导图社区 5500-Unit 2
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5500-Unit 2
朱伟老师5500真题词汇，星星数为重要程度，38个主词及其衍生的形近词、词组、同义词、近义词等；还有例句辅助理解记忆，祝大家都能顺利上岸
编辑于2022-05-27 13:44:40- 考研单词
- 临江仙人物关系图
追剧《临江仙》是不是被复杂的人物关系绕晕啦？别怕，这张人物关系图来拯救你，带你轻松理清人物脉络，沉浸式追剧.
- 365天艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线学习计划表
"高效学习必备！艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线学习计划表帮你科学对抗遗忘。表格包含365天序号追踪，每日学习时间、内容记录，以及5分钟、30分钟、12小时的短期记忆复习周期和长期复习周期，按1天、2天、4天、7天、15天、1个月、3个月、6个月的关键间隔重复强化记忆，打钩标记完成进度。结构化设计让知识牢固扎根，适合长期备考或技能提升。"
- 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线-计划表（专业课）【40天】
"40天高效攻克考研专业课！基于艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线的科学计划表，帮你稳扎稳打对抗遗忘。表格包含40天的详细复习周期，清晰规划每日任务。只需按日期填写并严格执行，记忆留存率翻倍！告别盲目复习，用数据化工具冲刺高分。"
5500-Unit 2
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- 临江仙人物关系图
追剧《临江仙》是不是被复杂的人物关系绕晕啦？别怕，这张人物关系图来拯救你，带你轻松理清人物脉络，沉浸式追剧.
- 365天艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线学习计划表
"高效学习必备！艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线学习计划表帮你科学对抗遗忘。表格包含365天序号追踪，每日学习时间、内容记录，以及5分钟、30分钟、12小时的短期记忆复习周期和长期复习周期，按1天、2天、4天、7天、15天、1个月、3个月、6个月的关键间隔重复强化记忆，打钩标记完成进度。结构化设计让知识牢固扎根，适合长期备考或技能提升。"
- 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线-计划表（专业课）【40天】
"40天高效攻克考研专业课！基于艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线的科学计划表，帮你稳扎稳打对抗遗忘。表格包含40天的详细复习周期，清晰规划每日任务。只需按日期填写并严格执行，记忆留存率翻倍！告别盲目复习，用数据化工具冲刺高分。"
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5500-Unit 2
1、live ☆☆☆☆☆
[lɪv] v.居住；生活；生存；以……为生；留存；铭记 [laɪv] adj.活的；有生命的；现场演出的
【adj.现场演出的】 Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. 那些回应称音乐录音不能代替现场演出的忠实音乐会迷们没有抓住问题的关键。 These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today's live perfomances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener's choosing.
【v.生存】 "The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways," he says. “人类系统与我们所赖以生存的地景相互关联，而且，两者间的相互影响是双向的，”他说。
形近词
deliver
v.发表（讲话)；递送；接生（婴儿）
【v.递送】 ☛ The zones do deliver some improvements to air quality, and the science tells us that means real health benefits. 这些区域确实改善了空气质量，科学告诉我们这可以带来真正的健康益处。 ☛ The three Ds —death, debt and divorce —still deliver works of art to the market. 3D——死亡、债务和离婚——依然是将艺术品推向市场的三大因素。
delivery
n.分娩；投递；讲话方式
【n.投递】 Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. 一些报社甚至敢拒绝向边远郊区递送报纸。
形近词
alive
adj.活着的；有生气的，活跃的
【adj.活着的】 ☛ If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. 倘若工会主义者吉米·霍法如今在世，他很可能代表着公务员。 ☛ There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. 进化自杀还有另一种方法：活得更久，但少生孩子。 【① commit + sth. ② be commited to / commit oneself to 承诺做某事 ③ commitment 允诺】 【内卷 involution / be passively involved in a kind of social mania 被动卷入一种社会狂热】 【aging problem / aging ageism 年龄主义】 【low birth rate encourage giving birth to the second baby 鼓励二胎
outlive
v.比……活得长；比……经久
【v.比.活得长】 Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. 和数百万家庭一样，炼钢工人、航空公司员工以及如今的汽车工业从业者都不得不开始担心利率、股市涨跌以及一个残酷的现实：他们的退休金可能不够养老。
liveliness
n.活力
livelihood
n.生计；生活
【n.生计】 But the professional companies prospered in their permanent theaters, and university men with literature ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. 但是，专业剧团在他们的固定剧场里蓬勃发展，大学里有文学抱负的人们很快投身于这些剧场，并将其视为一种谋生手段。
词组
live off
依赖……生活，依赖
同义词
dwell
v.居住于；存在于
【拓展】 dwell in 居住 dwell on/upon 沉溺于
reside
v.定居于；属于
【拓展】resident evil 生化危机 reside in
近义词
survive
v.幸存；比……活得长
survival
n.生存；幸存
近义词
inhabit
v.居住于
【拓展】 inhabitant 居民
settle
v.定居；结束（争端）；（最终）确定 [僻]降落；沉降
2、legal ☆☆☆☆☆
n.环境，周围状况
【adj.法律的】 After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. 毕竟，澳大利亚和英国等其他一些国家已经开始解放其法律行业。 【liberal a.自由的，开化的 【literal a.文化的，文学的 literacy 文化 literate a.有文化的 n.文人 illiterate 文盲
形近词
illegal
adj.非法的；违法的；违反规则的 n.非法移民
同义词
lawful
adj.合法的；法定的
近义词
legitimate
adj.合法的；合情理的 v.使（尤其是坏事）合法化
【adj.合法的】 In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with. 实际上，白宫宣称它可以令其他任何它不认可的合法的州法律无效。
近义词
official
adj.官方的；法定的 n.官员；行政人员
【n.官员】 But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world. 但是，在其新书《加入俱乐部》中，蒂娜·罗森伯格认为，通过她所谓的“社会治疗”，“同辈压力”也能成为一种积极的力量。在“社会治疗”中，机构和官员运用群体互动的力量来帮助个体改善他们的生活，甚至改变整个世界。
3、matter ☆☆☆☆☆
n.（有形的）物质；（某一类型的）物质；（印刷或阅读的）材料 v.要紧：有关系；有影响
【v.要紧；有关系】 Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it's knowing when to guess or what questions to skip. 任何一个为SAT奋战过的人都可以证实，考试技巧也很重要，比如要知道什么时候靠猜测、哪些问题要跳过。
【拓展】 Capability first, then skill goes/works.
