导图社区 代词
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代词
代词知识思维导图，包括：人称代词Personal Pronouns、物主代词Possessive Pronouns、自身代词Self Pronouns、相互代词Reciprocal Pronouns、指示代词Demonstrative Pronouns、在句中的作用。
编辑于2022-06-12 21:09:59- 人称代词
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代词
人称代词 Personal Pronouns
分类
人称代词需要在词形上区分主谓
可能为了更有效的，无误的沟通。因为这是最直接的指涉群体中其它个体的语法，重要性不言而喻。
清晰的对指代对象单复数，你我他，还有句中成分的区分，是为了保证沟通的效率和精确性
关于主谓宾
一个人际关系认知模式的基本
我
我的思想所寄宿的个体
你
我在交流的那个个体
他
我们的交流中指涉的其它个体
这个三段式也可能同源于主语，谓语，宾语
而且还在词形中区分单复数和其在句子中所承担成分（主格，宾格）
所以这些是我学外语最先印象深刻的词
所以这也是为了无需精通语言就有生存的机会
主格
单数
I
I
II
you
III
he, she, it
复数
I
we
II
you
III
they
宾格
单数
I
me
II
you
III
him, her, it
复数
I
us
II
you
III
them
句中成分
a. 主语（主格）
I'm sorry I'm late.
Is he married? No, he's single.
We(They) are both from the south.
在口语中有时用宾格，尤其是在than引导的从句中
Who found Gran's watch?---Me.
Jhon is smaller than him.
She is cleverer than me.
b. 宾语（宾格）
Tell him(her) to call back a little later.
You don't need to thank me (us).
Put it（them）on the table, please.
c. 表语
口语常用宾格
可见表语在大脑中的处理口语和书面不同
表语果然跟宾语有神经基础的差别
口语可能更难分辨表语和宾语
I saw at once it was her.
If I were her(him), I'd take the job.
Don't blame join, It's me who broke it.
正式笔语常用主格
It's I
It was she who had been wrong.
she 的其它用法
雌性动物
I stroked the cat and she rubbed against my leg.
船只，车辆
She is a fine ship.
Nice car---how much did she cost?
国家
Spain is a major car manufacturer. She exports cars to the UK.
we, you, they 可泛指一般人, 凡人， 常人
We all have our weaknesses.
You can never tell what they will do next.
They say prices are going to increase again.
it 的用法
代指除了人以外的所有名词
这些词的指代相对人的指代不需要保证那么精确所以不需区分主，宾格
某样东西
Where is my map? I left it on the table.
Look at the bird. It always comes to my window.
抽象事物
You've saved my life. I shall never forget it.
I want to stay. Your wife won't like it.
不知性别的婴儿
Her new baby is tiny. It only weighs 2 kilos.
What a beautiful baby----is it a boy?
某种感觉或情况
Does it itch much?
Where does it hurt?
How is it going with you?
是谁
Who is that(it)? It's me.
Is that Tom over there? No, it's peter.
时间日期等
What time is it? It is eight o'clock.
What's the data? It's the third of April.
天气环境等
It's raining.
It's so noisy in the room.
距离等
How far is it to Chicago? It is 800 kilometer.
物主代词 Possessive Pronouns
分类
表从属关系或状态
谁的
形容词
名词
可以看出表示人与事物的所属关系，需要很准确的表达。
类似于人称代词的专属所有格
而且在词形上区分其所占句子成分：类似人称代词主格宾格
形容词格
名词格
形容词型物主代词
我的 my
你的 your
他（她，它）的
his
hers
its
我们的
our
你们的
your
他们的
their
名词型物主代词
我的 mine
你的 yours
他（她，它）的
his
her
its
我们的
ours
你们的
yours
他们的
theirs
形容词性物主代词
限定词的一种
Is this your(his/her) seat?
Their(My/Our) house looks on to the sea.
The cat had its dinner.
后边可和 own 连用
作定语
She did it of her own free will.
I always write for my own people.
Virtue is its own rewarded
做表语，宾语等
My time isn't my own.
It's her friend's car, not her own.
