Prehistory

这是一篇关于Prehistory的思维导图

Prehistory

• *Paleolithic culture(old stone)*[ca.7 million-10.000BCE]
  • Human evolution
    • Australopithecus(南方古猿）[3 million years ago]
      • using sharp-edged pebbles for skinning animals and for chopping
    • Homo habilis(能人）[2 million years ago]
      • creating the first stone and bone tools and weapons
        • Tool-making represents the beginnings of the culture.
    • Homo erectus(直立人）[about 2 million years to 200,000 years ago
      • making tools that were more varied and efficient, and can control and use fire.
    • Homo sapiens(智人）
      • archaic homo sapiens(早期智人)[250,000 years to 40,000 years ago]
      • late homo sapiens(晚期智人）[50,000 years to 40,000 years ago]
  • development of the primate brains
    • The average brian size of the human being was 3 times the size of the gorilla's. And their growth of the more complex mortor capacity.
      • Communication by spoken language distinguished Homo sapiens from other primates, making them spread the cultures and invention.
  • Culture requires both the manipulation of nature and the formulation of a symbolic languge for its transmission.
• Cave Art
  • place:southern coast of France and southeast of Lacaux.
  • argument about the function of the cave art:
    • it served as a part of a hunting ritual
    • it was associated with rituals of fertility
    • it was used as lunar calendars, notational devices used to predict seasonal change or the seasonal migration of animals.
  • association between cave art and huntng remains the most convincing.it surely must have served the communal well-being of a hunting-gathering culture.
• Mother Earth
  • Women played an important role in the prehistory community.
    • secured fof by gathering fruits and berries
    • acted as healers and nurtuers
• Neolithic Culture(New Stone)[ca.8000-4000B.C.E.]
  • People became farmers and food producers as they found that seeds and be grown to grains and fruits.
    • meaning:Neolithic is a phase in which a transition from the hunting-gathering phase of human subsistence to the agricultral-herding phase happened.
    • a revolutionary development in human social organization, as it mared the shift form a nomadic to a sedentary way of life.
  • Mother Earth may have become increasingly important in the transition form food gathering to food production.
  • Agriculture life stimulateed a new awareness of season.
• Neolithic earthworks
  • People began to have the awareness about death
  • At ceremonial centers and burial sites, megaliths might be placed upright in circles or multiple rows and capped by horizontal slabs.
    • the famous one is the Stonehenge in southern England.(位于英国威尔特郡索尔兹伯里平原)
      • function
        • served as a celestial calendat predicting the movements of the sun and moon
        • clocking the seasonal cycle, providing information that would have been essential to an agriculture soceity.
        • functioned as the site of funerary rituals for the cremated dead.
• The birth of Civilization(around 4000 BEC)
  • background: people produced surplus goods and food and villages grew in population and size.And the advances in technoloy such as the invension of the wheel, the plow, and the solar calendar in the earlist know civilazation of Sumer and Egypt, enhanced economic efficiency.
    • Sumer civilization:the first civilization known to history.The first civilization in ancient world emerged in Mesopotamia(美索不达米亚）, which is between the Tigris(底格里斯河）and Eupharates(幼发拉底河）
    • Egyptian civilization(3500 BEC):alog the Nile river in northeast of Africa.
    • Indian civilization:appeared in the valley of the Indus River that runs through the northwest portion of the Indian subcontinent.
    • Chinese civilization was born in the northern part of China's vast central plain, watered by the Yellow River.
  • meaning: the birth of civilazation marks the shift from rural to urban culture;or the transition from simple village life to the more complex forms of social, economic, and political organization associated with urban existence.
• The Evolution of Writing
  • 7500 BEC people used tokens-pieces of clay molded into shapes to represent specific commodities.
  • 3100 BEC pictorial symbols, or pictographs, had replaced the tokens
  • Cuneiform(楔形文字): a form of writing used in the Near East for over 3000y, leading the world's first Information Age. The earlist of them come from Sumer in Mesopotamia.
  • Hieroglyphs(象形文字):in Egypt. combined ideograms and phonograms(音标符号)
    • hoeroglyphic script and demotic script(象形文字和古埃及通俗语)
• Metallurgy(冶金技术）
  • first practiced around Asia Minor in the period of 4000 BEC.
  • meaning: affored human a significant extension od control over nature by providing them with harder and more durable tools and weapons.
  • copper and tin were often located far apart, travel and trade were essential to Bronze Age culture.
  • lost-wax(脱蜡法)
    • function:the manufacture of jewelry, musical instruments, horse fittinfs, and toys.
• People and Nature:
  • animism(泛灵论）：people looked upon the forces of nature as thay are vital and alive.
  • living spirits: the enactment of rituals honoring one or mire of ht egods accompanied seasonal celebrations, and almost every other significant communal event.
• Myth and the Quest for Beginnings(神话和对开端的探索）
  • 子主题