词组
as a matter of fact
其实，实际上
近义词
substance
n.物质；实质；重要性
【拓展】 substantial a.本质的，至关重要的
近义词
stuff
n.材料；本质；要素
【拓展】 staff 员工
material
n.物质；材料；原料
【拓展】 物质屌丝一夜逆袭，精神屌丝永不翻身。 A man with material poverty could turn from zero to hero overnight, but a man with poor taste of mind may always be considered as nobody even if he becomes somebody.
4、federal ☆☆☆☆☆
adj.联邦的
☛ A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. 有几位总理对于联邦与地方之间的任何交易都持怀疑态度。 ☛ In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. 在亚利桑那州诉美国（政府）案中，亚利桑那州提出了一项充满争议的方案，即让州警察和地方警察执行联邦移民法。该方案里有四项争议的条款，其中三项被多数人推翻。
形近词
federation
n.联邦制国家；联邦；（社团或组织的）同盟；联盟；联合会
【n.（社团或组织的）同盟；联盟；联合会】 The idea is to create a federation of private online identity systems. 这个想法旨在建立一个个人在线身份系统的联合体。
词组
FBI
联邦调查局（Federal Bureau of Investigation）
CIA
中央情报局（Central Intelligence Agency)
5、large ☆☆☆☆☆
adj.大的；大规模的；大量的
形近词
Iargely
adv.主要地； 大体上地；大量地
enlarge
v.扩大；放大；扩充
【v.扩充】 It can be learned from the first paragraph that __. [A] Teamsters still have a large body of members [B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant [C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership [D] the government has improved its relation-ship with unionists 通过第一段可知__。 [A]卡车司机工会仍然有大量的会员 [B]吉米·霍法曾是一名公务员 [C]工会扩充了其在公共部门的会员数量 [D]政府改善了其与工会会员之间的关系
词组
at large
一般；全体地；普遍地
【拓展】 generally / universally Puma at large. 四处浪的（到处晃的）美洲狮 Jaguar 美洲豹
近义词
bulky
adj.庞大的；体积大的
outsize
adj.特大的
huge
adj.庞大的
【拓展】 enormous / tremendous giant a.巨大的/n.巨人 giantic a.
6、economic ☆☆☆☆☆
adj.经济（上）的；经济学的
【adj.经济（上）的】 We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don't force it. 我们不得不猜测，即便政府不采取强制措施，持续的经济增长也会推动教育的发展。
形近词
uneconomic
adj.不经济的；不赢利的
economics
n.经济学
economically
adv.节约地，节俭地；在经济上
【adv.在经济上】 Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence shared the ideals of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society. Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws. 独立运动的许多领导者出生于旧政权和伊比利亚殖民统治发发可危之时，他们怀有“代议制政府、为人才开放就业机会、推行自由商业贸易、承认私有财产所有权”这些共同的理想，以及“个体是社会的基础”这一信念。总的来说，他们坚信新国家应该是独立自主的国家，强大到足以在经济上独立，并且通过一套共同的法律统一为一个整体。
socioeconomic
adj.社会经济的
词组
fiscal cliff
财政悬崖
词组
IMF
国际货币基金组织（International Monetary Fund)
近义词
financial
adj.财政的；财务的；金融的
【adj.财务的】 A smart phone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. 智能手机中可能包含被捕者的浏览记录、财务记录、病史记录和近期通信的全部记录。
fiscal
adj.财政的；国库的
近义词
monetary
adj.货币的
7、consider ☆☆☆☆☆
v.认为；把……看作；考虑；细想；体谅；照顾
【v.把……看作】 Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition. 西尼尔没有对孩子到底让父母幸福还是痛苦这一问题下结论，而是建议我们重新定义幸福：幸福不能以时时刻刻的快乐来衡量，相反，我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。 【misery 悲惨 miser 守财奴】
【拓展】 家是我唯一愿意倾注一生追逐而不考虑得失的东西。 Family is the only existence that I am willing to chase after for my whole life time without considering whether or not I can get it.
形近词
consideration
n.体贴；关心；考虑；要考虑的事
reconsider
v.重新考虑
The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. 联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的指令，宣称此案将由该法院全体12名法官听审，而不是典型的3人组听审，并且宣称法院想要评估一个问题，即是否需要“重新审议”对道富银行案的裁决。
considering
prep.考虑到；就……而论；鉴于
【prep.考虑到；就……而论】 No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their "own" (read: with round the-clock help) is a piece of cake. 这并不奇怪，想想看，一个人养孩子而没有伴侣可以依靠，需要做多少工作。可是，你听听桑德拉和布兰妮说的：自己“一个人”（当然了，她们有全天候的帮手）养孩子是小菜一碟。
【拓展】 regarding ... / in terms of ... / in view of ... / with regard to ...
