导图社区 5500-Unit 1
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5500-Unit 1
朱伟老师5500单词第一单元，包含view，lead，public，individual，stress，value等内容。
编辑于2022-05-14 13:02:49- 考研英语
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5500-Unit 1
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- 临江仙人物关系图
追剧《临江仙》是不是被复杂的人物关系绕晕啦？别怕，这张人物关系图来拯救你，带你轻松理清人物脉络，沉浸式追剧.
- 365天艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线学习计划表
"高效学习必备！艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线学习计划表帮你科学对抗遗忘。表格包含365天序号追踪，每日学习时间、内容记录，以及5分钟、30分钟、12小时的短期记忆复习周期和长期复习周期，按1天、2天、4天、7天、15天、1个月、3个月、6个月的关键间隔重复强化记忆，打钩标记完成进度。结构化设计让知识牢固扎根，适合长期备考或技能提升。"
- 艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线-计划表（专业课）【40天】
"40天高效攻克考研专业课！基于艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线的科学计划表，帮你稳扎稳打对抗遗忘。表格包含40天的详细复习周期，清晰规划每日任务。只需按日期填写并严格执行，记忆留存率翻倍！告别盲目复习，用数据化工具冲刺高分。"
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5500-Unit 1
1、view ☆☆☆☆☆
[vju:] n. 观点；视野；景色；眼界 [vju:] v. 视为；看待；观察
【n. 观点】 Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. 他们的论题——较小的干预便能产生很大的影响——是基于这样一种观点：第一代大学生最欠缺的可能并不是潜力，而是关于“如何应对摆在大多数高校学生面前的各种问题”的实用知识。
形近词
interview
n. 面试；面谈；接见；采访 v. 采访；接见；对……进行面谈；对某人进行面试
【n. 面试】 ☛ few others chosen randomly for interview 随机选取的参加面试的几名申请者 ☛ Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 求职面试、选举选票、会议发言人和与会者名单的候选名单：所有这些都倾向于按字母顺序拟定，而他们的收件人在仔细阅读时会失去兴趣。
形近词
viewer
n. 电视观众；观察者；观看者；指示器
形近词
review
n. 评论；回顾；复习；评审；审查 v. 回顾；检查；复审；复习功课；写评论
【n.评审】 ☛ send it to their peers for review 送交同行专家评审 ☛ be subject to peer review 接受同行评审 ☛ In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 此外，一个被某公司用于评估血缘关系的计算机程序可能申报了专利，并且不接受同行评审或外界评估。
【v. 检查】 Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers aren't assigning more than they're willing to review and correct. 并且，这一政策并未采取任何措施确保学生的家庭作业对于他们的年龄和学科来说是有意义且合适的，也不能确保教师布置的作业量未超过他们愿意批改的量。
reviewer
n. 评论者，评论家
☛ reviewers who wore their learning lightly 以轻松的方式展现自己学问的评论家们 ☛ Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. 他们所从事的是严肃的工作，即使像萧伯纳和欧内斯特·纽曼那样不卖弄自己学问的评论家，也知道自己在做什么。
形近词
worldview
n.世界观
词组
in view of
鉴于，考虑到；由于；在能看见的范围内
in view
在能看见的范围内；在考虑之中；作为目标
on view
在展出；在容易看见的地方
take sth. in view=take sth.into account/consideration
考虑；把······拿来考虑
同义词
perspective
n. 观点；(尤指受到某种思想经验影响的）思考方法； 态度；角度；透视画法
【n.角度】 long perspective 长远视角 ☛ The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. 强调第一手搜集的数据，并结合跨文化视角对过去和现在的文化进行分析，使这项研究成为一门独特且十分重要的社会科学。
2、lead ☆☆☆☆☆
[li:d] v. 领导，引导；促进；领先；占首位；通向；导致；带来 [li:d] n. 带领：领头；引导 [led] n. 铅
【v. 导致；带来】 lead to lives of fulfillment 带来有成就感的生活 ☛ Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. 要求公司将性别作为担任董事会成员的基本条件将不可避免地导致私营企业董事会经验不足，管理不善。
形近词
leadership
n. 领导； 领导地位，领导阶层
【n. 领导能力】 leadership skills 领导能力 For example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities. 我们当中有70%的人自认为领导能力高于常人，93%的人自认为驾驶能力高于常人，85%的人自认为与人相处的能力高于常人——这些显然都是统计学上的不可能事件。
【拓展】 ☛ To not see ourselves clearly is the most terrible thing. Because of this chaos and confusion, it is easy to do wrong and fall into regret. Books and life experience can help us straighten out our thinkings again and again. 看不清自己最可怕，因为看不清，就容易做错事，进而陷入悔恨中；而书籍和生活的阅历，能够帮助我们一次又一次看清自己。 ☛ No man will make a great leader who wants to do it all himself or get all the credit for doing it. -- Andrew Carnegie
