宾语

宾语知识思维导图，包括：宾语的种类、宾语的表示法、直接引语&间接引语三部分内容。

宾语

• 宾语的种类
  • 直接宾语
    • 表示动作的
      • CT: 其实有时对象就是承受者..
      • 对象
        • We love our motherland.
      • 承受者
        • They robbed a bank.
      • 后果
        • Then he composed a symphony.
    • 跟在绝大多数及物动词和一些成语动词后
  • 间接宾语
    • 双宾动词后跟的第一个宾语
    • 表示动作是向某人或为某人做的
      • Auntie gave me a toy car.
      • My wife sends you her greeting.
  • 复合宾语
    • 由两部分构成，后边的部分可称为宾语的补语
      • They asked him to speak at the meeting.
      • She saw a girl waving to her.
    • 类型
      • 1. 名词（代词）+形容词
        • 用于不少谓语动词后的固定搭配
          • account, beat, believe, call, confess, consider, count, declare, drive, dye, feel, find, get, have, hold, imagine, keep, knock, leave, like, make, paint, pronounce, prove, push, render, send, set, shout, slam, sleep, stain, suppose, sweep, think, turn, want, wish.
            • 这些动作通常能作用于一个目标，让其具有某种特征或状态
        • Have I made myself clear?
        • That kept her warm.
      • 2. 名词（代词）+名词
        • 常见跟此类复合宾语的谓语动词
          • acclaim, appoint, brand, call, christen, consider, count, declare, dub, elect, entitle, fancy, imagine, judge, label, make, name, nominate, pronounce, suppose, term, think, vote.
            • 这些动作通常能把一个人物比作另一个物体
        • I find her a very sensible wamen.
        • They considered paris the heart of France.
      • 3. 名词（代词）+不定式
        • 常见跟此类复合宾语的谓语动词
          • advise, allow, ask, bear, beckon, beg, bribe, bring, cause, challange, command, commission, condemn, compel, dare, defy, enable, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, help, inspire, instruct, intend, invite, know, like, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, prompt, provoke, recommend, remind, request, require, sign, stimulate, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn, wish...
            • 这些动作能指导一个人物一个目的
        • 某些动词后，这类不定式只限于动词be
          • They considered him to be a selfish man.
            • 其它如：believe, know, suppose, discover, show
        • 其他动词的完成式和进行式有时也可以用
          • I consider him to have acted disgracefully.
          • I believe her to have done right.
        • 少数动词后面的复合宾语包含一个带to的不定式
          • What makes you think so?
          • Don't forget to have him come.
        • 个别成语动词后也可跟这类复合宾语
          • He called on Tom to answer the question.
          • I am counting on you to help me through.
        • He strongly advised her not to do so.
        • She asked me to get in touch with him.
        • You know I wish you to be happy, don't you?
      • 4. 名词（代词）+分词
        • 现在分词
          • 常见跟此类复合宾语的谓语动词
            • Bring, catch, discover, fancy, feel, find, get, hate, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, like, listen to, look at, notice, observe, remember, see, set, smell, start, stop, understand, watch
              • 这类动词能感知到一个人物当前的行为动作
          • The teacher caught a boy cheating.
          • I could feel the wind blowing on my face.
          • They watched the sun setting behind the trees.
        • 过去分词
          • 常见跟此类复合宾语的谓语动词
            • acknowledge, consider, declare, feel, find, get, have, hear, keep, leave, make, notice, order, see, want, watch, wish
              • 这类动词能改变一个目标的某种状态
          • You will have to get that tooth filled.
          • She's having her eyes tested.
          • We want the work finished by Saturday.
      • 5. 名词（代词）+介词短语或副词
        • 介词短语
          • Make yourselves at home, everybody.
          • They found her already in the hands of a doctor.
          • He held the others in contempt.
        • 副词
          • We went to her house but found her out.
          • You'd better ask her round here.
          • We're having some friends in tonight.
• 宾语的表示法
  • 名词
    • May I see your passport?
    • Fasten your seatbelts, please.
  • 代词
    • it
      • 人称代词it
        • 代表刚提到的一样东西
          • Have you got my express mail? -----Yes, I've got it.
          • Where is my bike? -----Pam is riding it.
        • 代表一个婴儿
          • How about the baby? -----I'll take care of it.
        • 代表刚提到的一件事
          • If I can help, I'll do it.
          • If he doesn't come, I can't help it.
      • 先行词it
        • 接住it把真正的宾语放到句子后部去，特别是用在一些复合宾语中
        • it可以
          • 代表不定式
            • She found it difficult to convince him.
            • He thought it best to be cautious.
          • 代表that引导的从句（that有时省略）
            • I took it for granted that you would be coming.
            • Depend upon it, we shall win the war.
            • I take it from your silence that you don't want to go.
          • 代表连接（代）副词引导的从句或动名词
            • He hasn't made it clear when he is coming back.
            • They haven't made it known where the meeting is to take place.
      • 意义不明的宾语it
        • 并不指具体东西，意思含糊甚至没有