形近词
considerable
adj.相当大（或多）的
Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. 到30岁或30岁以后，各种诗歌给他带来了极大的快乐。在那之前，绘画也曾给他带来巨大的快乐，音乐则给过他莫大的乐趣。
【拓展】 considerate 考虑周全的
词组
consider.….as
把……视作,把……看作
8、account ☆☆☆☆☆
v.说明；解释；导致；把……视作 n.账目；账户；描述；叙述；解释；说明 [僻] 赊购账
【n.解释；说明】 It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. 如今阅读这些拐弯抹角的解释非常痛苦。
【n.账目】 It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. 恰恰是银行脱离了实际，它们的账目大大高估了资产。 【financial bubble】
【n.账户】 Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. 许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，是由那些银行账户上的数字像电话号码一样长的互联网企业家出资设立的。
形近词
accountant
n.会计师，会计
词组
account for
占据；解释；说明
【解释；说明】 What might account for this strange phenomenon? 什么才能解释这个奇怪的现象呢？
词组
take into account
考虑到；体谅
leave sth.out of account
不考虑
The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 培训的必要性很明显，青年人要完成他们态度和习惯方面的改变，且这种压力非常紧迫，以至于他们不能不考虑这些后果。
词组
on account of
因为，由于
【拓展】 due to / owe A to B / ascribe A to B / attribute A to B
同义词
description
n.描述； 形容；描写；类型；说明书
【拓展】 interpretation
同义词
explanation
n.解释； 说明
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. 当利亚姆·麦吉8月份辞去美国银行总裁一职时，他的解释出人意料地坦率。
9、fund ☆☆☆☆☆
v.拨款，为……提供资金 n.专款；基金；资金
【v.拨款，为……提供资金】 Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. 许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，是由那些银行账户上的数字像电话号码一样长的互联网企业家出资设立的。 【trend 借势 group 团队 exert 执行】
形近词
fundamental
adj.基础的；根本的
fundamentally
adv.从根本上地；基础地
【adv.从根本上地】 "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted, says one headhunter. 一个猎头说：“传统的规则是待在原地不动更为安全，但是现在这一规则已经彻底改变了。”
non-fundamentalist
n.非原教旨主义者
【拓展】 fundamentalism原教旨主义(Islam Muslim) conservative 保守的 original Desert Flower 沙漠之花(Waris Dirie) Circumcision Khatnah 割礼 circumstance cis cid = cut
形近词
underfund
v.对……资金提供不足
10、function ☆☆☆☆☆
v.充当；工作；起作用 n.功能；作用；职责，职务
【v.充当】 The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. 20世纪后半叶见证了一群天才、勇士、企业家和有远见卓识的人不辞劳苦地发明出的一种绝妙机器：既有打字机的功能，又有印刷机的功能；既能做演播室，又能做剧院；既能当画笔，也能当画廊；既能是钢琴，也能是收音机；既可以是邮件，也可以是邮递员。 【tycoon 企业家 as well as = and】
His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. 【is analogous to = be similar to/with]
形近词
functional
adj.功能性的；在工作的；在起作用的；运转正常的
近义词
work
v.使工作；使运作 n.工作；[物]功；产品；操作；职业；行为；工厂；文学、音乐或艺术作品
近义词
employ
v.使用；利用；雇佣；使忙于，使从事于
11、claim ☆☆☆☆☆
v.要求；主张：声称；断言：索取 n.要求；主张；声称；断言；索赔；提要求的权利；（拥有或获得某物的）权利
形近词
proclaim
v.宣布；声明；公布；明确表示
形近词
disclaim
v.否认；拒绝承认；放弃权利
【v.否认】 He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. 他否认自己具备名人赫胥黎那样的快速理解力或智慧。 【quick-witted 反应快的 quick-witted response 快速的反应/反馈】
【拓展】 declaim 四处演说
形近词
acclaim
v.向……欢呼；称赞； 为……喝彩；宣布；欢呼，喝彩
【v.称赞】 At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold. 无论如何，这种变化终将受到日益增长的国内外消费者的称赞，不管当前的消费模式还能坚持多久。
【拓展】 Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the Earth.(Abraham Lincoln) 民有，民治，民享 (Gettysburg Address)
词组
lay claim to
对……提出所有权要求
同义词
allege
v.（未提出证据而）断言；指称；声称
【v.声称】 This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down. 这表明所谓的“霍桑效应”是很难证实的。
contend
v.声称；主张
assert
v.声称；断言
12、practice ☆☆☆☆☆
v.实践；练习；训练 n.实践；练习；训练；惯常做法，惯例；习俗
【n.实践】 But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. 但在日常的科学实践中，科学发现往往遵循着一条模糊而复杂的道路前行。 【amour 爱 amiable a.和蔼的，慈祥的】
词组
in practic
在实践中；实际上；事实上
【拓展】 in essence / Actually / In fact
同义词
perform
v.做；执行；履行； 演出，表演
【v.演出，表演】 To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral, music. 不可否认，他能指挥很多令人印象深刻的有趣乐章，但我没有必要去艾弗里·费舍音乐厅或别的什么地方听有趣的交响乐。
13、essay ☆☆☆☆☆
['eseɪ]n.论文；杂文；散文； （学生就某门课程所写的）论说文，短文
【拓展】 paper 论文 thesis 论点；论题
【n.杂文】 Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. 遗憾的是，这些评论家几乎都被遗忘了。内维尔·卡达斯从1917年至1975年去世前不久一直在为《曼彻斯特卫报》撰文，但如今的人们只知道他是个写板球比赛文章的人。 【virtually 彻底地 virtual 虚拟的 【virtuously 有道德地，美德地 virtuous 有道德的，美德的 virtue 美德
同义词
article
n.文章； 论文
【n.文章】 As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. 正如《自然》杂志“新闻特写”栏目的一篇文章所讨论的那样，近年来，为研究人员设立的一系列报酬丰厚的奖项已经加入了诺贝尔奖的行列。 【lucrative = worthy / earning / expensive 【luc lus lic 舔 lick list Lust Caution 色戒 be reluctant to 不情愿的
14、intend ☆☆☆☆☆
v.想要；打算；企图 [僻] 意指
【v.打算】 Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn't foresee what would happen next. 或许安特吉公司从来就没有打算信守这些承诺，又或许它只是没有预料到接下来会发生什么。 【commit ① 犯... commit suicide 自杀 ② commit oneself to / be committed to 全身心投入做某事（devote / dedicate / engage oneself in）
词组
intend to do/intend doing sth.