leader
n. 领袖，领导者；首领；指挥者
【n. 领袖，领导者】 Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. 日本过去是汽车装配生产的全球领导者，现在依旧是。
形近词
leading
adj. 卓越的；最重要的
【adj. 卓越的】 leading American universities 美国一流大学
【adj. 领先的】 Complex international, economic, technological and culture change could start to diminish the leading position of English as the language of the world market, and UK interests which enjoy advantage from the breadth of English usage would consequently face new pressures. 复杂的国际、经济、技术和文化变革可能会开始削弱英语作为国际市场通用语言的领先地位，因此，在英语使用广度上享有优势的英国利益团体将面临新的压力。
形近词
mislead
v.误导；使误信；将……引入歧途
【v. 误导（现在分词作形容词）】 ☛ the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is misleading明星杂志所传达的信息是具有误导性的 ☛ It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretation of what happened. 事实证明，奇怪的实验方法也许导致了对已发生事件的误导性解释。
形近词
plead
v. 请求；恳求；为……辩护； 提出……为理由
【v. 请求；恳求】 Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. 只有英国独立党察觉到它的机会来了，与那些呼吁以一种更深思熟虑的方式来使用绿地的人站在一边。
词组
lead someone on
误导（某人）；蒙骗（某人）
lead up to
导致，逐渐导致； 使话题（渐渐）转向； 为……做准备
【使话题（渐渐）转向】 Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel's crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A&P "policy" he enforces. 她没有用那段话，而是加了一段描述伦格尔对女孩们恶劣态度的话，以便让话题转向伦格尔实行的A&P“政策”。 【鲁莽的，无礼的，霸道的 arrogant / haughty / longhead】
take the lead
带头，为首；起带头作用；领导
【起带头作用】 California takes the lead in security legislation. 加利福尼亚州在制定安全法律方面起了带头作用。
【带头；领导】 While the rest of the world takes the lead, notably China and Europe, the United States is also seeing a remarkable shift. 在其他国家领先之际，尤其是中国和欧洲，美国也迎来了显著的转变。
3、public ☆☆☆☆☆
adj. 公众的；公共的；公开的 n. 公众，民众
形近词
publication
n.出版；发行；出版物；发行物；公布；发布
【n. 出版物；发行物】 That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. 这就是我们推出《弧》的原因之一，这是一本致力于不久的将来的新出版物。
形近词
republican
adj. 共和国的；共和政体的 n. 拥护共和政体者；共和主义者
形近词
publicity
n. 宣传活动；宣传，推广；关注
形近词
publicize
v. 公开
publicized
adj. 公开的
publicly
adv. 公共地；公开地；公众地
【笔记】 n.-ly a. a.-ly adv.
词组
in public
公开地，当众
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. 在公众面前，银行家一直把他们的问题归咎于自身。
近义词
mass
n. (the ~es)民众；大量 adj. 大量的；大规模的；大批的
【笔记】 massive a.
civil
adj. 公民的；民事的
4、individual ☆☆☆☆☆
adj. 个人的；单独的；独特的 n. 个人，个体
形近词
individually
adv. 个别地，单独地
反义词
collective
adj. 集体的；共同的；总的；集合的
【adj.集体的；共同的】 But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. 但是，将一个发现声明转变为一个成熟的发现需要经过集体审视和集体接受。
5、stress ☆☆☆☆☆
v. 强调；着重 n. 压力；强调；重点；着重；重音
【v.强调】 ☛ stress the study of history and government 强调对历史和政体的研究 ☛ While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. 虽然因重视基础教育而时常受到外国人的赞扬，但日本教育往往重视“应试和机械学习”胜过“创造性和自我表现”。
【n.压力】 ☛ be under stress 受到压力 ☛ If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. 如果我们成年人能够放任自己去做一些傻事并傻笑一会，我们就能减少体内的压力激素，增加类似内啡肽的健康激素，改善心脏血液流动，甚至还可以提高抵抗感染的概率。
【拓展】 The best education is to teach by precepts and deeds; the best school district room is the parent's study room; the best starting point for children to soar is the parents' own academic degree, living standard, and views on the world, life, and values. 最好的教育，是言传身教；最好的学区房，是父母的书房；孩子最好的飞翔起点，是父母自己的学历、生活、与三观。
词组
stressed-out
adj. 非常焦虑不安的 【因心理紧张而被压垮的】