Their views are similar to our own.
前边可和 of 连用
The accident happened through no foult of her own.
We have no children of our own.
I wish to God I had a lab of my own.
名词型物主代词
作表语
Is this your book or mine?
This suit is his.
Is that old black cat yours?
做主语
That isn't my car; mine is being repaired.
Ours is the only garden in the lane.
Yours is on that shelf.
作宾语或介词宾语
We'll have to seperate ours from theirs.
I like yours better than ours.
Her doughter is rather stupid, but both of yours are very clever.
和of连用
An old friend of mine has just had a child.
He is a great admirer of yours.
I borrowed a tie of his.
yours 常写在信末
陌生人
yours faithfully/ yours truly
见过的人
yours sincerely
朋友
yours
yours ever
自身代词 Self Pronouns
也称反身代词(reflexive pronouns)
表自身对自身
主要是表一个特殊动作，其承受者和发起者相同时用
而且当同一个人或物在一句话中出现第二次时，加个self，便于区分之前的主语
单数
I: myself
II: yourself
III: himself, herself, itself
复数
I: ourselves
II: yourselves
III: themselves
其它
oneself
用法
主要作宾语
John dressed himself in the most formal suit.
They should blame themselves for the accident.
To decieve oneself is very easy.
Let me introduce myself
常常作介宾短语
Take good care of yourself.
He ought to be ashamed of himself.
I'm annoyed with myself.
you did it to yourself and it's over.
用作主语或宾语的同位语
有时强调作用近乎状语
I'll do it myself.
She made the dress herself.
Henry opened the safe himself.
I myself used to have literary ambitious.
I liked the diamond itself but not the setting.
She wanted to see Tom himself.
可以用作表语
I haven't been myself for weeks.
Now I'm quite myself again.
That poor girl was myself.
可以用作主语
Both my sister and myself were anxious about it.
I hope Miss Glenn and yourself are keeping well.
The girl herself was to blame for it.
通常这是意外，有另一个主语在前，而且多数是同位语
在成语中
among yourself
你们他们等互相吵
between ourselves
咱们私下说说（不可外传）
by oneself
独自一人，自己（没别人帮忙）
for oneself
替自己，为自己
in oneself
本身
to oneself
供自己用
相互代词 Reciprocal Pronouns
one another 和 each other
表相互关系的思维过程
指涉在一个群体中，所有可能的，两两之间的连接。
表示两个人和几个人之间的相互关系
用法
作宾语
probably we influence each other.
We've known each other for many years.
The birds fought each other over the bread.
Yes, We can help one another.
Liz and I have known one another for years.
做介词宾语
They struck at each other.
Their rooms were next(to) each other.
You should listen to one another a bit more.
和‘s一道构成定语
We enjoyed each other's company.
They were holding each other's hands.
They often stayed in one another's house.
each other可分开用
We each know what the other thinks.
Each tried to do more than the other.
指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns
this, that, these, those.
功能：指示
同源的行为是用手指的下扎动作，指出
必须结合环境或之前的谈话啊来指出
比 the 更加强调指出的过程
定语时有明显的限定子集的功能
用法
作主语
Charles, this is my wife, Claudia.
These are our children, David and Vicky.
Who's that in the garden? That's my younger brother.
What are those? That was twenty years ago.
That 可以表示刚说过的事， 译作“这”
That's where the shoe pinches.
That's why I object to the idea.
Thank you. That will do.
在电话中，This, that 可指人
Who is this?
This is Mary.
Was that Nancy on the phone?
作宾语或介词宾语
Dad give me this.
Take these to your mother.
I have no doubt about that.
偶尔作表语
What I want to stress is this.
The winning numbers are these.
定语
指示形容词/限定词
主要用作定语
This house is (These rooms are) for rent.
This time last year we were in Japan.
He went to college that autumn.
和 of 短语连用带感情色彩
I hate that old bike of yours.
I really like those paintings of your sisters.
This doughter of yours is doing dine work at school.
I like these poems of Janes.
和某些名词连用表“今天”，“今年”等
Are you going out this evening?
They are going to college this autumn.