打算做某事
15、court ☆☆☆☆☆
n.法院，法庭 [僻] 出庭人员；球场；庭院
【n.法院】 On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. 美国联邦最高法院周一以5：3的投票结果否决了亚利桑那州移民法的大部分内容。对奥巴马政府而言，这是它在政策方面取得的一次小胜。 【moderate / appropriate 合适的，恰当的 eccentric 古怪的（人的性格）
形近词
courteous
adj.有礼貌的
【拓展】 courtesy : courtesy seat 爱心专座 courtesy phone 同理心 empathy : the ability to understand other people's feelings pat path pass = 情 compassion 怜悯，同情，可怜 compassionate a. compatible a.兼容的，融洽的 [反义]incompatible
16、evidence ☆☆☆☆☆
n.根据；证据 [僻] 证词；形迹，迹象
【拓展】 It is self-evident that 自证其明；显然地 ☛ testimony n.（语音/图文）证据
【n.证据】 Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers'unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. 尽管有充足的证据表明教师的素质是最重要的变量，但教师工会还是一直反对开除差的老师和提拔好的老师。
形近词
evident
adj.明显的；明白的
The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 培训的必要性很明显，青年人要完成他们态度和习惯方面的改变，且这种压力非常紧迫，以至于他们不能不考虑这些后果。
同义词
proof
n.证明
confirmation
n. 确认；证实
【n.确认】 Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. 重复和确认早已为人所知和所信的东西是不会有什么收获的。
17、compare ☆☆☆☆
v.比较；相比；对比；比作
【v.相比；对比】 It doesn't seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the childless. 如此说来，把为人父母者的遗憾同无子女者的遗憾相提并论似乎不太公平。
【v.比较；对比】 DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. “禁止追踪”功能似乎也不是Windows 8的一个显著卖点——尽管此前（微软）公司曾在这方面认为自己的其他一些产品可与谷歌的产品相媲美。
形近词
comparable
adj.可比较的；类似的；比得上的
comparison
n.比较；比喻；对照
comparative
adj.比较的； 相当的
comparatively
adv.对比地；比较地；相当地；相对地
【ady.相对地】 One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. 然而，这项任命让人们如此惊讶的原因之一是吉尔伯特相对不太有名。
词组
compare with
与……相比较
compare to
与……相比；把……比作
【与……相比】 "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. “相比于男性，女性在应对压力时特别容易患抑郁症和焦虑症。”纽约退伍军人管理医院精神科主任医师耶胡达博士说。 【be susceptible to = be subject to
近义词
contrast
n.差异；差别；悬殊 v.对比；对照；突出明显差异；与……对比鲜明
【拓展】 contradict v.矛盾，冲突 contradiction n. ☛ by contrast(to/with) ☛ The birth rate for older women has declined, but, by contrast, births to teenage mothers have increased. ☛ in contrast (to/with) ☛ The stock lost 60 cents a share in contrast to last year, when it gained 21 cents. 与去年相比，股票每股跌了60美分。
18、level ☆☆☆☆
n.水平；程度；等级，级别 adj.水平的；平的；平稳的 [僻] 等高的 v.弄平；铺平；使瞄准；使对准
【n.等级；级别】 At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. 在州这一级别，他们的影响力甚至有可能更加可怕。
形近词
low-level
adj.低水平的；低级别的；次要的
【adj.低级别的】 Left, until now, to odd, low-level IT staff to put right, and seen as a concern only of data-rich industries such as banking, telecoms and air travel, information protection is now high on the boss's agenda in businesses of every variety. 此前，信息保护一直由古怪而又低级别的信息技术人员来负责，并且被认为是诸如银行、电信以及航空旅行这类拥有大量数据的行业才会关注的问题，而如今却成为各行业老板议事日程中的头等大事。 【be at odds 不一致 break even 打破平衡
词组
level off
稳定，呈平稳状态
on the level
真诚；坦率；诚恳
do one's level best
全力以赴
19、deal ☆☆☆☆
n.数量；程度；协议；（尤指）交易，生意 v.处理；给予；做买卖，经营
【拓展】 deal with = cope with
【n.协议；（尤指）交易，生意】 A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. 说到就要做到，但显然，每遇安特吉公司就应验。
【n.程度】 From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. 【perspective 观念，观点（看得比较透） per- ① fully = insight（透彻的）观点 insightful 意义深远的，透彻的 ② through permeate 弥漫 perforate 穿孔，打孔 【over- overturn oversensitive 过分敏感 hyper- hypercritical 吹毛求疵 hypersensitive 过分敏感 hypo- hypocritical 虚伪的 hypocrisy n.虚伪
形近词
ideal
n.理想；完美的典型；典范 adj.理想的；完美的；假设的；非常合适的；空想的，不切实际的
形近词
dealing
n.交易；[~s]（商业）活动；往来
【n.往来】 If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect, we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. 如果人类在认识上取得了某些进步，意识到任何机构的最终价值在于它对人类的特殊影响，我们或许完全可以相信，这一认识主要是通过与年轻人交往得来的。 【headway ~ advance 进步 in advance 提前 【humanity humanities 人文学科
dealership
n.代理权，经销权；经销商
词组
a great deal of
大量（的），许多（的）
词组
a good deal
非常；在很大程度上
From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders. 可以理解的是，从中产阶级家庭的角度，这一切看起来远不像是一个履行更多金融责任的机会，在很大程度上更像是以可怕速度把金融风险大规模地转移到他们本已负担过重的双肩上。
词组
deal with
处理；应付；安排
子主题
近义词
contract
n.合同；契约 v.（使）收缩；（使）缩小；（使）缩短
【v.（使）……收缩】 Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 在看幽默漫画时，那些强作笑容的人比那些双唇紧闭、眉头紧锁的人表现得更为热情。这说明，表情可能会影响情绪，而不只是情绪影响表情。
20、physical ☆☆☆☆
adj.物质的；有形的；肉体的；身体的；物理学的
【adj.身体的】 According to one classical theory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted in physical reactions. 根据一种经典的情绪理论，我们的情感一部分源自身体的反应。
形近词
physics
n.物理；物理学
【n.物理学】 Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs. 许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，是由互联网企业家出资设立的，他们银行账户中的数字就像电话号码一样长。
geophysical
adj.地球物理学的
astrophysicist
n.天体物理学家
形近词
physician
n.医生；内科医生
同义词
material
adj.物质的；肉体的；有形的
【拓展】 matertialism 物质主义，拜金主义
近义词
bodily
adj.身体的；肉体的
21、challenge ☆☆☆☆
n.挑战；艰巨任务；（对真实性、价值、权威等提出的）怀疑；质疑 v.挑战；怀疑；质疑（真实性、价值、权威等）
【v.挑战】 It is stated in Paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __. [A] challenges economists and politicians [B] takes efforts of generations [C] demands priority from the government [D] requires sufficient labor force 第一段表明，建立一个新的教育体系__。 [A]向经济学家和政治家提出了挑战 [B]需要几代人的努力 [C]需要政府给予优先权 [D]需要充足的劳动力
【v.怀疑；质疑（真实性、价值、权威等）】 Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont's rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. 相反，该公司所做的恰恰是它很早之前就承诺过不会去做的事情：它质疑在联邦法庭上对佛蒙特州的法规是否合宪，这是它为维持其佛蒙特州扬基核电厂继续运营所做的孤注一掷的努力的一部分。
【n.挑战】 Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. 但其报告掩盖了国会要求他阐明的挑战的深度和广度，因此极可能阻碍改革。
形近词
unchallenged
adj.不成问题的；未受到挑战的；未引起质疑的；没有异议的
22、structure ☆☆☆☆
v.构造；建造；组织；构成 n.结构；构造；建筑物
【n.结构】 The other reason why costs are so high is the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business. 诉讼费用如此高昂的另一个原因在于，（律师）这一行具有限制性的“行会式”股权结构。 【vt. restrict / restrain / constrian || vi. refrain from ...