【a.因心理紧张而被压垮的】 In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. 几项研究发现，当处于焦虑不安状态之下的雌鼠的卵巢（雌性生殖器官）被切除后，它们的化学反应就变得与雄鼠相同了。
同义词
highlight
v. 强调； 突出
emphasize
v. 强调
College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. 高校管理者常常强调成绩宽恕的目的并不在分数本身，更多是为了鼓励学生重修那些事关学位和毕业的课程而免于受到严重处分。 【incur / induce / lead to】
反义词
strain
v. 过度使用，使不堪承受；使紧张；拉伤；扭伤 n. 压力；负担；重负
6、issue ☆☆☆☆☆
v. 发行，发表；发布；发，发放 n. 问题，争端；（报刊的）期，号，版次
【n. 问题，争端】 ☛ the issue is not the need for more houses 问题不在于对更多房子的需求 ☛ As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. 窃听审判终结的同时——裁定《世界新闻报》前主编安迪柯尔逊合谋窃听电话罪名成立，而其前任丽贝卡·布鲁克斯被判无罪——更大范围的正直诚实缺失问题却依然存在。
【v.发布】 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider" its State Street Bank ruling. 联邦巡回法院发布了一项不同寻常的指令，宣称此案将由该法院全体12名法官听审，而不是典型的3人组听审，并且宣称法院想要评估一个问题，即是否需要“重新审议”对道富银行案的裁决。
形近词
tissue
n.（动植物的）组织；薄的纱织品；面巾纸
【n.（动植物的）组织】 Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients notably, protein—to feed expanding tissue. 长高这件事，在人到20岁后就很少发生了，它需要热量和营养物质，尤其是蛋白质，来满足不断生长的身体组织需要。
7、value ☆☆☆☆☆
n. 价格；价值；实用性；重要性 v. 评价，估计；尊重，重视
【n.价值】 And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students—who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill-—feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges. 而且，任何能提高GPA的东西可能都会让学生——最终买单的人——觉得他们的学费花得物超所值，这是大学极为关心的问题。
【v.重视】 Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something. 只有坚强的人才会选择微笑并珍视自己的生活，而不会选择哭泣和抱怨。
形近词
overvalue
v. 对……估价过高；过分重视
【v.对……估价过高】 It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. 恰恰是银行脱离了实际，它们的账目大大高估了资产。
devalued
adj. 贬值的；减值的
同义词
worth
n. 价值；财产
【拓展】be worth sth./doing sth. = be worthy of ... ☛ Even if there is no spark by the side of your life, you ought to live yourself as a beam of light. 若你身边没有光，就把自己活成一束光。
【n.价值】 It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth. 它责令时尚业必须对其发送给女性，尤其是十几岁少女的信号负责，这些信号有关她们必须用来衡量自身个人价值的社会尺度。
近义词
significance
n. 意义； 重要性
8、system ☆☆☆☆☆
n. 系统：体制
形近词
systematic
adj.有系统的；系统化的
形近词
systematically
adv.系统地；有条理地
Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. 一些公司使用的数据库不是基于系统化方法采集的数据，而是把从不同研究项目中获得的数据信息堆砌在一起。
近义词
regime
n.政权；政体；管理制度； 组织方法；养生法
【n.政权】 When public opinion is particularly polarised,as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity. 当公众舆论严重两极分化时，正如当年佛朗哥政权刚结束时那样，君主可以超越“纯粹”的政治，并“象征”国家统一的精神。 【monarchy n.君主制度 anarchy n. 无政府状态】
近义词
organization
n. 组织；机构；团体
近义词
structure
n.结构；构造；组织
9、patent ☆☆☆☆☆
v. 取得……的专利权；授予专利 adj. 专利的；明显的 n. 专利；专利权；专利品
【n.专利】 Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. 在过去十年中，所谓的商业方法已经获得了成千上万项专利。
词组
intellectual property
知识产权
10、subject ☆☆☆☆☆
v. 使遭受；使服从；使隶属 n. 主题；题目；学科，科目；主语 adj. 受……支配的；服从于……的
【v.受……支配的；服从于……的】 At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary. 至少，法院应该遵守适用于联邦司法系统其他部门的行为准则。
形近词
subjective
adj.主观的， 主观上的；主体的；个人的
词组
be subject to
遭受；承受
In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 此外，一个被某公司用于评估血缘关系的计算机程序可能申报了专利，并且不接受同行评审或外界评估。
11、line ☆☆☆☆☆
n. 行，列；（思想或行动的）步骤；方式，方法；路线；线路；（铁道或公交）线路；行业，行当；队，队伍；血统；家族；界线 v. 排队；加衬，做里子
【n.路线】 take a tough line on political issues 在政治问题上采取强硬路线
【n.线】 But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it. 但是，尽管年轻一辈和老一辈在“什么构成成功人生的终点线”上大体达成共识，他们却提供了截然不同的到达终点线的路径。 【line up A with B】
