定语

定语知识思维导图，包括：定语表示法和同位语（概念、代词数词作同位语、用形容词或词组作同位语、同位语从句(Appositive Clauses)）。

定语

• 定语表示法
  • 形容词
    • It's a fine(windy, rainy, warm) day.
    • He's a sensible (kind, selfish, cruel) man.
  • 代词（和限定词）
    • Whose child is it?
    • Help yourself to some(more) fish.
  • 数词
    • There are twenty students in our class.
    • Is it your first visit to Japan?
  • 名词或名词所有格, 名词词组或合成词
    • 有些名词作定语已成固定搭配，甚至构成合成词
      • Cat food, kidney stone, test paper, lung cancer, family planning, emergency room, science fiction, food poisoning, air conditioner, aircraft carrier, space station, arms race, generation gap, greenhouse effect
      • 还可用合成名词作定语
        • One-way traffic, a part-time job, day-to-day teaching, a five-star hotel.
    • 由名词+of构成的定语
      • a cup of coffee.
      • a glass of milk.
      • a packet of cigarette.
      • a pound of sugar.
      • a slice of meat.
      • a pair of glasses.
      • a bit of advice.
      • 也有这类名词由复数名词构成
        • lots of people.
        • tons of fruit.
        • miles of swamps.
        • masses of work.
        • groups of children.
  • 分词（短语）
    • 现在分词
      • 有些现在分词已变成形容词, 放在所修饰词之前
        • The town's water comes from the surrounding hills.
        • That's a convincing argument.
        • There is another pressing matter which we ought to take up.
      • 有时现在分词跟在所修饰词之后，其作用相当于一个定语从句
        • There is a lady asking to see you.
        • The girl sitting by my side is my cousin.
        • It's a room on the second floor, looking on the street.
    • 过去分词
      • 有些已变成形容词, 放在所修饰词之前
        • The excited childen were opening their Christmas presents.
        • The worried look deepened on her face.
        • Her father is a retired general.
      • 也可引导短语作定语，放在所修饰词后面，相当于一个定语从句
        • That summer we launched a rocket designed by ourselves.
        • What did you think of the play put on by the students?
        • They showed a French feature film dubbed into English.
        • He turned over in his mind the idea presented by Dad.
        • The tiny seed planted ten years before had flowered.
  • 不定式（短语）
    • 常用于一定得句型中
      • I have tones of letters to answer.
      • There is nothing to be done.
      • I'll go and get something to drink.
    • 常用在某些名词后
      • Has he the ability to do the work?
        • 这些名词有
          • ability, ambition, anxiety, attempt, campaign, chance, courage, decision, determination, drive, eagerness, effort, failure, inclination, intention, movement, need, opportunity, plan, promise, reason, right, struggle, time, way, wish.
            • 需要不定式作定语以继续定义这些动机的目的和方式
      • His anxiety to go was abvious.
      • Their attempt to hurt her failed.
    • 不定式有时可代替一个定语从句
      • In the lectures to follow, she talked of her trip to Peru.
      • She made a list of things to be taken on the way.
      • These are the two trainee teachers to be sent to work there.
  • 介词短语
    • 介词短语作定语
      • The streets about the castle are full of places of historic interest.
      • The plan for the year was fulfilled ahead of schedule.
      • One might call it a mistake in tactics.
      • 某些名词后常根介词短语作定语
        • She has a geat fear of snakes.
        • He shows an absence of initiative.
        • I was impressed by her anxiety for knowledge.
        • He had lost his interest in politics.
  • 副词
    • I have nothing special on tonight.
    • On my way home, I continued angry with Bwtty.
    • The clouds above hegan to get thicker.
    • From the hill top we could see the plains below.
  • 从句
    • 限制性定语从句（defining attributive clauses)
      • ...的人或东西
      • 这类从句多由
        • 关系代词引导
          • Everyone who (that) knew him liked him.
          • The friend with whom I was traveling spoke French.
          • The car which (that) I hired brokedown.
          • The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
          • 绝大多数情况可省略，尤其口语中
            • 尤其被修饰的词为all, everything等词时
              • Anything I can do for you?
              • That's all I need.
              • You can take any room you like.
            • Have you got the postcard (Which) I sent you?
        • 关系副词引导
          • 有些表示时间的定语从句并不由when引导，特别是在某些句型中
            • Every time the telephone rings, he gets nervous.
            • This was the first time I had serious troiuble with my boss.
            • Come any time you like.
          • where间或也可以省略
            • This's the place (where) we mnet yeaterday.
          • 在way后也可跟定语从句，不需关系副词/代词
            • That's the way I look at it.
            • They can't help seeing things in the way they do.
            • I did not like the way he eyed me.