形近词
restructuring
n.改组； 重新组织；调整
【拓展】 construct 建设 construction 建筑物 construction site 建筑工地
形近词
structural
adj.结构的；建筑的
infrastructure
n.下部构造；基础设施；下部组织
【n.基础设施】 All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. 总的来说，这看来显然是一个大型零售商可以获利的市场。他们可以利用自己的规模、现有的基础设施以及在产品系列管理、物流、营销策略方面成熟的技能来获得利润。
23、tell ☆☆☆☆
v.辨别，区别；告诉；讲述；吩咐，命令；（事物）显露，显示
【v.告诉】 In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track (DNT) option to Internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）提议在互联网浏览器上增加“禁止追踪”（DNT）选项，如此一来，用户就可以告诉广告商，他们不想被追踪。
形近词
teller
n.讲话者；出纳员；银行柜员机
【拓展】 sentinel 哨兵
形近词
intellect
n.智力；非凡的才智；才智非凡的人
【n.智力】 Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. 达尔文深信，没有了这些兴趣不仅会丧失快乐，而且也许会对一个人的智力甚至更可能对道德品质造成损害。
intellectual
n.知识分子；脑力劳动者 adj.智力的；脑力的；理智的；知识的
【adj.知识的】 Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. 一旦科学发现的声明被公之于众，知识成果便归功于发现者。
intellectualism
n. 知性主义；理智主义；对理智之偏重
形近词
intelligent
adj. 聪颖的； 有才智的；智能的
intelligently
adv.聪明地；明智地
intelligence
n.智力； 智能；聪明
形近词
satellite
n.人造卫星
同义词
inform
v.告诉；通知
近义词
notify
v.通知；告知
【拓展】 notice n.通知 v.察觉；觉察 noticeable a.显而易见的=intelligible notable 著名的=famous
24、concern ☆☆☆☆
v.涉及；关系到；关注 n.关心；关切；顾虑；忧虑；利害（关系）
【拓展】 concerning 关于
【n.顾虑】 ☛ Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. 当然，如果每个州都设立自己的规则，那么确实有理由担忧会因此而产生各自为政的法规。 ☛ As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about how science prizes—both new and old——are distributed. 正如《自然》杂志先前曾指出的那样，对于该如何颁发新设立的和旧有的科学奖项，存在一些合乎情理的顾虑。
形近词
concerned
adj.关心的；关注的；认为重要的； 担心的；有关（方面）的
【adj.关注的】 On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with "reforms" to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. 乍一听，这真是位心系社会的财政大臣，他试图让人们的生活变得更好，并在对一个明显有纵容性的体制进行“改革”。该体制使新近失业的人几乎不太费力气就能找到新工作，这助长了他们的惰性。
unconcerned
adj.不关心的；无关的；无忧虑的
词组
concern oneself with
对...关切；关怀；关心...
词组
as/so far as...be concermed
就 ……来说
25、consequence ☆☆☆☆
n.结果；后果；影响；重要性
【拓展】 sequ secu ① executive 执行；裁决 ② continuance 连续 consecutive wins = win streak 连胜 a sequence of wonders 一系列的奇迹
【n.影响】 The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. 当今技术的发展潜力及其社会影响十分复杂，也许我们最好将其留给科幻小说家和未来学家去探索，探索那些我们可以想象的诸多可能。 【envisage = imagine = conceive of
词组
in consequence
因此；结果
【拓展】 Consequently, / Hence, /so 因此，
近义词
outcome
n.结果；成果
【拓展】 [反]outset 开始；开端 begin = start = set about doing = set out to do 开始做某事
26、expose ☆☆☆☆
v.使暴露，使显露；揭露；揭发；使遭受
【v.使遭受】 It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks __. [A] are constantly exposed to criticism [B] are largely ignored by the media [C] fail to fulfill their social responsibilities [D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life 由第三段可知，无儿女的人们__。 [A]不断受到批评 [B]在很大程度上被媒体忽略 [C]未能履行他们的社会责任 [D]不太可能对自己的生活感到满意 【saturate 饱和 satiable 满足的，满意的 insatiable 不满足的，不满意的
形近词
pose
v.摆姿势；装模作样；提出（问题等）；造成；形成 n.姿势；装模作样
【v.造成】 Noting the "medical/psychological" nature of problem gambling behavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to present medical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose no threat to his safety or well-being. 信中注明了不良赌博行为所具有的“生理及心理”特征，并指出在被允许重新进入赌场之前，他必须先出示生理和心理状况相关信息，以证明光顾赌场不会给他的安全和健康造成威胁。 【patron 主顾 patri- 家长；上帝 patriarch 父系氏族 patrician 贵族 【pat-爱；情 patriot 爱国者 comopatriot 同胞 compatible 兼容的，融洽的
形近词
purpose
n.目的；用途；意志 v.决心；企图；打算
【n.目的】 The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. 南方各州要求对他们的“特别制度”进行保护，否则便不会签署宪法。这种保护包含一个条款，规定出于国会代表权的目的将一个奴隶视作五分之三个人。
形近词
propose
v.主张；提议；建议；打算；计划；求婚
【v.主张】 Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. （法国社会学家）涂尔干主张宗教信仰的作用是加强社会团结。 【reinforcement 加强 enforcement 强制执行
【v.提议】 In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a do not track(DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. 2010年12月，美国联邦贸易委员会（FTC）提议在互联网浏览器上增加“禁止追踪”（DNT）选项，如此一来，用户就可以告诉广告商，他们不想被追踪。
形近词
impose
v.强加；征税；利用；欺骗；施加影响
【拓展】 impose sb. with/of 在某人身上强加某物 be imposed on 被施加···(不良影响）
形近词
compose
v.构成；组成；写作；作曲；使平静；排字
【v.写作】 Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. 不要试图第一次就能写出一篇完美无误的稿子。
形近词
oppose
v.反对；抗争
【v.反对】 Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. 改革遭到了强烈反对，其中最为人所知的或许是教育方面。在教育改革中，特许学校、专科院校以及绩效工资都面临持久战。 【op- ob- of- = anti = counter 【vigor n.活力，精力 vigorous Viagra 伟哥