He won't go home this year.
短语： this day week
一星期前
I saw her this day week.
一星期后
We've arranged to meet this day week.
短语： these days
进来，现今
He was feeling optimistic these days.
She seldom comes to see me these days.
That 和 those特别用法
that代替前边单数词避免重复
The oil output last year was much higher than that of 1990.
Life today is much better than that in the old days.
those代替前边提到的复数词
His stories are more interesting than those I told.
My questions are similar to those you raised.
Our performances, of course, can't compare with those of professionals.
that的成语
a. like that
这样
Don't hold it like that----you'll break it.
b. that is (to say)
这就是说
He's a local administrator, that is to say, a civil servant.
The household was as happy as could be. All, that is, except Fiorella.
c. that's all
只是，就这些
Just don't do it again, that's all.
How are you feeling?
Fine, a bit tired, that's all.
d. that's (about) it
说对了
That's it. You've described exactly what I felt about the film.
You have no confidence?
That's about it. I'm no good.
e. that's that
情况就是这样
He's gone and that's that.
Well, that's that. No more work until Monday.
f. what's that?
你说什么？
What's that? He refuses to come?
在句中的作用
1.主语
This is our new home.
Both are from the South.
Who is on the phone?
2.宾语
可做宾语补语，和宾语一道构成复合宾语
What do you call it?
I have read neither of the books.
Take care of yourself.
We should help each other.
3.表语
That's not mine.
Who is it?---It's me.
I'm not quite myself today.
4. 同位语
We both live in the domitory.
You yourself are to blame.
He ate them all.
5. 呼语
You sit here.
Get out, both of you!
Be patient, everybody.
6.定语？
美国与法学家：形容词
There are many reasons why I moved to New York.
Few people showed up for the party.
This watch cost 100.
Mary washed each piece of fruit.
英国与法学家： 限定词
用在名词前词的通称
冠词
Anne is in the garden.
指示形容词
Who owns those dogs?
This time last year we were in Canada.
物主代词
The girls are with their mother.
A tree drops its leaves in autumn.
不定限定词(Indefinite Determiners)
Did you catch any fish?
There are two sides to every question.
all, another, any, both, each, either等不定代词作定语时都可做不定限定词
因其可代替名词，所以可以出现在任何名词的位置
虽然定语的情况有些特殊， 其词性可看做形容词
其它情况一律视为名词
不定代词 Indefinite Pronouns
贴近数理逻辑的一种语言
全部，有些，任何，每个，没有
构成命题
任取一个
any
空集
nothing
任意一个
every
代词和逻辑思维密不可分
其实指代的范围非常广的代词，已经可以表示思维形式本身了
指涉广泛度
代词>普通名词>专有名词
两类不定代词
由body, one, thing构成的合成不定代词
body
somebody
anybody
everybody
nobody
one
someone
anyone
everyone
no one
thing
something
anything
everything
nothing
兼做代词和限定词的词
all，another, any , both, each, either, few, little, many, much, neither, none, other, some.
纯限定词/形容词
every, no
用法
合成不定代词
合成规律
前缀
数理逻辑意义
some, any: 存在，但不能确定数量
区分肯定和否定/疑问句式
some
肯定
any
否定&疑问
还有一个表任何的特殊用法
数学上的在指定集合中任取一个
其实疑问和否定本身就有一种不确定的意思，因此也在指涉上变为任意一个了
no
不存在， 空集
every
所有的， 全部
any
任何的，指在集合中任取一个都满足
后缀
区分指代对象属性
人
body, one
非人
thing
somebody， someone, anybody, anyone 都表某人
Somebody 和someone 只用于肯定句
Somebody(someone)said that you'd been ill.
There's somebody at the door.
疑问，否定句需用 anybody 或 anyone
Did anybody ever hear of such a thing?
I didn't know anybody at the party.
anybody, anyone 还可表”任何人“
Anybody can tell you how to get there.
She felt that she could do it better than anyone.
everybody=everyone 表示”人人“，”大家“
Everybody was glad to see Martin back.