形近词
hardline
adj.强硬的
In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. 在威斯康星州，工会召集了成千上万的支持者来反对强硬的共和党州长斯科特·沃克。
形近词
underline
v.在……下画线；强调；突出
= stress / emphasize
【v.在……下划线（过去分词作定语）】 The underlined phrase "these people" in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who __. 第四段中有下划线的短语“these people”指代的是那些__的人。
形近词
decline
v./n.下降；减少；衰退；谢绝；拒绝
【n.下降；减少】 ☛ major threats resulting in an overall population decline 导致数量总体下降的重大威胁 ☛ Now even the project's greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a "Bermuda triangle" of debt, population decline and lower growth. 可现在，即使是该项目（欧盟计划）最强有力的支持者都在议论整个大陆面临的“百慕大三角”：债务、人口下降以及增长趋缓。
形近词
online
adj.在线的 v.画……的轮廓；概述
【adj.在线的】 ☛ register for online job search 注册网上求职 ☛ States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states. 根据最高法院周四的裁定，各州将有权强制更多的人为在线购物支付销售税，这会让消费者的钱包瘪下去，但对各州而言是财政上的一大胜利。
offline
adj.离线的
形近词
coastline
n.海岸线
形近词
headline
大标题，头版头条新闻
形近词
deadline
n.最后期限；截止时间
【n.截止时间】 Assign responsibilities around the house and make sure homework deadlines are met. 给他们分配一些家务活，并确保他们能按时完成家庭作业。 【make both ends meet 收支平衡】
形近词
incline
v.倾斜；倾向；易于
【~ to】be subject to / be prone to / be apt to / be liable to /be akin to / defer to / yield to
形近词
baseline
n.基线；基准
形近词
airline
n.航线；航空公司
【n.航空公司】 Steelworkers, airline employees, and now those in the auto industry are joining millions of families who must worry about interest rates, stock market fluctuation, and the harsh reality that they may outlive their retirement money. 和数百万家庭一样，炼钢工人、航空公司员工以及如今的汽车工业从业者都不得不开始担心利率、股市涨跌以及一个残酷的现实：他们的退休金可能不够养老。 【influenza 流感 Swine flu 猪流感】
形近词
outline
n.轮廓；大纲；概要；略图
【n.大纲】 Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. 灵活。你的写作提纲应该指引你从一个论点顺利过渡到下一个论点，但不能让它束缚你的思路。当你忽然想到一个与文章相关的重要论点，马上写到草稿上。
形近词
lineage
n.血统；家系，家族
【n.血统】 Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. 然而大多数的血统检测只考察一个单一血统，要么是通过同一父系男性遗传下来的Y染色体，要么是只能从母亲那里遗传下来的线粒体DNA。
kin kinship
形近词
pipeline
n.管线，管道；(in the pipeline)在筹备中
形近词
guideline
n.指导原则；指导方针
形近词
discipline
纪律；学科；训练；惩罚
形近词
friendliness
n.友善，亲密
形近词
loneliness
n.孤独
lonely alone
形近词
linen
a./n. 亚麻布（的）
词组
in line with
和……成直线；与……一致；按照
子主题
近义词
series
n.一连串；一系列；连续；接连； （广播或电视的）系列节目；系列片
【n.一连串】 His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. 他的首次实验是在大约三十年前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一串随机挑选的数字，然后将其复述出来。
近义词
row
n.排，行
近义词
bound
n.界限；限制
be bound up with = bind be bound to do = must
近义词
boundary
n.边界；分界线
近义词
route
n.路线
近义词
succession
n.继承；连续
近义词
procession
n.队伍；行列
parade 游行；阅兵 demonstration <非正>游行示威
12、peer ☆☆☆☆☆
n. 同龄人；同等地位的人 v. 仔细看；费力地看
【n.同龄人】 Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100. 但像沃斯·莎凡那样的超高分数不可能重现了，因为现在的分数计算是以同龄人的人口统计分布为基础的，而不是简单地用心理年龄除以实际年龄再乘以100。
【v.仔细看】 Several massive leakages of customer and employee data this year...have left managers hurriedly peering into their intricate IT systems and business processes in search of potential vulnerabilities. 今年发生了几起大规模顾客和员工数据泄露事件……迫使管理者们不得不赶紧细查他们复杂的信息技术系统和业务流程，寻找潜在的弱点。
【n.同龄人；同等地位的人】 Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. 然而，专家和官员如何成功找出需要协助的人群并引导他们的行为向好的方向发展，这点更加难以确定。
词组
gaze at
凝视；注视
stare at
盯；凝视
glare at
长久地怒视；瞪着