形近词
suppose
v.猜想，料想；假设；认为
【v.假设】 Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for if all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. 在这里，达尔文理论似乎提供了正当理由，因为如果所有人都拥有共同的起源，那么提出如下的假设似乎也是合理的：文化的多样性也可以追溯到更为受限的初级阶段。
supposedly
adv.据说；可能；根据推测
词组
be exposed to
暴露于；遭受
【遭受】 ☛ The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. 女性遭受的各种人际暴力往往发生在家庭环境中。不幸的是，这种暴力往往来自父母或其他家庭成员，而且一般不会只有一次。 ☛ It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folk __. [A] are constantly exposed to criticism [B] are largely ignored by the media [CJ fail to fulfill their social responsibilities [D] are less likely to be satisfied with their life 由第三段可知，无儿女的人们__。 [A]不断受到批评 [B]在很大程度上被媒体忽略 [C]未能履行他们的社会责任 [D]不太可能对自己的生活感到满意
词组
be composed of
组成
词组
as opposed to
（表示对比）而，相对于
【（表示对比）而】 Kids need a range of authentic role models—as opposed to members of their clique, pop stars and vaunted athletes. 孩子需要各种各样真实的榜样——而不是他们小圈子里的人、明星或受吹捧的运动员。
词组
be supposed to
（按计划或期望）应当，应该
Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. 然而，根据二级传播理论，恰恰是这些有影响力的非名人应该通过直接影响他们的朋友和同事来驱动社会流行潮。 【niche market 细分市场；垂直市场 niche 小众化
【拓展】 内容为王的时代，工作精细度，至少决定一个人事业高度的80%！无论你是什么星座，做事时若不把处女座的投入度，视作你上升星座的魂，都是白扯！此刻，强迫症，是一个褒义词。 In the age of "Detail Counts First", fine work takes up 80% in the altitude of your career. Whatever your stars say, you are supposed to consider Virgo as your rising sign and OCD(obsessive-compulsive disorder) as a positive word in your work.
27、addict ☆☆☆☆
n.吸毒成瘾者，瘾君子 v.使沉溺；使上瘾
【拓展】 workaholic 工作狂
形近词
addicted
adj.上瘾的；对……着迷的
【adj.上瘾的】 Many others, while not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills needed to turn their lives around. 其他许多人尽管并没有酗酒、吸毒或精神疾病，但也缺乏改变他们的人生所需要的日常生存技能。
28、involve ☆☆☆☆
v.使……卷入；牵涉；涉及；包含；使陷入；使参与
【v.包含】 In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for tne young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, ___ those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. [A]by way of [B] on behalf of [C] as well as [D] with regard to 在柬埔寨，对年轻男性来说，择偶是一件复杂的事情。这可能不仅涉及男女双方的父母和朋友，还可能会涉及媒人。 [A]经由；作为 [B]为了……的利益；代表 [C]也；又 [D]关于；就
形近词
involvement
n.参与；介入；卷入；（投入的）感情； （倾注的）热情；暧昧关系；恋爱关系
【n.参与；介入】 The guild-like ownership structure is considered "restrictive" partly because it __. [A] bans outsiders' involvement in the profession [B] keeps lawyers from holding law-firm shares [C] aggravates the ethical situation in the trade [D] prevents lawyers from gaining due profits “行会式”所有权结构被认为是“限制性的”，部分原因在于它___。 [A]禁止业外人士涉足这一行业 [B]不让律师持有律师事务所的股份 [C]恶化了该行业的道德状况 [D]使律师无法获得应有的收益 【due diligence 尽职调查
形近词
revolve
v.使……旋转；使……循环；反复考虑；围绕 n.旋转；循环；旋转舞台
【v.围绕】 What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness"—creations and experiences to which others adhere. 什么算得上是有意义的上传？我的理解主要围绕“吸引力”这一概念，即那些能够吸引其他人的创造和经历。 【taxi v. （飞机）缓慢滑行 boot up 启动；登录（上网） 【stickiness 粘性 【adheret 门徒；信徒 adheret of Buddhism 佛教信徒
形近词
evolve
v.发展；进化；使逐步形成；推断岀
形近词
invalid
adj.无效的；站不住脚的 n.病人；伤残者
【adj.无效的】 Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. 如今该公司突然宣称，根据2006年的法规，2002年的协议无效，还宣称只有联邦政府对核问题有管制权。
近义词
engage
v.（使）参与；（使）从事；使参加（谈话）
【拓展】 be engaged in / engage oneself in 全身心投入···
【v.使参加（谈话）】 Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg. 例如，在今年早些时候发生的汽车召回危机中，丰田汽车公司迅速地开展了精心策划的社交媒体回应行动，包括在一些网站（如推特和社会新闻网站掘客）上与消费者直接交流，从而减少了一些损失。
近义词
occupy
v.占据；使从事
【拓展】 post 岗位 occupation 职位 vocation 天职 vacation 度假
29、effort ☆☆☆☆
n.努力；艰难的尝试
【n.努力】 Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment, Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. 尽管多家快时尚公司已经在努力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响，但克莱因认为，长期的改变只能通过消费者来实现。
【拓展】 “顺其自然” Let bygones be bygones. Let it go./ Let go. All of life is an act of letting go but what hurts the most is not taking a moment to say goodbye. 我们总是喜欢拿“顺其自然”来敷衍人生路上的荆棘坎坷，却很少承认，真正的顺其自然，其实是竭尽所能之后的不强求，而非两手一摊的不作为。 Instead of admitting that the truth of "let it be" is to readily accept any kind of outcome after making full efforts rather than to do nothing at the very beginning, we'd rather take "let it be" as an excuse to evade the path of thorns in our life.