          • The time when I saw him, he was quite strong.
          • This is the village where I was born.
          • These are the reasons why we do it.
    • 非限制性定语从句（Non-defining Attributive clasues)
      • 人或东西, .....
        • 中文中其实没有明显的这种从句
          • Paul, whom everyone suspected, turned out to be innocent.
            • 大家都怀疑保罗，后来证明他是无辜的
          • The9:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today.
            • 9点30分的火车通常都很准时，今天却误点了
          • Sunday is a holiday, when people do not go to work.
            • 星期天是假日， 这一天人们不上班
      • 通常都有一个逗号把它和句子的其它部分隔开
        • 在译成中文时，这个从句多译成一个并列句
      • 这类从句不能使用关系代词that和关系副词why, 也不能省略任何关系副词，这类从句主要出现在书面语中
      • 在非限制性定语从句中which和whom常可和of或其他介词连用
        • It now has 20,000 hectares of land, more than two-thirds of which are under cultivation.
        • This morning some Port wine arrived, for which I know I have to thank you.
        • Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week.
      • which有时不代表一个名词，而代表前面句子的全部或部分意思
        • They rely on themselves, which is much better.
        • He invited us to dinner, which he doesn't like.
        • He changed his mind, which made me very angry.
      • which有时在从句中作定语
        • I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I should apologize.
        • He is studying economics, which knowledge is very important today.
        • Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.
    • 其它定语从句
      • as也可以用作关系代词，可引导定语从句
        • 主要和such连用
          • We have such grapes as you never saw.
          • They felt such heat in the jungle as they had never felt before.
        • such as 有时连用在一起
          • We hoped yo give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.
          • There was a look of fear in his eyes, such as people have when they are suddenly awakened.
        • as 还可以单独引导定语从句
          • Sophia was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.
          • He is a teacher, as is clear from his manner.
      • but也可用作关系代词来引导定语从句，意思接近于that(who)...not(用法很旧）
        • There is no tree but bears some fruit.
        • There are very few but admire his talents.
      • whereby, wherein, whereupon也可引导定语从句
        • 仅限于陈旧的书面语
        • They've set a plan whereby(=by which) you can spread the cost over a period.
• 同位语
  • 其实是弥补我们对定语，宾语补语划分不完美的理论
    • 定语和宾语补语，双宾动词之外的 “多元宾语”
  • 用名词，代词，数词作同位语
    • 1.在名词后常可跟另一名词作他的同位语，说明它指谁
      • She is my niece Maria.
        • 和双宾不太一样
          • 没有动词限制
      • 两种同位语
        • a. 限制性同位语----它和前面的名词（代词）关系比较紧密，中间没有括号把它们分开
          • 所以其实同位语作用和定语很像
          • My aunt Lena is staying with me.
          • He wrote a biography of the Russian writer Tolstoy.
          • You girls are much more active than us boys.
        • b. 非限制性同位语----它和前面名词关系比较松散， 中间通常有一个逗号把它们分卡（表示略有停顿）
          • 多数的同位语属于此类
          • This professor Baker, head of our department.
          • They are staying at Beidaihe, a summer resort in Northern China.
          • We have everything we need: land, funds and technology.
    • 有些同位语是
      • 2.代词
        • The theory itself is all right.
        • She seemed different from us all.
      • 3.数词
        • Is there room for us Two?
        • You three sit hear.
        • Another example is Jhon Brown Senior, now 66, who has been here for 40 years.
  • 用形容词或词组作同位语
    • 有些同位语可以是形容词
      • People, old and young, came out to greet the distinguished visitors.
    • 有些同位语结构复杂一些，带有一个副词或代词
      • 这类同位语可以提前，特别是主语较短时，来给它以突出的位置
      • Xiao Yan, normally a timid girl, argued heatedly with them about it.
      • These methods, systematically summarized, are now being popularized in the whole country.
    • 有些同位语结构更复杂一点，由for example, including 等引导
      • They visit eight cities, for example, london and Paris.
      • The children like the animals, particularly the panda.
      • New zealand possesses rich mineral deposits, including gold.
  • 同位语从句(Appositive Clauses)
    • 有很多名词后面可以跟that引导的从句，说明其内容
      • 乍看之下是非限制性定语从句用that
        • 为了弥补之前定语理论的完备，我们划分它为同位语
        • 其实同位语是定语的同源
      • We received a message that he would be abscent
      • We have proof that this man committed the crime.
      • He came to see her in the belief that he will be welcome.
      • 其它词若
        • fact, message, proof, opinion, hopes, impression, evidence, idea, belief, feeling, conclusion, rumour, report, possibility, guarantee, thaught, assurance.
    • 有时同位语从句和前面的名词分开
      • The rumour spread that a new shcool would be built here.
      • The story got that he often beats his wife.
    • 在少数情况下可用连接副（代）词引导的从句作同位语
      • You have no idea how worried I was.