《Principles of Language Learning and Teaching》Contents

该思维导图是关于Principles of Language Learning and Teaching的考试内容。

Contents 2

• 1 Language, Learning, and Teaching
  • Language
  • Learning and Teaching
  • Trends in Linguistics and Psychology
  • Applied Linguistics
  • Theories and Methods
  • In the Classroom: The Grammar Translation Method
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics end Questions for Study and Discussion
• 2 First Language Acquisition
  • Theories of First Language Acquisition
  • Behavioristic Approaches
  • The Nativist Approach
  • Functional Approaches
  • Competence and Performance
  • Comprehension and Production
  • Nature or Nurture?
  • Universals
  • Systematicity and Variability
  • Language and Thought
  • Imitation
  • Practice
  • Input
  • Discourse
  • In the Classroom: Gouin and Berlitz— The First Reformers
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics end Questions for Study and Discussion
• 3 Comparing and Contrasting First and Second Language Acquisition
  • Types of Comparison and Contrast
  • The Critical Period Hypothesis
  • Neurological Considerations
  • Psychomotor Considerations
  • Cognitive Considerations
  • Affective Considerations
  • Linguistic Considerations
  • Issues in First Language Acquisition Revisited
  • In the Classroom: The Audiolingual Method
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 4 Human Learning
  • Of Mice and Men
  • Classical Behaviorism
  • Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
  • Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning Theory
  • Systematic Forgetting
  • Rogers's Humanistic Psychology
  • Types of Learning
  • Transfer, Interference, and Overgeneralization
  • Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
  • Intelligence and Second Language Learning
  • In the Classroom: The “Designer” Methods of the Seventies
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 5 Styles and Strategies
  • Process, Style, and Strategy
  • Learning Styles
  • Field Independence
  • Left- and Right-Brain Functioning
  • Ambiguity Tolerance
  • Reflectivity and Impulsivity
  • Visual and Auditory Styles
  • Strategies
  • Learning Strategies
  • Communication Strategies
  • Learner Strategy Training
  • In the Clossroom: Styles and Strategies in Practice
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 6 Personality Factors
  • The Affective Domain
  • Self-Esteem
  • Inhibition
  • Risk-Taking
  • Anxiety
  • Empathy
  • Extroversion
  • Myers-Briggs Character Types
  • Measuring Affective Factors
  • Motivation
  • Instrumental, Integrative, and Assimilative Motivation
  • Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
  • In the Classroom: Putting Methods into Perspective
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics end Questions for Study and Discussion
• 7 Sociocultural Factors
  • Cultural Stereotypes
  • Attitudes
  • Acculturation
  • Culture in the Classroom
  • Social Distance
  • Pidginization
  • Perceived and Optimal Social Distance
  • Sociopolitical Considerations
  • Language, Thought, and Culture
  • In the Classroom: Toward a Principled Approach to Language Pedagogy
  • Intrinsically Motivating Techniques: A Check List
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 8 Contrastive Analysis, Interlanguage, and Error Analysis
  • The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
  • Hierarchy of Difficulty
  • Moderating the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
  • Markedness and Universal Grammar
  • Interlanguage
  • Error Analysis
  • Identifying and Describing Errors
  • Stages of Interlanguage Development
  • Sources of Error
  • Fossilization
  • In the Classroom: Error Correction
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 9 Communicative Competence
  • On Defining Communicative Competence
  • Pragmatics
  • Language Functions
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Styles and Registers
  • Language and Gender
  • Nonverbal Communication
  • Communicative Language Teaching
  • In the Classroom: Notional-Functioned Syllabuses
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 10 Language Testing
  • What is a Test?
  • Practicality
  • Reliability
  • Validity
  • Kinds of Tests
  • Historical Perspectives
  • Discrete Point and Integrative Testing
  • Language Proficiency: Unitary or Divisible?
  • Assessing Communicative Language Ability
  • Oral Proficiency Testing
  • In the Classroom: Steps to Creating Intrinsically Motivating Tests
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion
• 11 Theories of Second Language Acquisition
  • Taxonomies, Hypotheses, and Models
  • Krashen’s Input Hypothesis
  • McLaughlin's Attention-Processing Model
  • Bialystok's Analysis/Automaticity Model
  • Variability Models
  • The Believing and Doubting Games
  • From Theory to Practice
  • Intuition: The Search for Relevance
  • Out on a Limb: The Ecology of Language Acquisition
  • Suggested Readings
  • Topics and Questions for Study and Discussion