Everyone laughed, me included.
something, anything表某样东西
something用于肯定句
something has happened
I will tell you something of my own experience.
anything用于疑问和否定句
Is there anything I can do?
We can't decide anything now.
anything 可用于条件句
If you want anything, you can call me.
Here after when you need anything, I want you to come to me.
anything可表示任何东西（事）
Anything is better than nothing.
Take anything you fancy.
everything，nothing
everything 表示一切
How is everything?
Mony isn't everything.
nothing 表示没有什么=not anything
用于否定句
Nothing could make her alter her views.
He knew absolutely nothing.
Oh, that's nothing.
nobody=no one表示没有人
Nobody stands on much ceremony with us.
Apart from them, I had no one to talk to.
nobody还可表示”无关紧要者“
I want to be famous！I'm tired of being a nobody.
限定词不定代词
关系代词 Relative Pronouns
who, whom, whose, that, which
功能：”定义“引申的探索
限定性定语从句
限定一个对所联系词的子集的范围
划分子集
仅仅这个能用that
that有一定的”限定“功能
非限定性定语从句
引申一个对该集合本身的额外信息
不划分子集
不能用that哦..
省略关系代词的情况
关系清楚的限定性定语从句可以省略
尤其是关系代词在从句中作宾语时
除了紧跟介词时不能省略且只能用which
role
引导定语从句/关系从句（relative clause)
把引导的从句和所修饰的词连接起来
定语从句是唯一的，一个意义的词出现两次的复合句， 第一次是指代原词，第二次是连接词
关系代词的三重作用
对比：连接代词并没有代表前面的名词
关系代词vs连接代词
定语从句做定语的特殊需要，必须要用一种特殊代词复制之前的修饰的名词
而其它从句本身就大多是主干，所以连接代词不用指代之前的名词
之所以称复制，是因为你把被修饰词替换到从句的连接代词的位置中，（有时需要调整语序）从句也是一个完整的没任何语病的句子
等于两句话放到一句了！
所以它有一种”关联作用“
只有关系代词能引导定语从句...一种修饰名词成分的特殊从句
question：为什么把这个拿出来单练？
因为从句在主句中仅仅为修饰成分，不参与句子主干么？
可能人脑神经结构决定了名词修饰成分必须要有独立的关系结构
代表前边的名词
把从句和它修饰的词连接起来
关联作用
在从句中也担任成分
I met someone who said he knew you.
who代表someone
who引导从句修饰someone
who在从句中担任主语
The noise that he made woke everybody up.
that代表noise
That引导从句修饰noise
that在从句中担任made的宾语
I saw something in the paper which might interest you.
Which 代表something
Which引导从句修饰something
Which在从句中做主语
代表人的Who, Whom, Whose
和疑问代词，连接代词规律相似
Who
代表人， 在从句中做主语
The man who robbed her has been arrested.
The girls who served in the shop were the owner's daughters.
The girl who spoke is my best friend.
Whom
代表人， 在从句中作宾语或介词宾语
The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay.
口语中可用who代替
The man（who) I saw told me to wait.
The girl (who/whom) I spoke to was a student.
紧接介词时只能用whom
The man to whom I spoke was a foreigner.
The man from whom I bought it told me to read the instructions.
Whose
表“某人的" 句中作定语
A mental patient is one whose mind is diseased.
I know a boy whose father is an acrobat.
That's the body whose mother has just died.
也可指无生命的东西
He saw a house whose windows were all brocken.
He showed me a machine whose parts are too small to be seen.
I saw a film whose name I have forgotten.
that 和 which
That
即可代表人也可代表物
代表人
He that would eat the fruit must climb the tree.
Can you think of anyone that could look after him?
The man that I spoke to told me to wait
代表东西
That is the picture that (which) caused such a sensation.
The stairs that lead to the cellar are rather slippery.
All the apples that fall are eaten by wild boars.
在从句中作宾语时that常常省略
This is the best hotel (that) I know.
Who is the man (that) you were talking to?
Which
仅代表物
只能代表动物和东西
在从句中充当
主语
She was not in the train which arrived just now.
The dog which was lost has been found.