          • The last train's gone. We'll have to foot it.
          • He escaped, and tramped it home, working at odd jobs.
          • He likes to lord it over the union staff.
    • 其它
      • Do you have anything to declare?
      • Give me some.
  • 数词
    • Let me have one or two.
    • They laid off one-third of the workers.
  • 名词化的形容词
    • Success goes to the determined.
    • Respect the old and cherish the young.
  • 动名词
    • Stop acting like a child.
    • Has it left off raining?
  • 不定式
    • He tried not to offend her.
    • They asked to see his ID card.
  • 复合结构
    • I find this weather very trying.
    • He had his passport visited for South Korea.
  • 从句
    • 由that引导的宾语从句
      • 有大量的动词可以跟它（有时that可以省略）
        • acknowledge, add, admid, advise, agree, allege, announce, answer, assure, boast, believe, claim, command, comment, complain, confess, confirm, decide, demand, deny, determine, direct, discover, doubt, dream, estimate, expect, explain, fear, feel, find, forget, guarantee, guess, hear, hint, hope, imagine, inform, insist, intend, know, learn, maintain, mean, move, order, predict, prefer, promise, propose, prove, provide, read, realize, recommend, remember, reply, report, request, require, reveal, say, see, sense, shout, show, suggest, suppose, suspect, swear, tell, think, urge, vote, wish, write.
          • 并不是所有动词都能+that再加一大句宾语
            • 这些动词的共性是：你读出来就习惯性的想可以有个that
            • 或这些动词经常需要跟很大内容量的宾语，因为去描述这些动作的对象可以是很复杂的
        • 省略that（仅在口语中）
          • believe, suppose, presume, think.
        • 不加that(仅在口语中）
          • say, see, know, hear, propose, understand, 和 be told.
      • I know she was against us.
      • I felt that she had a strong will.
      • We suspected that it was a trick to get our money
      • She suddenly revealed that she was not married.
      • He wrote me that his wife was not well.
      • 有时可用it作先行宾语，而把从句放到句子后部去
        • You can depend upon it, I shall be there.
        • I feel it terrible thing that may mother should have to toil so endlessly.
        • Why don't you bring it to his attention that you're too ill to go on working?
    • 由连接代（副）词引导的从句
      • 有不少动词可跟它
        • agree, ask, calculate, care, decide, describe, discover, discuss, enquire, exclaim, explain, express, find out, forget, guess, hear, imagine, inquire, know, learn, realize, recollect, remember, report, reveal, say, see, show, suggest, tell, think, understand, watch, wonder.
          • 这类动词的动作常可以跟一个复杂的，提问开放式的宾语句子
            • 这些动作本身也就是人类创新，思考的根本吧
            • 所以好的学生和人应该经常做哦
      • She was curious to know where we had been.
      • Write me how you got home.
      • She inquired why he had not thought of that before.
      • Only you can decide who is the best choice.
      • I wonder what you call these flowers.
      • Whether 和 if 也常可用来引导宾语从句
        • I don't know whether you like flowers.
        • I'll see whether I can help you.
        • I wonder whether you would mind doing me a favour.
        • She didn't say if her aunt was still with them.
        • I asked her if I might call and see her.
    • 由关系代词型what引导的从句
      • 用作直接宾语
        • Show me what you've bought.
        • She began to criticize what I had done.
        • We cannot do what you ask of us.
      • 用作介词宾语
        • 其它从句很少用于介词宾语
        • Don't poke your nose into what doesn't concern you.
        • Can you give us a description of what has happened?
      • whatever可引导宾语从句
        • I will do whatever you wish.
        • I'll just say whatever comes into my head.
        • Please talk to me about whatever is troubling you.
      • whichever, whomever也可引导宾语从句
        • Buy whichever is cheapest.
        • Give it to whomever you like.
        • They can vote in whichever district they choose.
• 直接引语&间接引语
  • 直接引语(Direct Speech)
    • 在引用别人的原话时，被引用的句子
    • 使用时引语前后要加引号，引导引语的动词称为引用动词（reporting verbs). 除say, ask, answer, reply之外，还有许多其它的引用动词
      • 引用动词多数放在后面，有时放在前面，间或插在引语中间
        • 引用动词放在后面时， 有时主语和动词的位置可以颠倒，尤其是主语较长时
        • 如果主语较短，放在后面更好些
  • 间接引语(Indirect Speech)
    • 用自己的话报道别人的话时，被报导的部分称为间接引语（Indirect Speech), 这种结构称为引语结构（Report Structure)
    • 被引语的部分常常是引用动词的宾语。除了say,reply这几个词以外，还有许多动词可引导间接引语
    • 多数情况下，引语都由连词that引导，但在say, tell等词后（在口语中）可以省略
  • 把直接引语变为间接引语
    • 要根据意思改变人称
    • 同时要根据时态呼应原则把时态加以调整
    • 指示代词，地点及时间状语也做改动
      • 指示代词
      • 时间状语
      • 地点副词
      • 动词
      • 灵活转变
        • 如说话地点或当天说的话没必要变状语
    • 动词形式不改变的情况
      • 虚拟语气
      • 某些情态动词
      • 过去进行时（有时）
    • 除了say的其它引用动词
  • 间接问句
    • 直接问句可以变为间接问句
    • 间接问句前无需连词，连接代（副）词就起连接作用了
      • 间接问句除连接代（副）词提前外，其他部分都用自然语序，同时后面不再加问号，而用句号。
    • 一般问句，选择问句和反意问句变成间接问句之时，前面可用if或whether
    • 有时直接问句也可以变为不定式（结构）或其它结构
  • 引用祈使句，感叹句
    • 祈使句
      • 在引用祈使句时，多使用一个不定式，前面谓语根据语气来决定
      • 有时可使用一个从句
    • 感叹句一般不宜改为间接引语，用直接引语更能传神，偶尔也有改为间接引语的。