaving the international bailout program. 爱尔兰表示将退出国际救助计划。
标志词
now
不用现在进行时,而用一般现在时
Look!/ Listen!后的句子,以There/here开头
Look! Here comes the bus. 瞧!公交来了。
通常不用于现在进行时的动词
表示感官的动词
表示情感的动词
表示想法的动词
表示状态的动词
非延续性动词
过去进行时(was/were doing)
表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态。
By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama. 他出生时,欧洲的宗教戏剧正在消亡。
表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作。 常与()副词连用, 含有赞扬、不满、厌烦、惊讶等感情色彩。
Her microphone was forever getting caught on her clothes. 她的麦克风总是被衣服挂住。
表示过去一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行, 或表示两个过去的动作同时进行。
He came at six, when the sun was setting. 他六点来的,那时太阳正在落山。
表示按计划、安排,过去将要发生的动作或过去的预想。
Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company". 他没有用惯常含糊其词的借口来掩饰自己的离职,而是直接坦率地称他离开是”为了追求自己经营一家公司的目标“。
表示继续刚刚中断的谈话,用于日常生活中
-Sorry? I didn't hear you clearly. it's too noisy here. -I was saying that the party was great.
标志词
then
将来进行时(will be doing)
表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作或存在的状态
Many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet. 很多人将很难维持生计。
表示安排要做的事或预计会发生的事
Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. 现在,竞争对手将在它们此前从未征收过销售税的地方征税。
表示婉转的语气,表达有礼貌地询问、请求等
Will you be needing anything else? 你需要什么吗?
连用的标志性时间状语
in two days
过去将来进行时(would be doing)
和将来进行时一样,过去将来进行时也常表示计划中的事。 过去将来进行时常用于宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句中, 通常和表示过去将来的时间状语从句连用。
The company still claimed that most people would be travelling in driverless cars one day soon. 该公司仍然声称,不久后的某一天,大多数的人将会乘坐无人驾驶汽车出行。
三、完成态 表示已经完成的动作, 即站在某一时间点,对这个时间点之前发生的动作做一个总结。
现在完成时(have/has done)
表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响
Over the past 12 mouths, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. 在过去的12个月里,这些通勤者也经历了多年来最严重的几次铁路罢工。
表示过去的动作或状态持续到现在并可能持续下去
Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, ignoring the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. 大多数研究青少年犯罪的理论都把关注点放在了出身于贫困家庭的孩子身上,忽略了富裕家庭也会犯罪这一事实。
常与现在完成时连用的时间状语
since+过去的时间点
过去完成时(had done)
表示在过去某个时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作
Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking. 在他们的每一项揭示之前,当时的许多思想家依然保持着古老的思维方式。
表示从过去的某个时间开始一直持续到过去另一个时间的动作或状态,并有可能持续下去
He expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. 他表达了这样一个观点:过去的二三十年里,他的思想已经在两三个方面发生了变化。
表示过去原本想做但事实上并未做的事,意为“原本想/认为/计划......“
We'd assumed we'd have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scent on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn't necessary. 我们原本认为必须给他装上可以活动的头和尾巴,在添加一些面部特征,并给它附上气味以使它闻起来像一只真正的老鼠,但那并没有必要。
相关动词
hope wish
过去完成时可用于间接引语中
Both apps, however, were later scrapped after Microsoft said it had used their best features in its own products. 然而,在微软表示已在自家产品中应用了这两款应用程序的最优特性后,这两款应用程序便都废弃了。
过去完成时可用于虚拟语气中
If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. 然而,假如他参加了上个赛季的比赛,那他就会是42名中的一员了。
过去完成时用于一些带有副词的句中,常见的有 表示”一.......就“,通常主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时;
We had hardly started when it began to rain. 我们刚出发,就开始下雨了。
部分倒装
子主题
No sooner had she gone than her seat was taken by Fred Weasley. 她刚走,她的座位就被弗雷德.韦斯莱占据了。
常见的过去完成时的标志性时间状语
by+过去的时间点
将来完成时(will have done)
表示在将来某一时刻前势必会完成的动作,或一直持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态
By the end of next month he will have been here for ten years. 到下月末,他在这里的时间就满十年了。
表示根据某情况对现在或将来可能已经完成动作的推测