同义词
contemporary
n.同代人 adj. 当代的；同时代的
【adj. 当代的】 contemporary literature
13、influence ☆☆☆☆☆
n. 影响；感化；势力，权势 v. 影响；感化
形近词
influential
adj.有影响力的；有势力的 n.有影响的人；有势力的人
【adj.有影响力的】 Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to __. [A] retain people's interest in liberal education [B] define the government's role in education [C] keep a leading position in liberal education [D] safeguard individuals' rights to education 国会中有影响力的人物要求美国人文与科学院就如何做出报告。 [A] 保持人们对于人文教育的兴趣 [B] 定义政府在教育中的角色 [C] 在人文教育中保持领先地位 [D] 保护个人受教育的权利
近义词
impact
n.碰撞；撞击；影响、 v.撞击；碰撞；冲击；(对……）产生影响
【n.影响】 Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment, Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. 尽管多家快时尚公司已经在努力控制其对劳动力和环境的影响，但克莱恩认为，长期的改变只能通过消费者来实现。
14、mark ☆☆☆☆☆
v.做标记；指出；标明；（在商品上）贴（价格或质量等的）标签 n.痕迹；斑点；污点；记号；符号；（考试等）分数
【n.记号；符号】 Working with your hands is seen as almost a mark of inferiority. 用你的双手工作几乎被视为一种低劣的标记。 【A is inferior/superiority to B A比B差/好】
【拓展】 Don't be sad when the effort doesn't work, because it couldn't be more normal. Life is to spend 99% of your lifetime hesitating and merely 1% of the rest gaining little bit momentum to change destiny. 当努力不起作用时不要难过，因为这再正常不过了。人生就是用99%的时间彷徨，用1%的几个瞬间改变命运。
【v.在（商品）上贴价格（或质量等）的标签】 America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. 美国收购不良资产的新计划将不会起作用，除非银行把资产售价定到足够吸引买家的水平。
形近词
market
n.市场；行情 v.推销；营销
【v.推销；营销】 The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. 过去，实现成功营销的粗略指南就是“一分耕耘，一分收获”。
【n.市场】 ☛ such as free markets and self-reliance 比如自由市场或自力更生 ☛ Ferraro suggests their results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. 费拉罗认为，由于亚洲其他地区（与印度尼西亚）在水稻种植的重要性和市场准入等方面存在共性，该研究结果可能适用于亚洲其他地区。
marketplace
n.市集；商场；市场
marketer
n.商人；市场营销人员
【n.市场营销人员】 Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the initiator for users' responses. But in some cases, one marketer's owned media become another marketer's paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. 营销人员用付费媒体和自有媒体来推销他们自己的产品。对于口碑媒体而言，这些营销人员充当了用户反应的发起者。但在某些情况下，例如，当一个电子商务零售商出售自己网站的广告空间时，一个营销人员的自有媒体会成为另一个营销者的付费媒体。 【hungry marketing strategy 饥饿营销】
形近词
marked
adj.显著的，明显的；有记号的
【adj.显著的，明显的】 There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. 我们在普通的个体生活中得到的教育和群体生活中受到的教育有显著的不同。
形近词
remark
v.评论；谈到 n.评论；话语
形近词
remarkable
adj. 不同寻常的；非凡的；值得注意的；卓越的；辉煌的
形近词
landmark
n.地标；里程碑；转折点 adj.有重大意义或影响的
近义词
blot
n.污点
【拓展】tainted witness 污点证人 contaminate 重污染
spot
n.点；斑点
stain
n.污迹；污渍 v.玷污；污染
【拓展】 stainless steel 不锈钢
近义词
symbol
n.象征；标志
【拓展】 Fever is a typical symptom of a lot of terrible diseases. 发热是许多疾病的一种典型征兆。
15、create ☆☆☆☆☆
v.创造，创作；引起，造成：建立
形近词
creature
n.人；生物；动物
形近词
creative
adj.创造的；有创造力的；创造性的；启发想象力的
recreate
v.再创造；再创建；重现
【拓展】 recreation 娱乐
creativity
n.创造力；创造
【n.创造】 So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 因此，将习惯同创造力和创新放在同一个背景下讨论似乎是相互矛盾的。 【innovative undertaking / build up one's own business 创业】
creation
n.创造，创立；创作；创造物，作品
【n.创造，创立】 Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. 拥有奴隶“就像拥有一个大的银行账户”，《不完美的上帝：乔治·华盛顿，他的奴隶和美国的诞生》的作者温瑟柯如是说。
形近词
creationism
n.创造宇宙说；创世论；神造说
creationist
n.创世论者；造物主义者
形近词
procreation
n.生育；生殖
【拓展】 reproductivity 再生产能力 libido 性欲
