Adjectives形容词

Adjectives形容词知识整理，包括：形容词的分类、形容词的用法、形容词的名词化、形容词的比较级、广义形容词。

Adjectives

• 形容词的分类
  • 按认知方式分类
    • Qualitative Adjectives
      • 品质形容词
        • 占形容词大部分，表示人或物的品质
          • 人的品质则是五大人格
          • Positive
            • He is happiest man on earth.
            • She looks very healthy.
            • It was a lovely quiet beach.
            • He is a humourous magician.
            • You have an honest face.
          • negative
            • The play was boring.
          • 例子
            • active
              • 功能：人类对事物认知的过程，细致入微
                • 形容词的个数表示了人脑认知角度极多个数的可能性
                • 每个形容词要由电脑去理解都要涉及一个专门的测算算法
                  • 而且有些很模糊微妙的更无法给出
            • big
            • angry
            • anxous
            • attractive
            • bad
            • beautiful
            • complex
            • rich
            • rough
            • 可见人的品质不全是性格，还有任何能描述人的属性的都算，情绪，地位，经济..
              • 身材
                • tall
                • thin
              • 外表
                • pretty
                • beautiful
              • 为人
                • funny
                • proud
                • pleasure
              • 名誉
                • famous
                • successful
              • 有些很模糊
                • good
                • bad
                • nice
                • rough
            • 物的品质也是全方位的属性
              • 温度
                • hot
              • 新旧
                • old
              • 运动
                • quick
              • 大小
                • big
                • small
              • 质地
                • soft
                • hard
              • 质量
                • heavy
                • light
              • 高度
                • low
                • high
              • 历史
                • old
                • new
                • fresh
              • 纯评价
                • good
                • bad
                • great
              • 一些更微妙的属性
                • safe
                • thick
                • special
                • strange
                • expensive
              • 物也可以包括一些抽象物：理论，事，手段
                • effective
                • efficient
        • 此类形容词一般都能用于比较级
          • 为何？能比较的一般是能量化的
            • 品质和属性是能测算和量化的实在算法
          • bigger
          • simpler
          • younger
    • Classifying Adjectives
      • 类属形容词
        • 这类形容词表示哪一类
          • 常见的这类形容词有：absolute, available, commercial, communist, daily, full, free, human, male, magic, personal, physical, chemical, professional, real, single, sexual, social, official, open, raw, wrong, sufficient, traditional, theoratical.
            • 功能：规划认知，整理记忆
              • 想象记忆在大脑海马中就像个数据库，要搜索总要分类和规划
              • 而这些类属形容词就像数据库索引和限定条件一样，可以给你的任何一个知识，物品划分其种类
              • 就像生物物种的分类
                • eukaryotics
                  • animal
                    • vertebrate
                      • mammals
                      • reptiles
                      • birds
                      • fishes
                      • amphibias
                    • invertebrate
                      • anthropodas
                        • insects
                      • ...
                  • plant
                  • fungi
                • prokaryotics
              • 分类：形成刻板印象本身就是认知的一个基本部分
                • 亚里士多德的哲学
        • 这类形容词一般不能用于比较级
          • 分类不能量化，不能比较
            • 而分类本身是无法量化的，只是客观划分，陈述客观事实
            • 无法量化的另一个特质是非黑即白
              • 因为其自己就是标准---那根分隔线本身
            • 其实有时和品质形容词界限较模糊
    • Colour Adjectives
      • 颜色形容词
        • 表示颜色：这类形容词主要有---black, blue, brown, cream, crimson, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, scarlet, violet, white, yellow..
          • 功能：表示人眼感光细胞对刺激的电磁波波长的测算
            • 间接反映观察反射物的物理，化学质地和属性
    • Emphasizing Adjectives
      • 强调形容词
        • 起强调作用：常见的这类形容词主要有---absolute, complete, entire, outright, perfect, positive, pure, real, sheer, total, true, utter.
          • 功能：强调注意，没有信息的真实或重要吧
            • 没啥实际信息，吸引人注意
            • 所以写作时可以少用吧
            • 其实也表示100%的概念
  • 按词原分类
    • -ing adjectives
      • -ing形容词
        • 有大量现在分词（多是及物动词）正在或已经变成形容词
          • 常见的这类形容词有： alarming, amazing, boring, amusing, distressing, exciting, interesting, overwhelming, pleasing, thrilling, satisfying, inspiring, misleading, relaxing, embarrassing, charming, devestating。。。
          • 大多是品质形容词：可用于比较级，有些还有最高级
            • most amazing
            • most disappointing
        • 有一些-ing形容词和不及物动词有关
          • 这类常见的有： ageing, bleeding, booming, bursting, increasing, living, prevailing, reigning, remaining, dying, bursting...