By now you will have guessed that I'm back in Ohio. 此刻,你可能已经猜到我回到了俄和俄州。
过去将来完成时(would have done)
表示从过去某个时间点看将来某时刻已经完成的动作或对过去将来的推测
He said they would have arrived by seven o'clock. 他曾说他们七点钟前就会到达。
表示过去想做而没能做成的事或与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
If they wanted to attack, they would have attacked already. 如果想攻击,他们早就动手了。
四、完成进行态 表示到某个时间为止,该动作一直在持续。
现在完成进行时(have/has been doing)
表示发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在,这个动作可能刚刚结束,也可能持续下去
Since I started posting them on Twitter-they have been causing quite a stir. 自从我开始把它们发布到推特上以后——它们就持续引发热议。
表示动作不是一直在进行,而是断断续续重复
For somthing curious has been happening in American universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. 因为美国的大学一直在发生一些奇怪的事,而这被哈佛大学英语教授路易斯.梅南德巧妙地捕捉到了。
表达感情色彩
-Have you been here long? -Yeah, (I have)been waiting ages.(表达抱怨)
常与现在完成进行时连用的时间状语
recently
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别
过去完成进行时(had been doing)
表示在过去的某一时间点之前一直持续的动作,该动作可能在该过去时间点之前结束,也可能仍在持续
I had been looking for it for days before I found it. 我找了很多天才找到它。
表示过去某一时间内反复发生的动作
The warning light had been flashing for quite a while when the explosion occurred. 当爆炸发生时,警示灯已经闪烁了很长一段时间。
将来完成进行时(will have been doing)
表示从某一时间点一直持续到将来某一时间点的动作,该动作可能已经完成,也可能仍在持续。
By the end of this month he will have been training horses for twenty years. 到了月底,他驯马就满二十年了。
过去将来完成进行时(would have been doing)
表示动作从过去的某个时间点一直持续到过去将来某一时间点,该动作可能结束,也可能持续下去。
He said that by the end of the spring term he would have been studying English for three years. 他说,到春季学期结束时,他学习英语三年了。
句子的语态
主动语态(do) 主语是谓语动词的执行者
It can catch someone's attention. 它可以吸引别人的注意。
有时态、人称和数的变化
被动语态(be done) 主语是谓语动词的承受者
被动语态的基本构成
be done
有时态、人称和数的变化
Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny. 原稿将被标记以接受额外审查。
及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词无被动语态 不及物动词与介词和副词搭配的短语相当于及物动词
He can't bear to be laughed at . 他不能忍受被人嘲笑。
情态动词/半助动词 + be done
时态、人称和数的变化体现在情态动词和半助动词上
Elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of year. 出色的球员更有可能出生在一年中的前几个月。
get done 通常用于谈论某人或某物的客观遭遇, 往往表示突发的、偶发的事件或事故, 强调动作的发生。
And that's where these words often get confused by English learners. 而那就是英语学习者经常困惑的地方。
可连用的过去分词比较少,多带有“不顺利”“不愉快”的感情色彩
You could get arrested for doing that. 你那么做可能会被逮捕。
arrested
非谓语动词的被动形式
过去分词(短语)本身就表达被动和完成的含义
It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born. 正是因为这伟大的发现,一种基于理性的新哲学就此诞生。
现在分词(短语)的被动形式(being done)
Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave. 人家已经请求我留下来,我就不好离开了。
动名词(短语)的被动形式(being done)
Not a single person reported having been embarrassed. 没有人称自己感到尴尬。
动词不定式(短语)的被动形式(to be done)
To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience. 遇上沙尘暴是一次可怕的经历。
被动语态的用法
使用被动语态的主要情况
强调动作的承受者时
Madrid was hailed as a public health guiding light. 马德里被誉为公共卫生的指路明灯。
不知或不必提及动作的执行者时
Millennials were told that if you got a decent degree, you would be set up for life. 千禧一代被告知,如果你获得了不错的学位,那么你就不用为生活发愁。
动作的执行者是物时
Just 25 per cent of the country's land is suitable for crop-growing, most of which is already occupied by arable fields. 该国仅有25%的土地适合种植农作物,而其中大部分已被耕地占用。
在新闻、科技等题材以及文章标题或广告中,强调客观事实时
Olduvai Gorge, an early hominid site in Tanzania, was found by a butterfly hunter in 1911. 奥杜威峡谷,一处位于坦桑尼亚的史前人类遗址,就是在1911年被一个捕蝶人发现的 。
部分动词短语/句型在习惯上使用被动语态
Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail. 《加入俱乐部》一书中充斥着太多无关的细节。
常见的此类动词短语及句型
be filled with...
