英语严英 Early and Medieval  English literature.

英国文学，思维导图。The Romance Cycles（传奇分类）：The great majority of the romances fall into three groups or cycles。

Early and Medieval English literature.

• Chapter 1： The Making of England.
  • The Britons.
    • 子主题
  • The Roman conquest.
    • The Roman Conquest (55B.C.-410A.D.) 罗马征服（公元前55年—公元410年） A. Brief Introduction（简介） ①Before the Roman Conquest, the early inhabitants in the island we call England were Britons, a tribe of Celts. 罗马征服之前，在英格兰岛上居住的早期居民被称为不列颠人（Britons），不列颠人是凯尔特（Celt）部落的一支。 ②In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar, the Roman conqueror. Britain was not completely subjugated to the Roman Empire until 78 A.D. But at the beginning of the fifth century, the Roman Empire was in the process of declining. In 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 公元前55年，该岛被罗马的朱利尤斯·凯撒（Julius Caesar）侵略。直到公元78年，不列颠才完全臣服于罗马帝国，但是在5世纪初，罗马帝国开始没落。公元410年，所有的罗马军队撤离该岛。 B. Influence（影响） ①The Roman mode of life was brought into Britain while the native Britons were treated as slaves. 罗马人的生活方式被带到了英国，而当地的不列颠人却沦为奴隶。 ②The Romans brought Christianity to the island and this religion was spread widely. (This is a profound religious effect up to today). 罗马人带来了基督教，基督教得以广泛传播。 ③Roman road was built for military purposes. 出于军事目的，罗马人修建罗马大路。 ④Along the Roman roads, many towns grew up, London was one of them, and it became an important trading center. 沿着罗马大路，许多城镇得以发展，伦敦就是其中之一，并在那时成为重要的商业城市。
  • The English conquest.
    • The English Conquest（盎格鲁-撒克逊征服） A. Brief Introduction（简介）While the Romans retreated, the Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles-Saxons and Jutes. Before the conquest, they still lived in the tribal society.By the 7th century, a untied kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles was established. 当罗马人撤离不列颠的同时，大群海盗入侵岛内。他们是来自北欧的三支部落：盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特。征服之前，他们仍旧过着部落生活。到7世纪，一个统一的王国—英国成立了，也被称作盎格鲁人之国。 B. Influence （影响） ①The three tribes had developed into a whole people called English. And the three dialects had grown into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English. 这三支部落发展成一个统一的民族称为英国人。三种方言逐渐成为一种单一的语言，称为盎格鲁-撒克逊语言，即古英语。 ②The Britons experienced a transition from tribal society to feudalism because of the English Conquest. 不列颠人经历了从原始部落社会向封建社会过渡的时期。 ③The Anglo-Saxons were heathen people, believing in old mythology of Northern Europe. Later, The Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century. 盎格鲁-撒克逊人是无神论民族，相信古老的北欧神话，但后来在7世纪被基督教化了。
  • The social conditions of the Anglo-Saxons.
  • Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence.
• Chapter 2： Beowulf.
  • Anglo-Saxon Poetry.
    • English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. Of Old English literature, five relics are still preserved. All of them are poems, or, songs by the Anglo-Saxon minstrels who sang of the heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and warriors in the feasting-hall. Four are short fragments of long poems. But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is "Beowulf", the national epic of the English people. 英国文学始于盎格鲁-撒克逊人在英国的定居。在古英国文学中，仍有五件文物保存。所有这些都是盎格鲁-撒克逊吟游诗人的诗或歌曲，他们在宴会大厅里向首领和战士们歌颂了古代的英雄事迹。四首是长诗的短片段。但是有一首3000多行的长诗。这是英国人民的民族史诗《贝奥武夫》。
  • The story of Beowulf.
    • The Story of Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》主要情节） Beowulf tells a story of Beowulf fighting against monsters Grendel and his mother, winning the battle and protecting his people. 该书讲述了贝奥武甫这位英勇的武士与怪物格兰戴和他母亲斗争取得胜利并保护了他的人民的故事。
  • Analysis of Its content.
    • Analysis of Its Content（《贝奥武甫》内容评析） Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. Its main stories are folk legends of primitive Northern tribes. Beowulf is a brave hero whose spirit and deeds reflect the life of tribal society on the continent. The historical significance of Beowulf lies in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times. 《贝奥武甫》是一部民间传说，由盎格鲁-撒克逊人从他们本土带到英格兰。它的主要故事情节来源于原始北欧部落的民间传说。 贝奥武甫是一个英雄，他的精神和行为都反映了当时的部落生活。它的历史意义在于反映了古代部落社会的特征。
  • Features of Beowulf.
    • Artistic Features of Beowulf（《贝奥武甫》的文学特征） a. The most striking feature is the use of alliteration.多用头韵 b. Other features of this work are the use of metaphors and of understatements.多用暗喻和轻描淡写手法
• Chapter 3： Feudal England.
  • The Danish invasion.