【n.生育；生殖】 In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? 在一个如此坚持赞美生育的社会中，承认自己后悔生小孩就相当于承认自己支持杀害小猫一样，这有什么奇怪的吗？
16、state ☆☆☆☆☆
n.状态，情况；国；州 v.陈述；说明；规定
【n.状态，情况】 ☛ create a state of peace in the midst of turbulence 创造一种闹中取静的状态 ☛ The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. 如此多的选择足以使顾客对各种信息不堪重负。
【n.州】 ☛ in the politically critical state of Michigan 在政治关键州密歇根州 ☛ The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest. 该州提出的森林碳计划致力于在部分森林里加倍疏伐幼树、清除灌木。 【the pick of carbon dioxide emission 碳达峰 carbon neutrality 碳中和】
【v.陈述】 State it overtly, contextualizing your statements so that you're seen not as a disagreeable underling but as a colleague who's trying to advance a shared goal. 把你的陈述放在适当的语境下，开诚布公地说出来，这样你就不会被视为一个令人不愉快的下属，而是一个努力向共同目标推进的同事。
形近词
statute
n.法令；法规
Two of the three objecting Justice—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. 投反对票的三位大法官中，塞缪尔·阿里托和克拉伦斯·托马斯赞同这一宪法逻辑，但在“亚利桑那移民法中哪些条款与联邦法规相抵触”这一问题上，他们持不同意见。
【拓展】 The law is the ultimate yardstick of this society, though it is not perfect. 法律才是这个社会的终极尺度，尽管它并不完美。
形近词
manifestation
n. 显示，表示；示威运动
形近词
statistic
n.统计数值 adj.统计的；统计学的
statistical
adj.统计的；统计学的
【adj.统计学的】 most journals are weak in statistical review 大多数期刊在统计数据审查方面都很薄弱
【adj.统计的】 Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. 专业的科学家应当知道如何分析数据，但是据细胞生物学家大卫·沃克斯所说，统计错误在已发表的研究中令人震惊地普遍存在着。
【拓展】 "The most remarkable part of all is your DNA. You have a metre of it packed into every cell, and so many cells that if you formed all the DNA in your body into a single fine strand it would stretch ten billion miles, to beyond Pluto. Think of it: there is enough of you to leave the solar system. You are in the most literal sense cosmic."
形近词
stationary
adj.固定的； 静止的，不动的
形近词
statement
n.陈述，声明； (意见或观点的）表现，表达
【n.陈述，声明】 ☛ make misleading statements 发表误导性声明 ☛ Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. 然后他们只是核查了有哪些在同一公司连任的董事。
形近词
understatement
n.保守陈述；不充分的陈述；轻描淡写
overstate
v.夸张，夸大地叙述
【v.夸张，夸大地叙述】 market prices overstate losses 市场价格夸大了亏损 It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. 恰恰是银行脱离了实际，它们的账目大大高估了资产。如今，银行认为市场价格夸大亏损，因为市场价格主要反映市场暂时的流动性不足，不反映坏账可能达到的程度。
形近词
statesman
n.政治家
形近词
estate
n.房地产；身份；财产
【n.房地产】 McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters'views weigh heavily on parents' real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U. S. adults. 2018年一项针对2000多名美国成年人的哈里斯民意调查表明，McClain的小宝贝们并不是唯一对住房有想法的孩子，而且在许多案例中，孩子的看法对父母的房地产决定会有重大影响。
形近词
devastate
v.毁灭，毁坏
devastating
adj.毁灭性的；极具破坏力的
【adj.极具破坏力的】 The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating. 这种较长期的人际关系的耗损可能极具破坏力。
形近词
workstation
n.工作台
【n.工作台】 ☛ the uniforms and workstations fit recruits 制服和工作台都很适合新兵 ☛ Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. 马萨诸塞州内蒂克陆军研究中心的资深人类学家克莱尔·C.戈登保证：90%的制服和工作台都很适合新兵，无须更改。她说，部队制服不像篮球服，其长度已经有一段时间没有更改了。
形近词
status
n.地位；情形；状况；重要身份
【n.状况】 financial status 经济状况
【n.地位】 ☛ possess even less status 拥有更低的社会地位 ☛ I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of "juggling your life", and making the alternative move into "downshifting" brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 我已经意识到，放弃“忙忙碌碌的生活”教条，转而选择“放慢生活节奏”这一非传统做法所带来的回报，远远超过财务上的成功和社会地位，这一点，凯尔茜在因不堪重负而做出引发外界广泛关注之举——辞去《她》杂志编辑一职——之后可能也会领悟。