形近词
effortless
adj.不费力气的
30、degree ☆☆☆☆
n.程度；度数；学位；等级
【n.学位】 I struggled a lot to get the college degree. 我奋力拼搏，为的是获得大学学位。
形近词
agreement
n.协定；一致；同意
【n.协议】 There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. 这是一种所谓的大宗协议，在这一协议中机构订阅者通过网站许可协议付费，以获得大批网上期刊的阅读权。
形近词
Greek
n.希腊人；希腊文 adj.希腊的；希腊语的；希腊人的
【adj.希腊的】 Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as "a bodily exercise precious to health". 古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把大笑视为“一种非常有益于健康的身体锻炼。”
31、mass ☆☆☆☆
adj.大规模的；群众的；大量的 n.大量，众多；团，块；质量；[the~es]民众
【adj.大量的】 "Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful, Cline argues. 克莱因指出，“正如快餐一样，大批量生产的服装满足了人们的某种渴望和需求，却并不耐穿，并且造成了浪费。”
形近词
massive
adj.大而重的；大块的；大规模的；巨大的；大量的
【adj.大规模的】 First two hours, now three hours—this is how far in advance authorities are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines. 开始是两个小时，现在是三个小时——这是官方推荐搭乘国内航班的人需要提前到达的时间，至少在安检队伍越来越长的美国一些主要机场是如此。
【adj.巨大的；大量的】 For the company to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals. 对于该公司而言，它若想为全球2300多家门店提供价格为5.95美元的针织超短裙，就必须依靠海外低薪劳动力以及造成自然资源过度使用的大量订单，并且大批使用有害化学物质。
形近词
massacre
n./v.大屠杀
【拓展】 同义词：slaughter 屠杀 butcher 屠夫
形近词
biomass
n.(单位面积或体积内）生物的数量
近义词
rally
v.一致支持；团结起来；振作；恢复 n.群众大会；集会；（汽车、摩托车等的）公路大赛
【v.一致支持；团结起来】 The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces. 保卫天主教成为保守势力的战斗口号。
32、identify ☆☆☆☆
v.识别；鉴别；确认；把……看成一样
【v.确认】 In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by "federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others" to maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. 2010年，美国国会的民主党和共和党要员向美国人文与科学院致信，要求其明确“联邦、州、地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人捐助者等”可以采取哪些措施来“保持国家在人文学科和社会科学学术研究及教育领域的卓越地位。”
形近词
identity
n.身份； 特点； 统一性
词组
identify with
认同；与……有同感
近义词
recognize
v.识别； 认出
【v.识别】 Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should __. [A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers' experience [C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements 罗森伯格认为公共健康倡导者应该__。 [A]招募职业广告人 [B]学习广告人的经验 [C]远离商业广告人 [D]认识到广告的局限 【recruit / novice 新人 recruitment 招募信 【E-commerce 电子商务
33、doubt ☆☆☆☆
n.怀疑：疑惑 v.怀疑：疑惑
形近词
doubter
n.怀疑者
undoubtedly
adv.毫不怀疑地
【拓展】 indisputable / unquestionably
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies. 经济学家和政治家都普遍误解了贫穷国家里的正规教育和经济增长之间的关系。毋庸置疑，在这两个领域里取得的进步对这些国家和所有其他国家在社会、政治和学术上的发展都是必要的。
doubtful
adj.怀疑的
【拓展】 对···表示怀疑：be doubtful of sth. / be skeptical of
Regarding Gilbert's role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels __. [A] doubtful [B] enthusiastic [C] confident [D] puzzled 对于吉尔伯特在复兴爱乐乐团中所起的作用，作者持___态度。 [A]怀疑的 [B]热情的 [C]自信的 [D]困惑的 【phil- = love/amour 大爱 philosophy 哲学 philanthrope / philanthropist 大慈善家
词组
in doubt
不确定；存在疑问
in no doubt
毫无疑问
34、product ☆☆☆☆
n.产品：产物
形近词
production
n.生产；产量；产品；作品
productive
adj.富有成效的；多产的；有益的；具有创造性的
【adj.富有成效的】 Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things. 只有人类开始用更富有成效的方式来获取食物时，他们才有时间做其他的事。
productivity
n.生产力；生产率；生产能力
【n.生产力】 Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. 同样地，自动化最终会提高生产力，通过压低价格刺激需求，并使工人从繁重而枯燥乏味的工作中解放出来。
近义词
invention
n.发明（物）；虚构的故事；创作能力
35、emerge ☆☆☆☆
v.浮现；出现；（问题等）发生；显露， （事实等）暴露；（从困境等中）摆脱；露头；出头
【v.出现】 An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. 大量新兴研究表明，好的以及坏的健康习惯都会通过社会交往在朋友圈中传播。
形近词
emergence
n.出现；浮现；露头
emergency
n.紧急状况；紧急需要；紧急事件 adj.紧急情况下的，应急的
词组
emerge from
从……出现；从（困境中）摆脱出来
同义词
surface
v显露；浮出水面[厘 [僻] adj.（军队）陆上的，水土的
【v.显露】 The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont's only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. 这一冲突始于2002年，那时，该公司购买了佛蒙特州唯一的一家核电厂——一个位于弗农的老旧反应堆。
近义词
originate
v.发源；来自；产生；创始；开创
【v.发源；来自】 The group in question are a particular people originated from central Europe. 文中所讨论的这群人是来自中欧的一个特定族群。