          • 这类形容词只能作定语，不能用于比较级
        • 有一些-ing形容词和动词无关
          • 如： neighbouring cities, a cunning trick, an appetizing smell, an enterprising woman.
        • 少数-ing形容词包含一个副词
          • the outgoing mail, the incoming president, an outstanding writer, the forthcoming election.
    • -ed adjectives
      • -ed形容词
        • 多数是由动词过去分词演化而来的类属形容词
          • abandoned， armed, boiled, brocken, canned, classified, closed, cooked, devided, fixed, trained, paid, united, wasted...
          • 不能用于比较级
        • 少数是由名词演化来的
          • a principled stand
          • skilled workers
          • armoured vehicles
          • a gifted pianist
        • 还有少数是独立的
          • beloved leaders.
          • sophisticated equipment.
          • his deceased aunt.
        • 有少数包含副词
          • a well-known musician
          • a well-equiped army
          • strongly-motivated students
    • Compound Adjectives
      • 合成形容词
        • a.形容词+名词+ed
          • soft-hearted
          • sweet-tempered
          • narrow-minded
        • b.副词+过去分词
          • low-paid
        • c.形容词+现在分词
          • nice-looking
        • d.副词+现在分词
          • long-standing
        • e.名词+现在分词
          • troubld-making
        • f.形容词+名词
          • full-time(staff)
        • 其它类
          • a tree-linde avenue
        • 三个词或更多
          • heart-to-heart talk
          • a life-and-death struggle
• 形容词的用法
  • 做的成分
    • 定语
      • 只能做定语的形容词
        • 许多类属形容词
          • countless, eastern, existing, east
        • 少数品质形容词
          • commanding
        • 所有强调形容词
        • 多数颜色形容词
      • 有些常作表语形容词也可作定语
        • It's a sure thing they'll come.
    • 表语
      • 一些（特别是以a开头的）形容词仅作表语
        • He's a bit afraid of her.
        • 此类形容词还有：unable, ill, asleep, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, aware, content, due, fond, glad, ill, likely, ready, sorry, sure, unable, unlikely, well等
      • 表语形容词的后缀(对应形容词的固定搭配）
        • 跟to短语
          • She is allergic to pollen.
        • 跟of短语
          • He was not aware of her presence.
        • 跟介词
          • She was not connected with the goverment.
        • 跟不定式或that从句
          • He was doomed to fail.
          • She was confident that she would find work.
    • 宾语补语
      • Have your tickets ready.
      • 宾语补语形容词都可做表语
    • 状语
      • They like living in a village, free of crowds and noise.
      • 多引导一个短语
    • 同位语
      • He read all kinds of books, ancient and mordern, Chinese and foreign.
      • 通常在修饰词后
  • 句中的位置
    • 作定语的位置
      • 名词前
      • 优先级
        • 冠词+品质形容词+颜色形容词+类别形容词+所修饰的词
          • a little white wooden house.
        • 冠词+品质+大小/年岁+颜色+国家+分词+所修饰词
          • a beautiful old red French handmade cupboard.
        • 个别形容词只在名词后
          • I had an interview with the ambassador designate.
          • 见于固定词组
            • president elect： 当选总统
      • 有些形容词放在名词前后意思不同
        • There were many old men present.
          • 在场的
        • What's your present feeling?
          • 现在的
      • 有些形容词放在名词前后意思相同
        • Is there a doctor available?
        • We mst set every available man to work.
          • 都是：可用的
      • 修饰合成不定代词的形容词只放后面
        • I was looking for something cheaper.
    • 作表语的位置
      • 系动词后
        • Two of them remained single.
    • 作宾语补语的位置
      • 宾语后
        • This delay has made me late.
      • 其它成分（如状语）可插在前面
        • It'll make me so happy if you'll accept it.
    • 作状语的位置
      • 句首
        • Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative.
      • 句末
        • He came round greatly concerned.
      • 主语后
        • The girl, amazed at the sight, didn't know what to say.
      • 可在动词后表示状态
        • I drink the milk hot.
    • 作同位语的位置
      • 名词后
        • I met Sallie, angry at me as always.
      • 当主语很短时，可在句首
        • Conscientious and eager, she took down everything he said.
    • 做句子状语的位置
      • 句首
        • Strange to say, no one was hurt.
• 形容词的名词化
  • “the+特定形容词” 表示一类人
    • 当是表国家民族的形容词时表“某国（民族）的人”
      • the Chinese.