近义词
assert
v.坚称；断言；表明
【v.表明】 The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn't want to carry out Congress's immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. 实质上，（美国）政府是在表明，由于它不想实现国会在移民方面的期望，任何州也都不应被允许这样做。
affirm
v.断言；肯定；证实
【断定；断言：certify verify】
17、consumer ☆☆☆☆☆
n.顾客，消费者
☛ style-conscious consumers 追求时尚的消费者 ☛ They're part of a bunch of celebrities starring in a new video for World Environment Day—encouraging you, the consumer, to swap out your single-use plastic staples to combat the plastics crisis. 他们和一众明星主演了一部为世界环境日拍摄的新短片鼓励你（消费者）换掉吸管和餐具这类一次性塑料日用品，以对抗塑料危机。 ☛ From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that inthe aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics. 从职业发展到社区、家庭，这些差异表明：在灼热的大衰退余波下，那些人生刚刚起步的人正在界定首要事项和期望，这些事项和期望将逐渐蔓延到美国人生活的几乎所有方面，从消费者偏好到居住模式，再到政治。
形近词
consumption
n.消费；消耗
【n.消耗】 ☛ boost heart rate and oxygen consumption 提升心率和耗氧量 ☛ Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. 能源保护、燃料替代以及降低能源密集型重工业的重要性都导致石油消耗量减少。
【n.消费】 To become much more self-sufficient, the UK would need to drastically reduce its consumption of animal foods, and probably also farm more intensively—meaning fewer green fields and more factory-style production. 要变得更加自给自足，英国需要大幅减少动物食品的消费，可能还需要更密集地耕种，这意味着需要更少的绿地，更多的工厂式生产。
形近词
consuming
adj.消耗的；消费的
形近词
consumerism
n.保护消费者利益主义；消费主义
【n.消费主义】 Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s. 根据研究儿童消费主义的历史学家丹尼尔·库克的说法，它实际上是20世纪30年代被服装制造商作为一种营销技巧而得以普及。
同义词
client
n.客户；顾客；委托人
【n.委托人】 clients have more grounds for complaint委托人更有理由抱怨
【n.客户】 There has long been concern that broadband providers would show partiality in treating client. 长期以来，人们一直担心宽带提供商在对待客户时会表现出偏袒。
18、note ☆☆☆☆☆
v.注意，记下，摘下 n.笔记；记录；按语；注释；便条；短笺；含义；钞票；纸币
【n.记录】 ☛ On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them. 假设它们（各个语篇实体）在后文中会产生某种关联，阅读时你就要在脑子里将它们以及它们可能存在的关联做好记录。 【On the assumption that = If = Suppose that = Provided 假设，如果】 ☛ Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks.
形近词
denote
v表示；代表
形近词
noteworthy
adj.值得注意的；显著的；重要的
【adj.值得注意的】 If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk. 如果你去查一下每位参加了2006年世界杯足球锦标赛的足球运动员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象。
词组
take/make notes
做笔记
19、law ☆☆☆☆☆
n.法律：法令：法规：规律：定律
【n.法律】 A lot of students take up law as their profession due to __. [A] the growing demand from clients [B] the increasing pressure of inflation [C] the prospect of working in big firms [D] the attraction of financial rewards 许多学生选择法律作为他们的职业，这是因为__。 [A]不断增长的客户需求 [B]不断增加的通货膨胀压力 [C]在大公司工作的前景 [D]经济回报的吸引
形近词
claw
n.爪；螯；钳；爪形器具 v.用爪抓（或挖）
形近词
lawful
adj.合法的；法定的；法律许可的
lawyer
n.律师；法学家
lawsuit
n.诉讼；诉讼案件
形近词
flaw
n.瑕疵；裂纹；缺点 v.使破裂；使有缺陷
【n.缺点】 The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. 正如它在这里所呈现的，社会治疗最明显的缺陷是它不能持久地良好运行。
近义词
legislation
n.法律； 法规
【n.法律；法规】 This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years, leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization. 这就是近年来改革立法的屡次尝试都失败的原因，这样的失败也使得（美国）邮政局无法支付其账单，只能推迟重要的现代化进程。
【拓展】 首先，法律确保不了尊严。事实上，自由乃尊严之母。 Dignity, in the first place, is not going to be saved by legislation. Actually, dignity is a daughter of freedom.