This is the book which was on the table.
宾语或介词宾语
常常省略Which
宾语
The car which(That) I hired broke down.
These are the coditions which we have to accept.
His mind was full of ideas which he wanted to discuss.
介词宾语
The day on which I saw him was the greatest of my life.
That's a formality which we have to go through.
The ladder which(that) I was standing on began to slip.
规律
作which,和that做宾语或介词宾语是常常可省略
除了非限定性定语从句
That's the house (which/that) we built.
This is the book (which/that) you wanted.
There are the difficulties (which/that) we got into.
在紧跟介词时只能用which，且不能省略
但在口语中，介词和它的宾语分开也可以省略
The situation (that/which) he found himself in was very difficult.
Read the passage to which I refferred in my talk.
The situation in which he found himself was very difficult.
限制性和非限制性定语从句
Restrictive Attributive Clause
限制所修饰词的意义，如把它拿掉，句子意义即不清楚，甚至失去意义。
只有在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词才可以省略
因为限制的占内容，很容易辩明这种”关系“，固省略不会被误解
That's the machine he designed.
Madame Curies was a women we admired.
Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause
从句和主句关系不太紧密，对所修饰词的意思没有限制作用， 把它拿掉对句子基本上没有影响，句子依然完整。
一个附加成分，通常用逗号把它和句子其它部分隔开
像插入语但不是
汉语译文常常是并列句
只能由who(m), Whose, 或 Which引导
That不能引导非限制性定语从句
指代人的
who引导
Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested stopping at the next town.
I passed the letter to Helen, who was sitting beside me.
whom引导
The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
The girls whom he employs are always complaining about their pay.
口语中可用who代替
The man(who） I saw told me to wait
常可省略，但紧跟介词时只能用whom
The man to whom I spoke was a foreigner.
whose引导
Anne, whose children are at school all day, is trying to get a job.
My dog, whose temper is very uncertain, often bites judges at dog shows.
which引导
The 8:30 train, which is usually very punctual, was late today.
My new car, which I paid several thousand pounds for, is not running well.
which的特殊用法
在非限制性定语从句中，which可以代指主句的一部分或全部，而不只限于一个名词或代词
This I did at nine o'clock, after which (=doing it) I sat some time reading the paper.
He invited us to dinner, which was very kind of him.
Which可在从句中作定语
在书面语中，有时把这类从句单列成一句
From which he learned a few lessons which were later of value to him.
He advised me to hide behind the door, which advice I took at once.
He believes in the abolition of capital punishment, which idea I am quite apposed to.
He studied computer science, which knowledge is very important today.
Which后可加不定式
Allow me one minute in which to change my costume.
She had a little money in the bank, with which to help her mother.
Which可表示任何一个，类似Which ever
You may have which apple you like.
You may select which you like.
Use which method you prefer.
连接代词 Conjunctive Pronouns
与疑问代词同形，引导各类从句
功能：也是探索，用来创建复杂的一个语言位置
描述一个探索的状态
在句中基本任何地方强插入探索方向的结构
从句
但不同的代词插入位置有所不同
what插入定语从句
ever等的可插入状语从句
而且这些代词在从句中充当的成分也不尽相同
几乎可以充当所有
Who, whom, whose, what, which
在从句中的位置
主语
代词在从句中担当成分往往比从句在主句中担当成分有更多多样性...
I asked him who came into the room.
No one can tell what will happen next.
The twins are so much alike that I never know which is which.
I can't tell whose is better.
这些都是从句的主语
宾语
在口语中whom可换做主格who
I asked him whom he saw.
I don't care what he thinks.
I don't know who(m) you mean.
主语是一个主句或从句的中心
所以这些话中主语是3*I, he, he, you
然后你就能明辨倒装句了
介词宾语
I wonder who he's talking to.
I wonder to whom he had addressed the letter.
Remember what we're here for.
表语
Do you know what that girl's father is?
She demanded to know whose the child was.
I can’t recall what his name was.
It was so dark that I couldn't tell who was who.
定语
I wonder whose house that is.
I asked him what clothes I should wear.
let me know which train you'll be arriving on.