    • The Danish Invasion（丹麦人入侵） About 787, the English began to be troubled by bands of Danish Vikings. Before 1031, King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. He was the one who also laid emphasis on education and literature. In 1031, the Danes occupied the country and held it for 30 years. 约787年，英国开始为成群的丹麦海盗所困。1031年之前，阿尔弗雷德大帝（King Alfred the Great）成功击退了丹麦人。1031年，丹麦人占领了英国并盘踞30年。
  • The Norman Conquest.
    • The Norman Conquest（诺曼征服） A. Brief Introduction（简介） In 1066, the French~speaking Normans came under Duke William and defeated the English at Hastings. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England. The chief feature of the feudal society was distinct division into class, mainly two classes: landlords and peasants. 在1066年，说法语的诺曼底人在威廉公爵（Duke William）的带领下入侵，并在赫斯汀打败了英国人。诺曼征服标志着封建制度在英国的建立。封建国家的主要特征是明显的等级划分，主要是地主和农民两个阶级。
  • The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English language.
  • Social Feature of the Feudal England.
  • The Miseries of the Peasants.
    • The Miseries of the Peasant（农民的苦难）: English peasants lived little better than slaves. To make things worse, a disease called Black Death swept over the country (1348-49), and a third of the population perished of this terrible plague. The peasants were compelled to quit their homes in search of work. Then the King proclaimed a Statute of Labourers (1350) to force them to work at low wages. At the same time, the war between England and France (Since 1337) was prolonged for 40 years. The burden of war expenditure fell upon the common people. In 1379, a poll-tax was imposed upon the peasantry, requiring 4 pence from every poor peasant. Next year, the tax-money was raised to 3 times as much. The peasants were thus completely pauperized. 英国农民的生活并不比奴隶好多少。更糟糕的是，一种名为黑死病的疾病席卷全国（1348-1349），三分之一的人口死于这种可怕的瘟疫。农民为了找工作被迫离开家园。然后，国王颁布了劳工法令（1350年），迫使他们以低工资工作。与此同时，英国和法国之间的战争（自1337年以来）延长了40年。战争开支的负担落在了老百姓身上。1379年，对农民征收人头税，要求每个贫农缴纳4便士。明年，税收提高到原来的3倍。农民们因此完全穷困潦倒。
  • The Rising of 1831
  • The Content of the Romans.
  • The Romans Cycles.
    • The Romance Cycles（传奇分类） The great majority of the romances fall into three groups or cycles: Matters of Britain (adventures of King Arthur and his Knights ofthe Round Table) “英国类” 亚瑟王和他的圆桌武士的冒险 Matters of France (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers) “法国类” 查理曼大帝和他的贵族们 Matters of Rome (Alexander the Great) “罗马类” 亚历山大大帝 The English versions of these romances were translated from French or Latin. 这些传奇的英文版本被翻译成法语或拉丁语。 The most striking one is Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. 最引人注目的是亚瑟和他的圆桌骑士。The most famous one and culmination is"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" with an anonymous author.最著名的一部也是最高潮的是一位匿名作者的《加文爵士与绿骑士》。
  • The Class Nature of the Romans.
    • The Class Nature of the Romance（传奇的阶级本质） The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality. The romances had nothing to do with the common people. They were composed for the noble, of the noble. 对国王和主上的忠诚是传奇中反复强调的主题。传奇与平民无关，传奇是由贵族而作也是为贵族而写的。
  • Malory′s Le Morte D′Arthur.
• Chapter 4： Langland.
  • Piers the Plowman and It Author.
  • A picture of feudal England.
  • Artistic features.
• Chapter 5： The English Ballads.
  • Oral Literature.
    • Oral Literature口述文学 ①Most of the written literature in feudal England was intended only forupper classes. 英国封建时代的大多数书面文学作品都是为上层阶级准备的。 ②The English people had a literature of their own, not written but oral-English folk songs. 英国人有自己的文学作品，不是书面的，而是口头的英语民歌。
  • The Ballads.
  • The Robin Hood Ballads.
    • The “Robin Hood” Ballads（罗宾汉歌谣） The various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood. Robin Hood, a partly historical and partly legendary character, is depicted in the ballads as a valiant outlaw, famous in archery, living under the greenwood tree with his merry men, taking from the rich and giving to the poor, fighting against bishops. The dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppressors and his love for the poor and downtrodden. 关于罗宾汉的歌谣被收集在《绿林英雄罗宾汉民谣》。罗宾汉是一个部分属实部分是传奇的人物。在歌谣中，他是一个勇敢的亡命之徒，以其箭术闻名，同他的伙伴们一起逍遥地生活在绿林中，劫富济贫，与教会作斗争。罗宾汉最明显的性格特征便是对压迫者的仇视和对受难者的热爱。
• Chapter 6：Chaucer.
  • Life.
    • Life（生平） Geoffrey Chaucer, born about in 1340 in London, is the founder of English poetry. He was the son of a wine merchant who had connections with the Court. Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life, and knew well the whole life of his time, which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon the variegated picture of the English society of his time. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poets’ Corner”. 杰弗里·乔叟于1340年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌的创始者。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商的儿子。 乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语，法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族还是贫民,因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他的作品中的英国社会的刻画。 他逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，“诗人角”开始出现。
  • Chaucer′s Literary Career.