20、environment ☆☆☆☆☆
n.环境，周围状况
形近词
environmental
adj.环境的；有关环境的
And they aren't likely to get any taller."In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty much gone as far as we can go," says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright state University. 他们不可能长得更高了。莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利说：“就现在的总人口来说，以这种遗传和环境的水平，我们已经达到了我们所能达到的极限。”
【拓展】 ☛ 一个城市真正的体面，不是靠清洁工的扫帚，而是每一个人的自觉。清洁工的扫帚越繁忙这个城市越垃圾。 The basic decency of a civilized city lies in environmental awareness of public rather than hard work of sanitation engineers. The busier their broom is, the more ashamed we are. ☛ 垃圾分类 garbage sorting/classification ☛ 可回收垃圾 recyclable waste ☛ 厨余垃圾/湿垃圾 kitchen waste ☛ 有害垃圾 harmful waste ☛ 无废城市 no-waste cities/waste-free cities ☛ 固体废物 solid waste ☛ 生活垃圾 domestic garbage
environmentally
adv.有关环境地
environmentalist
n.环境保护论者；环境论者
同义词
surroundings
n.[复]周边；周围环境
同义词
atmosphere
n.大气层；氛围
近义词
situation
n.状况；形势
21、hold ☆☆☆☆☆
v.保持；拿着；握住；保有；拥有；拖住；支持 n.握住；掌握；货舱；行李舱
形近词
household
n.家庭；同住在一所房子里的人；一家人 adj.家庭的；家用的；家喻户晓的，众人皆知的
【n.家庭】 In Paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's __. [A] easy availability [B] flexibility in pricing [C] successful promotion [D] popularity with households 文章的第一、二段告诉我们，亲子鉴定工具包__。 [A]获取方便 [B]定价灵活 [C]推销成功 [D]受家庭欢迎
【adj.家庭的；家用的】 Alvarez's salary barely covered her household expenses. 阿尔瓦雷斯的薪水勉强够支付家庭日常开销。
形近词
holder
n.支持物；持有者；(支票等）持有人
【n.持有者】 The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. （美国）联邦巡回法院的行动是继最高法院最近的一系列决定之后展开的，这些决定缩小了对专利持有者的保护范围。
形近词
withhold
v.扣留；拒绝给予
形近词
shareholding
n.股权
shareholder
n.股东
As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. 当董事会迫于股东的压力仔细审查继任计划时，那些没有获得继任的高管们或许也想离开。
stockholder
n.股票持有者；股东
stakeholder
n.利益相关人；股东
【n.利益相关人】 Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. 这种劫持媒体与赢得媒体正好相反：某项资产或宣传活动会成为对某个品牌或产品发表负面评论的消费者、其他利益相关者或激进分子的“人质”。
词组
hold one's nose at
压制对……的厌恶
But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government. 但与此同时，它（美国最高法院）对他（麦克唐纳）不道德的行为嗤之以鼻，其中就包括麦克唐纳收受贿赂的行为，比如从一家试图打通政府部门关系的公司那里收受礼物：一块劳力士手表和一辆法拉利汽车。
词组
hold back
退缩；阻止；抑制
词组
hold on
等一等；停一停；<口>别挂电话；坚持
词组
hold out
伸出；递出；维持；保密；坚持；不屈服
词组
hold up
举起；支持；耽搁；拦劫
同义词
cling
v.紧紧抓住；抱紧； 抓住（职位或财产）不放
【v.抓住（职位或财产）不放】 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __. [A] top performers used to cling to their posts [B] loyalty of top performers is getting outdated [C] topper formers care more about reputations [D] it's safer to stick to the traditional rules 由最后一段可以推断出__。 [A]高级职员过去往往坚守他们的职位 [B]高级职员的忠诚已经过时 [C]高级职员更关注名誉 [D]坚守传统规则更安全
近义词
withstand
v.经受住；承受
Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain inflicted by oversize limbs. 而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但我们的双脚和背部仍然还在为维持两足直立的姿势而苦苦挣扎，不能再轻易承受过长的四肢所带来的持续重压。
近义词
seize
v.抓住；控制
22、mean ☆☆☆☆☆
v.意味着，即是；意指，意思是说；打算，意欲；意义重大 adj.吝啬的；刻薄的；破旧的；平均的 n.平均值，平均数
【v.意味着，即是】 ☛ Clearly, intelligence encompasses more than a score on a test. Just what does it mean to be smart? 显然，智力包含的不仅仅是一次测试所得的分数。那么聪明意味着什么呢？ ☛ The development of "cloud computing," meanwhile, means that police officers could conceivably access even more information with a few swipes on a touchscreen. 与此同时，“云计算”的发展意味着，警官们可以像想象中那样，在触摸屏上滑动几下便可获取更多的信息。
形近词
meaning
n.意义，含义
形近词
well-meaning
adj.善意的；好心的
形近词
meaningless
adj.没有意义的；不重要的；无价值的
【拓展】 worthless 无价值的 invaluable 无价的
meaningfully
adv.有意图地；有意义地；重要地
【adv.有意义地】 And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 埃里克森确信，一种被称为“刻意练习”的过程是学习如何有意义地编码信息的最佳方法。“刻意练习”需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一项任务，更确切地讲，它还包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈，以及方法和结果并重。
形近词
means
n.方法；手段
形近词
meanwhile
adv.同时；其间
【adv.同时】 Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. 同时，它有超过1200亿美元的无资金准备的负债，主要是为了支付员工的医保费用和退休金。 【liability 义务 must = be liable to】
词组
by means of
用；依靠
词组
by no means
绝不；一点也不
同义词
indicate
v.表明；暗示；象征；反映
同义词
implication
n.可能引发的后果（或影响）； 暗示；含意
【n.可能引发的后果（或影响）】 Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes. 各类学者、决策人士和评论人士已经讨论了这些改变可能引发的社会影响。
23、sector ☆☆☆☆☆
n.（经济的）部门：行业：领域
【n.（经济的）部门】 But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. 然而，在现行体制下，许多公共部门员工的日子也不好过。