不使用被动语态的主要情况
系动词、不及物动词和相当于不及物动词的短语动词/词组
The crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. 用来养活自己和家人、支付各种账单的至关重要的收入不复存在。
常见的此类(短语)动词及词组
部分不含被动意义的及物动词和部分相当于及物动词的短语动词/词组
Music means different things to different people. 音乐对不同的人来说有不同的意义。
常见的此类(短语)动词及词组
mean
宾语为反身代词、相互代词或 与谓语动词为同源宾语
同源宾语:
They really want to live their lives. 他们真的想过自己的生活。
常见的支配同源宾语的动词
sleep
谓语动词的宾语是动词不定式(短语)或动名词(短语)
They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. 他们可以设法在一个地方立业,在另一个地方安家。
主动语态和被动语态
主动语态表被动含义
某些系动词可用主动形式表示被动意义
感官类系动词
表状态持续的系动词
Big questions remian unanswered. 一些重大问题仍没有解决。
表结果的系动词
某些表示主语内在品质或性能的动词为不及物动词且与W连用时, 一般用主动形式表示被动意义。
well
标注
常见的此类动词
The type of recorder sells well. 这种型号的录音机卖的很好。
某些表示发生、出现、传播等的(短语)动词可用主动形式表示被动意义
happen take place break out come up spead
Accidents like this happen all the time. 此类事故经常发生。
某些表示开始或结束的动词,当主语为物且不强调动作的执行者时,可用主动形式表示被动意义。
Their trial will shortly begin. 他们的审讯很快就要开始。
某些词后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义
The idea is well worth considering. 这个想法很值得考虑。
被动语态表主动含义
某些“动词+反身代词”结构变为被动形式时,可表示主动意义
常见的此类结构
子主题
You'd be well advised not to overwork yourself. You'd be well advised not to be overworked. 你最好不要过度劳累。
某些不及物动词的过去分词可表示主动意义
标注
I've been retired since May of last year. 我从去年五月就退休。
某些被动形式的短语可表示主动意义
In reality we are continually faced with a question:"Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?" 现实中我们面临这样的一个问题:“为什么我们不能让自己做这件事或完成那件事呢?”
语法点
词(短语)及其变化
短语/词组 8
词(短语)在句子中充当的成分
基础语法
长难句
语气
句子的语气 (按此分类的句子类型) 5
倒装和强调
省略和替代
特殊句式 5
真题长难句
逻辑:扩与拆
扩句
添加主语主干修饰
添加一级从句
添加从句修饰
拆句
剥离一级从句
剥离主语主干修饰
7考向
介词短语五大常考功能
作状语
作后置定语
作表语
做插入语
作补足语
从句
连接词总结
4 名词性从句
连接代词
子主题
连接副词
定语从句
关系代词
关系副词
9 状语从句
子主题
六大结构
并列结构
比较结构
否定结构
分割结构
嵌套结构
独立主格结构
三大非谓语动词(短语)
不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语
三大语法现象
省略、虚拟、替代
三大特殊句式
倒装、强调、There be
特殊句式 5
五大标点符号
逗号
分号
破折号
冒号
括号
真题长难句演练
真题长难句的拆解
拆句的步骤
寻找主干
表达句子的核心含义
识别标点/连接词,将单个复杂的从句拆解成一个个简单句。 注意关系词
O
数谓语动词,有几个谓语动词就有几个句子。
→
()剥离修饰性成分
为句子添加条件, 介绍背景
理清关系
利用连接词→先行词
修饰成分独立翻译