    • Chaucer’s Literary Career（文学生平） Chaucer’s literary career can be divide d into three periods, which is closely related to his life experiences. The first period consists of works translated from French; the second consists of works adapted from the Italian, as Troilus and Criseyde. The third period includes The Canterbury Tales, which is purely English. 乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段，这三个阶段与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要是从法语翻译过来的，第二阶段则改编于意大利，如《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。 (3) Chaucer’s Major Works（主要作品） Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》 The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》
    • Chaucer’s Language（乔叟的语言） a. Chaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of word-pictures. His verse is among the smoothest in English. b. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the heroic couplet to English poetry. c. Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech. d. Chaucer is good at the terza rima, which makes his language a high style. This is what other poets cannot reach. a. 乔叟的语言属于中英语，非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。他的诗歌位列最顺畅的英语中。 b. 乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节（尤其是英雄双韵体）介绍到英国。 c. 乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。 d. 乔叟善于使用三行体，这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。这是其他诗人无法匹敌的。
  • Troilus and Criseyde.
    • Troilus and Criseyde《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》 ①Troilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement. 该诗是乔叟的最长的诗歌，也是他最伟大的文学成就之一。 ②It tells the love story between Troilus and Criseyde. Troilus is a son of the King of Troy. Criseyde is a beautiful daughter of Calchas, a priest. For three years the two young people are united in mutual love until the appearance of Diomede, a handsome Greek warrior. Criseyde gives her love to the warrior, while Troilus, left in despair, is at last killed in the war. 它讲述了特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达的爱情故事。特洛伊罗斯是特洛伊国王的儿子。克瑞西达是一个牧师的女儿。两人相爱了三年直到一个英俊潇洒的希腊勇士狄俄墨得斯的出现。克瑞西达改变了自己的心意，特洛伊罗斯则深陷绝望，在战争中战死。 ③In this poem Chaucer didn’t write a full and finished romance, but has endowed it with what medieval romance lacked-interest of character as well as of incident. With Troilus and Criseyde Chaucer becomes mature in versification. 乔叟并没有写一个圆满美好的浪漫故事，而是赋予了中世纪传奇故事所缺少的人物和事件的重要性。由于这部作品，乔叟在诗律方面已经很成熟了。
  • The Canterbury Tales.(1387-1400)
    • Canterbury Tales (1387-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》 A. Main Plot of The Canterbury Tales（主要情节） Twenty-nine travelers set off for Canterbury on a pilgrimage. When they met at the inn, they decided to tell stories one by one. This becomes the content of the story. In The Canterbury Tales, there are 24 tales written, covering all the major types of medieval literature. The stories which the pilgrims tell are well suited to their different characters, ranging from the knight, the monk, the pardoner etc. 29名朝圣者前往坎特伯雷去朝圣。当他们在酒馆相遇，他们决定每个人轮流讲故事。这些故事就构成了《坎特伯雷故事集》中的故事。共有24个故事被写进故事集，故事涵盖了中世纪文学的各个方面。每个故事都与讲述者的身份相符，讲述者包罗各种阶层的人，有武士，僧侣，赦罪僧等。 B. Important Parts of The Canterbury Tales（重要部分） ☆“The Prologue”《总序》 The Prologue provides a framework for the tales. All classes of the English feudal society, except the royalty and the poorest peasant, are represented by these pilgrims in the Prologue. 《总序》提供了故事的框架。《总序》的朝圣者中囊括了当时英国封建社会中除了皇族和最底层的农民以外的形形色色的人物。 ☆“The Wife of Bath”《巴斯妇人》 ①Chaucer’s keen observation and his unsurpassed talent for characterization are especially showed in his famous “The Wife of Bath”. She is the owner of a cloth factory, lighthearted, merry, vulgar and talkative. She relates the whole story of her married life. She has married five husbands and she expects one or two more. 通过《巴斯妇人》，读者可以尽情感受乔叟的细致入微的无人可比的人物塑造天赋。这位妇人是布店的经营者，为人开朗乐观，有时略带粗俗，喜欢讲话。她所讲述的是她与五位丈夫的婚史。 ②Through this Bath woman, we may see a very vivid sketch of a woman of the middle class, and a colourful picture of the domestic life of that class in Chaucer’s own day. 通过这位巴斯妇人，我们能够了解当时中层阶级的妇女及家庭生活。 C. Social Significances of The Canterbury Tales（社会影响） a. It shows a true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time. b. Taking from the stand of rising bourgeoisie, Chaucer affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the Church. c. He praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. d. His tales expose and satirize the evils of his time, attack degeneration of the noble, the corruption of the Church. a. 展示乔叟时代的真实生活画面。 b. 站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场，乔叟肯定了人的力量，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义。 c. 赞扬了人的力量，智慧和对生活的热爱。 d.展现并批判了时代的罪恶，批判了贵族和教会的堕落。