导图社区 Adjectives形容词
Adjectives形容词知识整理,包括:形容词的分类、形容词的用法、形容词的名词化、形容词的比较级、广义形容词。
编辑于2022-06-12 21:13:23Adjectives
形容词的分类
按认知方式分类
Qualitative Adjectives
品质形容词
占形容词大部分,表示人或物的品质
人的品质则是五大人格
Positive
He is happiest man on earth.
She looks very healthy.
It was a lovely quiet beach.
He is a humourous magician.
You have an honest face.
negative
The play was boring.
例子
active
功能:人类对事物认知的过程,细致入微
形容词的个数表示了人脑认知角度极多个数的可能性
每个形容词要由电脑去理解都要涉及一个专门的测算算法
而且有些很模糊微妙的更无法给出
big
angry
anxous
attractive
bad
beautiful
complex
rich
rough
可见人的品质不全是性格,还有任何能描述人的属性的都算,情绪,地位,经济..
身材
tall
thin
外表
pretty
beautiful
为人
funny
proud
pleasure
名誉
famous
successful
有些很模糊
good
bad
nice
rough
物的品质也是全方位的属性
温度
hot
新旧
old
运动
quick
大小
big
small
质地
soft
hard
质量
heavy
light
高度
low
high
历史
old
new
fresh
纯评价
good
bad
great
一些更微妙的属性
safe
thick
special
strange
expensive
物也可以包括一些抽象物:理论,事,手段
effective
efficient
此类形容词一般都能用于比较级
为何?能比较的一般是能量化的
品质和属性是能测算和量化的实在算法
bigger
simpler
younger
Classifying Adjectives
类属形容词
这类形容词表示哪一类
常见的这类形容词有:absolute, available, commercial, communist, daily, full, free, human, male, magic, personal, physical, chemical, professional, real, single, sexual, social, official, open, raw, wrong, sufficient, traditional, theoratical.
功能:规划认知,整理记忆
想象记忆在大脑海马中就像个数据库,要搜索总要分类和规划
而这些类属形容词就像数据库索引和限定条件一样,可以给你的任何一个知识,物品划分其种类
就像生物物种的分类
eukaryotics
animal
vertebrate
mammals
reptiles
birds
fishes
amphibias
invertebrate
anthropodas
insects
...
plant
fungi
prokaryotics
分类:形成刻板印象本身就是认知的一个基本部分
亚里士多德的哲学
这类形容词一般不能用于比较级
分类不能量化,不能比较
而分类本身是无法量化的,只是客观划分,陈述客观事实
无法量化的另一个特质是非黑即白
因为其自己就是标准---那根分隔线本身
其实有时和品质形容词界限较模糊
Colour Adjectives
颜色形容词
表示颜色:这类形容词主要有---black, blue, brown, cream, crimson, green, grey, orange, pink, purple, red, scarlet, violet, white, yellow..
功能:表示人眼感光细胞对刺激的电磁波波长的测算
间接反映观察反射物的物理,化学质地和属性
Emphasizing Adjectives
强调形容词
起强调作用:常见的这类形容词主要有---absolute, complete, entire, outright, perfect, positive, pure, real, sheer, total, true, utter.
功能:强调注意,没有信息的真实或重要吧
没啥实际信息,吸引人注意
所以写作时可以少用吧
其实也表示100%的概念
按词原分类
-ing adjectives
-ing形容词
有大量现在分词(多是及物动词)正在或已经变成形容词
常见的这类形容词有: alarming, amazing, boring, amusing, distressing, exciting, interesting, overwhelming, pleasing, thrilling, satisfying, inspiring, misleading, relaxing, embarrassing, charming, devestating。。。
大多是品质形容词:可用于比较级,有些还有最高级
most amazing
most disappointing
有一些-ing形容词和不及物动词有关
这类常见的有: ageing, bleeding, booming, bursting, increasing, living, prevailing, reigning, remaining, dying, bursting...
这类形容词只能作定语,不能用于比较级
有一些-ing形容词和动词无关
如: neighbouring cities, a cunning trick, an appetizing smell, an enterprising woman.
少数-ing形容词包含一个副词
the outgoing mail, the incoming president, an outstanding writer, the forthcoming election.
-ed adjectives
-ed形容词
多数是由动词过去分词演化而来的类属形容词
abandoned, armed, boiled, brocken, canned, classified, closed, cooked, devided, fixed, trained, paid, united, wasted...
不能用于比较级
少数是由名词演化来的
a principled stand
skilled workers
armoured vehicles
a gifted pianist
还有少数是独立的
beloved leaders.
sophisticated equipment.
his deceased aunt.
有少数包含副词
a well-known musician
a well-equiped army
strongly-motivated students
Compound Adjectives
合成形容词
a.形容词+名词+ed
soft-hearted
sweet-tempered
narrow-minded
b.副词+过去分词
low-paid
c.形容词+现在分词
nice-looking
d.副词+现在分词
long-standing
e.名词+现在分词
troubld-making
f.形容词+名词
full-time(staff)
其它类
a tree-linde avenue
三个词或更多
heart-to-heart talk
a life-and-death struggle
形容词的用法
做的成分
定语
只能做定语的形容词
许多类属形容词
countless, eastern, existing, east
少数品质形容词
commanding
所有强调形容词
多数颜色形容词
有些常作表语形容词也可作定语
It's a sure thing they'll come.
表语
一些(特别是以a开头的)形容词仅作表语
He's a bit afraid of her.
此类形容词还有:unable, ill, asleep, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep, aware, content, due, fond, glad, ill, likely, ready, sorry, sure, unable, unlikely, well等
表语形容词的后缀(对应形容词的固定搭配)
跟to短语
She is allergic to pollen.
