导图社区 非洲
这是一篇关于非洲的思维导图,通过对该图的学习,你可以了解到关于非洲的一些文化历史,非常具有学习价值。
编辑于2021-12-16 01:02:37非洲:古埃及
Africa: Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt emerged along the Nile River in Northeast Afirca
ancient Egypt enjoyed a faily uniform religious, political, and cultrual life that lasted for 3000 years.
Its population shared a common language and a common world view.
Egypt was relatively invulnarable to foreign invasion, a condition lent stability to Egyptian history.
The Gods of Ancient Egypt
the dun god held the place of honor. Variously called Amon, Re(Ra), or Aten, this god was considered greater than any other deity in Egyptian pantheon.
At the beginning of the time, the Nile's promodial waters brought forth a mound of slit, out of which emerged the self-generating sun god, and from that god, the rest of Egypt's gods were born.
Equally improtant to Egyptian life was the Nile, the world's longest river.
the 365-day cycle of the river's inundation became the basis of the solar calendar and the primary source of Egypt's deep sense of order.
ancient Egyptian perceived both the inevitability of death and the promise of birth.
second only to the sun as the major natrual force Egyptian life was the Nile River. Ancient Egyptian identified the Nile with Osiris(奥西里斯), ruler of the underworld and of the dead.
The Osiris myth vividly describes the idea of resurrection that was central to the ancient Egyptian belief system.
Osiris loyal wife Isis(伊西斯), queen of heaven.
Isis is central role among the female deitued of Egypt.
Osiris and Isis produced a son, Horus(荷鲁斯)
The Ruler of Ancient Egypt
Egypt's first pharaoh, Narmer(纳美尔)(also known as Menes(美尼斯))
Narmer's conquest initiated Egypt's first dynasty.纳美尔的征服开创了埃及的第一个王朝
Hyksos, warlike tribe, introduced the horse and chariot into Egypt.
Following the expulsion of the Hyksos, New Kingdom pharaohs created Egypt's first empire. But it ended by Alexander the Great in 332 BEC.
the pharaoh's son needed to marry his sister or half-sister to get the throne.
While Egypt's rulers were traditionally male, women came to the throne three tomes. And the most notable of all female pharaohs, Hastheptus(哈特谢普苏特), governed Egpt for 22 years.
traditional symbols of rlership: crook and the flail(恶棍和连枷)
Egyptian Theocracy
in this theocracy, reigning monarchs represented heaven's will on earth.
so close was the association between rulers and the gods that Egyptian hymns honoring the pharaohs address him in terms indentical with those that supplicate the gods.
Great Sphinx(狮身人面像)
it is a hybrid symbol of superhuman power and authority.(狮身人面像是权力的象征)
antiquity's largest and earlist surviving colossal statue.
Law in Ancient Egypt
Egyptian law was passed down orally until they were transcribed during the New Kningdom.
it is clear that the oral tradition-the verbal transmission of rules, conventions, and customs-played a vital part in establishing political continuity.
The Cult of the Dead(埃及的丧礼)
Ancient Egyptians venerated the pharaoh as the living representatives of the sun god.
remove all of his internal organs with the exception of his heart.
the earlist Egyptian tombs, single-story mud-brick rectangular tombs, called mastabas(马斯达巴)
constructed between 2600 and 2500 BEC, the pyramids are thechnological wonders, as well as symbols of ancient Egypt's endurance through time. It was built by Egyptian, not foreign slaves.
the function of the pyramids: it was built to assure the rulers's comfort in the afterlife.
Hieroglyphs(象形文字) formed an essential component of pictorial illustration, narrating the achievements of Egypt's rulers.
Carved and painted figures represent important royal officials.
Akhenaten's Reform(埃赫纳吞的改革)
Amenhotep IV(阿蒙霍特普四世) 改名为埃赫纳吞,defied the tradition of polythesism by elevating Aten( god of the sun disk) to a position of supremacy over all other gods.
改革的动力
涅木虎的支持(一个社会阶层)
埃赫纳吞提拔了
中下层奴隶主人
高级官吏
一个叫马伊的涅木虎
大臣
改革失败的原因
旧社会人的反对
军队得不到赏赐
埃赫纳吞忙于内部斗争,无法估计在西亚的属地
与王后发生不和
The Social Order
community formed an elite group of men and women who regulated the lives of the lower classes.
the class structrue in ancient Egypt seems to have been quite flexible. Ambitious individuals of any class were free to rise in status, usually by way of education.
Egyptian Women
Egyptian women seem to hve enjoyed a large degree of economic independence, as well as civil rights and privileges.
The Arts in Ancien Egypt
埃及艺术的稳定性:埃赫纳吞改革时期埃及的艺术有变化,但在改革失败后又回到了原来的艺术风格
Literature
ancient Egypt didn't produce any literature masterpieces, but from tomb and tempke walls come prayers and songs, royal decrees and letters, prose and tales.
during the Middle Kingdom, as Egypt's government grew in size, increasing emphasis was placed on the importance of keeping written records.
The Visual Arts
artists might capture the most characteristic and essential aspects of the subject matter: in depictingthe human figure the upper torso is shown from the front, while the lower shown from the side, the head is depicted in profile...
正面率:用最佳的角度去记录(完整的记录)
描绘人像时,上半身从正面展示,下半身侧面展示
毕加索的抽象:从多个角度完整的画,扭曲
eg:小猪佩奇
it is based on the idea rather than perceptual.
New Kingdom Temples
Temples were built by the Egyptians from earliest time but most of those that have survived date from the New Kingdom.
obelisks(方尖碑)
方尖碑式建筑
美国华盛顿纪念馆
法国巴黎协和广场
Temple rituals were celebrations of the solar cycle, associated not only with the birth of the sun god but with the regeneration of the ruler upon whom cosmic order depended.
Music in Egypt
musical instruments
harps, small stringed instruments, pipes, and sistrums
Visual representations confirm that music had a special place religious rituals, in festive and funeral processions, and in many aspect of their life.
非洲:苏丹地区
Northern Sudan: Nubia
This independent kingdom was the first literate urban civilazation to appear in Africa south of the Sahara.
"Nubia" may derive from the Egyptian word nub, meaning "gold"
Kush(库什), a powerful state in Nubia, conqued the southern( upper) Egypt in 9 BEC.
Western Sudan: Nok Culture
Tin miners accidentally uncovered a large group of terracotta sulpturea.
These hand-modeled figures are the earlist known three-dimensional artworks of sub-Saharan Africa.
They are the first evidence of a long tradition of naturalistic portraiture in African art.
Nok located along the Nile River in western Sudan.