还可引导不定式短语，多做宾语或介词宾语
We can't decide whom to invite.
I don't know who to ask advice from.
We must decide what to do with her.
关系代词型的What引导的从句
意义
the thing which...
That's what I want to know.
What you said was quite right.
意义相当于一个名词+关系从句
所以名词+定语可在主句中做任何位置
What you need.
What I want to say.
What I don't understand.
What we have to consider.
在主句中担当成分
主语
What she saw gave her a little fright.
What you need is a warm sweater.
What I'm afraid of is their taking him to Boston.
宾语
I cannot do what you asked me to do.
She began to criticize what he had done.
I'll do what I can.
介词宾语
He was depressed by what he had gone through.
Don't poke your nose into what doesn't concern you.
The city isn't much different from what it was ten years ago.
表语
I should like to be a teacher. That's what I want to be.
Times aren't what they were.
Your mother's health is not what it ought to be.
插入语
Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was your cousin.
He is an interesting speaker, and, what's more important, he knows his subject thouroughly.
He went to meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking.
在从句中What有时做定语
What few friends I have here have been very kind to me.
What education I have is fragmentary, sketchy.
I will give you what help I can.
由ever构成的连接代词
who(m), what, which都可以和 ever构成连接代词
也有人称作连词，可在句中引导状语从句，表"不管"
I ‘ll find the person who did this, whoever he is.
Whoever else may object, I mean to do it.
Whoever rings, tell him I'm out.
Whatever happens, I'm going.
Whichever road you take, the drive won't be more than an hour.
引导名词性从句，表“任何...的人（或物）”， 在句中作
主语
Whoever is responsible will have to pay for the damage.
Whoever you invite will be welcome.
Whichever you want is yours.
宾语
They may marry who(m)ever they desire.
I'll just say whatever comes into my head.
Take whichever seat you like.
介宾短语
I want to speak to whoever is in charge.
Talk to me about whatever is troubling you.
She might live in whichever room she liked.
疑问代词 Interrogative Pronouns
Who, whom, whose, what, which
功能：探索
认知和探索方向的定义
创立新的事实认知
认知，改变和创新之源
引导特殊疑问句
用法
英语中很多问句有倒装
怎么正过来判断疑问代词真正的句子成分？
答：汉语语感，汉语中这些问句都没有倒装...
问人
who
主格
更贴近主格
主语
Who did this?
Who would like to go with us?
表语
Who are those girls?
宾语（口语）
Who did you meet at the party?
Who did you go with?
I'm writing a letter.
Who to?
whom
宾格
更贴近宾格
从不用做主语
介宾短语只能用这个
介宾短语被人察觉“更需要像宾语一些”
书面的宾语更容易是这个
书面语会让人要求更区分主宾
宾语
Whom did you see?
Whom are you writing to?
You saw whom?
介词宾语
紧跟介词时只能用whom，不能用who
To Whom should I write?
To whom did you give the parcel?
With whom did she come?
whose
所有格
更贴近所有格
定语
Whose umbrella is this?
Whose fault is it?
主语
Whose won the first prize?
Whose is better, yours or hers?
表语
Whose are these?
宾语
Whose are you going to borrow?
所有指人的代词都要有主，宾，所有的区分，方便精确
人的话说不利索对个体的生存和群体的配合是致命的问题
在之后的关系代词和连接代词中也做这种区分
What和which
探索广泛的非人世界
主语
怀疑：是否也可看出宾语倒装？
What's your plan, then？
What's up?
Which is your seat?
Which of them came late?
宾语或介词宾语
What can we do about it?
What's all this about?
Which do you prefer, coffee or tea?
Which of them should I speak to?
倒装结构问句
助动词
do
其它的情态动词？
定语
What color are the curtains?
What day is today?
Which way should we go?
At Which station should I change trains?
表语（仅what)
What's your sister?
汗， 这和上边的主语那个有啥区别？
Whoever 和 whatever
是Who和What的强调形式
大体上意义没变
Whoever heard of such things?
Whatever do you mean?
Whatever happened to her?