    • The poor get poorer; the rich get richer.
  • "the+特定形容词“ 表一些事物或品质
    • The difficult we do at once. The impossible takes a little longer.
    • Let X be the unknown in this equation.
    • Do you believe in the supernatural?
  • 名词化形容词构成词组
    • I can't say for sure.
      • 其它的如：for free, in general, in brief等
    • 形容词最高级可名词化
      • We are not going to japan. At least not for the present.
    • 部分形容词的名词化
      • After a storm comes a calm.
• 形容词的比较级
  • 形容词的三种形式/比较级别 （Degrees of Comparision）
    • 原级The Positive Degree.
    • 比较级The Comparative Degree.
    • 最高级The Superlative Degree.
  • 构成法
    • 规则
      • 加-er,-est词尾
        • 单音节词
          • small, smaller, smallest
        • 以-y结尾的单音节词
          • 把y变i再加词尾
            • happy, happier, happiest
        • 以辅音字母结尾的
          • 双写辅音字母再加词尾
            • hot, hotter, hottest
        • 以除-y以外结尾的双音节词
          • narrow, narrower, narrowest
      • 在前面加more，most
        • 个别单音节词
          • glad, more glad, most glad
        • 多音节词
          • active, more active, most active
        • 有时以less, least代替more, most，表示“较/最不”
          • careful, less careful, least careful
    • 不规则
      • good,well; better; best
      • bad; worse; worst
      • much, many; more; most
      • little; less; least
      • far; farther, further; farthest, furthest
        • father：较远
        • fathest：最远
        • further: 更远；进一步的；更多的
        • furthest: 最更远的，最靠...的
      • old; older, elder; oldest, eldest.
        • older：年纪较大的
        • oldest：年纪最大的
  • 比较级用法
    • 单独使用
      • Are you feeling better today?
    • 和than连用，表两者间对比，than后可跟
      • 名词或代词
        • Tokyo is bigger than new York.
        • 人称代词口语多宾格
          • He is older than me.
      • 动名词
        • Travelling by train is more comfortable than travelling by bus.
      • 从句
        • I am happier than I have ever been.
      • 状语
        • 副词
          • She felt worse than usual.
        • 介词短语
          • It takes less time to go there by plane than by train.
      • 动词
        • It's easier to do it yourself than explain it to her.
      • 形容词
        • She was more suprised than angry.
    • 前面加修饰语
      • 程度状语: much, a lot, far, a bit, a little, slightly
        • You have far more imagination than I have.
      • any, no, some, even, still
        • This book is even more useful then that.
      • 量词
        • Shall I get a couple more chairs?
        • My sister is ten years younger than me.
    • 特殊用法
      • more...than
        • 更多...而不是
        • To them, music is more a way of life than just an interest.
      • more and more
        • 越来越
        • The story gets more and more exciting.
      • the more...the more
        • 越是...越...
        • The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is.
      • more than
        • 超过...; ... 多（后跟数词）
        • He can't be more than thirty.
      • less than
        • 不到...; 不太（美）
        • I bought it for less than a dollar.
      • no less than
        • 多达; 不少于
        • Its population is no less than 2 million.
      • more or less
        • 基本上; 大体上; 大约
        • The work is more or less finished.
    • as....as
      • 和....一样....(使用原级形容词）
        • Some of their states are as big as France.
      • 含这种结构的成语
        • as quick as lightning.
        • as bright as day.
        • as brave as a lion.
      • 否定形式
        • not as....或 not so....
          • 不像...那样
          • The food wasn't as good as yesterday.
          • It isn't so cold as yesterday.
      • 在前面插入修饰语
        • Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
  • 最高级用法
    • 表“最..."
      • 前边加the
        • This is the oldest theatre in London.
      • 有时后跟一修饰从句
        • This is the best beer(that) I've ever drunk.
    • 单独使用
      • 后跟不表示比较范围的修饰语
        • Her oldest daughter is eleven years old.
    • 前面加修饰语
      • 状语
        • It was by far the best hospital I had ever seen.
      • 定语
        • Hainan is China's second largest island.
    • 特殊用法
      • 作表语, 省略the
        • I think her plan is best.
      • 表示”非常...", 前有时加a
        • That was a most extraodinary thing.
        • He has been most kind to me.
      • 表示“处于最...的状态”, 和at构成短语作表语
        • She is never at her best in the present of her mother.
      • 和at构成短语作状语
        • I may not be good, but at least let me have a try.
• 广义形容词
  • 作定语的代词可称形容词
    • 指示代词
    • 不定代词
    • 物主代词
  • 冠词也可称形容词
  • 限定词可属于形容词