appear
v.出现；显现
【v.出现；显现】 Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. 不足为奇的是，那些新发表的发现声明和那些看上去重要又令人信服的可靠科学发现都会受到未来研究者的质疑，也可能被修正或驳斥。
36、express ☆☆☆☆
v.表达；表示 adj.特快的；快速的；明确的；确切的 n.特快列车；快递服务
【n.快递服务】 In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. 最近几周，雅芳和美国运通公司的二把手们以想要寻求首席执行官的职位为由离职。
形近词
press
v压，按；催促；敦促；进行；强调；榨取；压榨 n.报纸；报刊；印刷机；新闻记者
【v.进行】 Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioral ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway. 由于不能确定有的用户是真的反对接收行为广告还是在沿用微软的默认设置，一些商家可能不会去理会“禁止追踪”信号而继续追踪。
形近词
expression
n.表达；表述；表情；神情
【n.表情】 ☛ In an experiment published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of Würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to hold a pen either with their teeth—thereby creating an artificial smile—or with their lips, which would produce a disappointed expression. 在1988年发表的一篇实验报告中，德国维尔茨堡大学的社会心理学教授弗里茨·施特拉克让志愿者用牙齿咬住一支笔——从而形成一个假笑——或让他们用嘴唇夹住一支笔，从而做出失望的表情。 ☛ Those forced to exercise their smiling muscles reacted more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouths were contracted in a frown, suggesting that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the other way around. 在看幽默漫画时，那些强作笑容的人比那些双唇紧闭、眉头紧锁的人反应更为热情。这说明，表情可能会影响情绪，而不只是情绪影响表情。
形近词
impress
v.盖印；传送；给人深刻印象
impressive
adj.给人深刻印象的；不俗的；了不起的
【adj.不俗的；了不起的】 The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. 马萨诸塞湾的早期定居者中包括那些在英格兰受过良好教育且极具影响力的人。
unimpressive
adj.不惹人注意的；给人印象不深的；无印象的
形近词
depress
v.降低；减少；使沮丧；使消沉；使萧条
【拓展】 The more intoxicated, the more depressed. 越陶醉，越颓废！ 【over-insistence 过度执着；偏执
depression
n.萧条（期）；不景气；沮丧；忧愁；忧郁症
【n.忧郁症】 "Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. “相比于男性，女性在应对压力时特别容易患抑郁症和焦虑症。”纽约退伍军人管理医院精神科主任医师耶胡达博士说。
depressant
n. 镇静剂
形近词
compress
v.（使）压缩；缩短；使简练
pressing
adj.紧迫的
oppress
v.压迫；压抑；使……烦恼；使……感到沉重
suppress
v.抑制；镇压；废止
【拓展】 suppression 镇压 rebellion 起义 rebel n./v.起义；叛乱 bellicose / belligerent 好战的；好斗的
词组
press for
迫切要求；敦促
同义词
state
v.陈述；声明
convey
v.传达；传递；输送
37、position ☆☆☆☆
n.位置；职位；职务；姿势；姿态；见解；立场；形式
【n.职位】 ☛ The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. 辞去高级职位去寻找更好的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的。 ☛ McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. 麦吉说，他离职时并没有找好新的工作，这让他有时间去思考自己到底想经营一家什么样的公司。 【leave without a net/position 裸辞
形近词
positive
adj.积极的；明确的；肯定的；有益的；毋庸置疑的；(化验或试验结果）阳性的；（数字）正的；带正电的
形近词
posture
n.姿势；态度；立场 v.故作姿态
【n.姿势】 Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. 而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但我们的双脚和背部仍然还在为维持两足直立的姿势而苦苦挣扎，不能再轻易承受过长的四肢所带来的持续重压。
【拓展】 如果你长久以来保持一份高调的姿态，你很难再成为一个低调的人！ It's hard for you to keep a low profile when you have yet postured a high profile for such a long time.
形近词
composition
n.作文；乐曲；构成，合成物
【n.乐曲】 For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. 就我而言，吉尔伯特究竟是不是一个伟大的指挥家，我完全没有概念，我甚至不知道他算不算一个好的指挥家。不可否认，他能指挥很多令人印象深刻的有趣乐章，但我没有必要去艾弗里·费舍音乐厅或别的什么地方听有趣的交响乐。
形近词
opposition
n.反对；敌对；反对派；在野党
【n.反对】 Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. 华盛顿目睹了独立战争中黑人士兵的勇敢，开始相信人人生而平等。他不顾亲人的强烈反对，在遗嘱中给予他的奴隶们自由。而在十年前的弗吉尼亚州，这种行为需要先获得法律许可。
形近词
proposition
n.命题；提议；主题；议题
形近词
disposition
n.性情；倾向；处置；部署
【n.性情】 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 我们在与他们（未成年人）接触时容易忽视我们的行为对他们的性情产生的影响，但是与成年人打交道时，我们更容易忽视这种影响。
近义词
locate
v.找到；设立；确定……的位置
近义词
site
n.场地；场所 v.使坐落在
【拓展】 historic site 历史名胜古迹 resort 景点；名胜 scenic spot 景点
38、feature ☆☆☆☆
n.特征；特色；特写（或专题） v.起重要作用；以……为特色；由……主演；特写
【拓展】 be featured as = be characterized as 特点是···；以···为特点
【n.特征；特色】 However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. 然而，只是在最近几年，（法学）才成为加拿大大学本科课程的一个特色。 【graduate entrance exams 研究生入学考试
【n.特写（或专题）】 As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. 正如《自然》杂志“新闻特写”栏目的一篇文章所讨论的那样，近年来，为研究人员设立的一系列报酬丰厚的奖项已经加入了诺贝尔奖的行列。