跟of短语
He was not aware of her presence.
跟介词
She was not connected with the goverment.
跟不定式或that从句
He was doomed to fail.
She was confident that she would find work.
宾语补语
Have your tickets ready.
宾语补语形容词都可做表语
状语
They like living in a village, free of crowds and noise.
多引导一个短语
同位语
He read all kinds of books, ancient and mordern, Chinese and foreign.
通常在修饰词后
句中的位置
作定语的位置
名词前
优先级
冠词+品质形容词+颜色形容词+类别形容词+所修饰的词
a little white wooden house.
冠词+品质+大小/年岁+颜色+国家+分词+所修饰词
a beautiful old red French handmade cupboard.
个别形容词只在名词后
I had an interview with the ambassador designate.
见于固定词组
president elect: 当选总统
有些形容词放在名词前后意思不同
There were many old men present.
在场的
What's your present feeling?
现在的
有些形容词放在名词前后意思相同
Is there a doctor available?
We mst set every available man to work.
都是:可用的
修饰合成不定代词的形容词只放后面
I was looking for something cheaper.
作表语的位置
系动词后
Two of them remained single.
作宾语补语的位置
宾语后
This delay has made me late.
其它成分(如状语)可插在前面
It'll make me so happy if you'll accept it.
作状语的位置
句首
Enthusiastic, they are quite cooperative.
句末
He came round greatly concerned.
主语后
The girl, amazed at the sight, didn't know what to say.
可在动词后表示状态
I drink the milk hot.
作同位语的位置
名词后
I met Sallie, angry at me as always.
当主语很短时,可在句首
Conscientious and eager, she took down everything he said.
做句子状语的位置
句首
Strange to say, no one was hurt.
形容词的名词化
“the+特定形容词” 表示一类人
当是表国家民族的形容词时表“某国(民族)的人”
the Chinese.
The poor get poorer; the rich get richer.
"the+特定形容词“ 表一些事物或品质
The difficult we do at once. The impossible takes a little longer.
Let X be the unknown in this equation.
Do you believe in the supernatural?
名词化形容词构成词组
I can't say for sure.
其它的如:for free, in general, in brief等
形容词最高级可名词化
We are not going to japan. At least not for the present.
部分形容词的名词化
After a storm comes a calm.
形容词的比较级
形容词的三种形式/比较级别 (Degrees of Comparision)
原级The Positive Degree.
比较级The Comparative Degree.
最高级The Superlative Degree.
构成法
规则
加-er,-est词尾
单音节词
small, smaller, smallest
以-y结尾的单音节词
把y变i再加词尾
happy, happier, happiest
以辅音字母结尾的
双写辅音字母再加词尾
hot, hotter, hottest
以除-y以外结尾的双音节词
narrow, narrower, narrowest
在前面加more,most
个别单音节词
glad, more glad, most glad
多音节词
active, more active, most active
有时以less, least代替more, most,表示“较/最不”
careful, less careful, least careful
不规则
good,well; better; best
bad; worse; worst
much, many; more; most
little; less; least
far; farther, further; farthest, furthest
father:较远
fathest:最远
further: 更远;进一步的;更多的
furthest: 最更远的,最靠...的
old; older, elder; oldest, eldest.
older:年纪较大的
oldest:年纪最大的
比较级用法
单独使用
Are you feeling better today?
和than连用,表两者间对比,than后可跟
名词或代词
Tokyo is bigger than new York.
人称代词口语多宾格
He is older than me.
动名词
Travelling by train is more comfortable than travelling by bus.
从句
I am happier than I have ever been.
状语
副词
She felt worse than usual.
介词短语
It takes less time to go there by plane than by train.
动词
It's easier to do it yourself than explain it to her.
形容词
She was more suprised than angry.
前面加修饰语
程度状语: much, a lot, far, a bit, a little, slightly
You have far more imagination than I have.
any, no, some, even, still
This book is even more useful then that.
量词
Shall I get a couple more chairs?
My sister is ten years younger than me.
特殊用法
more...than
更多...而不是
To them, music is more a way of life than just an interest.
more and more
越来越
The story gets more and more exciting.
the more...the more
越是...越...
The more learned a man is, the more modest he usually is.
more than
超过...; ... 多(后跟数词)
He can't be more than thirty.
less than
不到...; 不太(美)
I bought it for less than a dollar.
no less than
多达; 不少于
Its population is no less than 2 million.
more or less
基本上; 大体上; 大约
The work is more or less finished.
as....as
和....一样....(使用原级形容词)
Some of their states are as big as France.
含这种结构的成语
as quick as lightning.
as bright as day.
as brave as a lion.
否定形式
not as....或 not so....
不像...那样
The food wasn't as good as yesterday.
It isn't so cold as yesterday.
在前面插入修饰语
Petrol is twice as expensive as it was a few years ago.
最高级用法
表“最..."
前边加the
This is the oldest theatre in London.
有时后跟一修饰从句
This is the best beer(that) I've ever drunk.
单独使用
后跟不表示比较范围的修饰语
Her oldest daughter is eleven years old.
前面加修饰语
状语
It was by far the best hospital I had ever seen.
定语
Hainan is China's second largest island.
特殊用法
作表语, 省略the
I think her plan is best.
表示”非常...", 前有时加a
That was a most extraodinary thing.
He has been most kind to me.
表示“处于最...的状态”, 和at构成短语作表语
She is never at her best in the present of her mother.
和at构成短语作状语
I may not be good, but at least let me have a try.
广义形容词
作定语的代词可称形容词
指示代词
不定代词
物主代词
冠词也可称形容词
限定词可属于形容词