导图社区 构词法
英语语法之构词法知识整理,包括:主要构词法(转化(Conversion)、派生(Derivation)、合成(Compounding))和次要构词法(截短法(Clipping)、混合(Blending)、缩写(Abbreviation)、反转构词法(Backformation))。
编辑于2022-06-12 21:15:15构词法
主要构词法
转化(Conversion)
可见有时仅从词拼法无法确定词类
若没有语境,很多词我们只能知道它最常担任的词类,其真正担任的词类还要取决于语境
因此对这本书之后有些内容的呈现方式提出了质疑..
自然语言的复杂性
由一个词类变成另一个词类
不改变该词, 一词多用
water 水(n.)
water 浇水(v.)
动词转化为名词
没有词义变化
Let me have a try.
Can I have a read of your paper?
She give the girl a kiss.
有细微词义变化
The catch on the door is broken.
She passed her test at the first go.
His heart beats were getting weaker.
转化为动词
名词转化为动词
基于物件名词但有词义变换
The committee is chaired by general lee.
She had booked 3 seats on the plane.
Picture yourself in his situation.
基于其它实物名词
The library houses 600,000 books.
The boxer floored his opponent.
She oiled herself with suntan lotion.
基于身体部位名词
He handed the glass of beer to Grandpa.
His name headed the list.
I can't stomach such behavior.
基于一类人的名词
Lydia had always nursed a grievance against her cousin.
Stop fooling about and do something useful.
She mothered two children and adopted a third.
基于抽象名词
He thirsted for knowledge.
We plan to winter in Italy.
The bomb was timed to go off at midnight.
其它词类做动词
They upped the price of petrol.
Truth will out.
I second the nomination.
形容词转化为动词
The city quieted down again.
He slowed down at the crossroads.
Please warm up the cold meat.
形容词转化为名词
I enjoy the quiet of the country.
Her calm in the face of disaster is amazing.
He fails his finals.
形容词转化为副词
The eagle flies high.
Her head was bent low.
Are you staying long?
其它
She was a very forward young lady.
副--形
During the war we have to black out all our windows.
形--动
He walked north.
名--副
读音变化
单音节的大多不变
双音节的,动词重音易在后边
名词重音多在前边,动词重音多在后边。
contrast
contest
conflict
discount
digest
。。。
形容词也类似,本身在前,动词重音在后
absent
abstract
perfect
极少数不变的
comment
contact
debate
由些时候词尾读音,甚至拼法也有变化
可见人脑在词类分辨上,语音灵敏度大于文字
语音的词类变化比文字快
abuse
n:/e'bju:s/; v:/e'bju:z/
n: advice ; v: advise
n: belief ; v: believe
总之名词爱用:s,f做结尾, 动词爱用-z, v做结尾。
形容词和动词转化也有此例
close
近/kleus/
关上/kleuz/
live
活的/laiv/
生活/liv/
seperate
不同的/‘seprit/
分开/’sepereit/
少数词元音拼法有变化
blood, bleed
proof, prove
speech, speak
极个别拼法有差异,读音却不变
Practice(n.), practise(v.)
派生(Derivation)
通过加前缀后缀生成一个新词
可见在拼法和语音上都有专门为区分词类而设的元素
最大化的利用mophology。
一定改变ex. happy
加前缀
Unhappy
改变词性
动词--动词
be, em, en...
反义词
de, dis, il, im, in, ir
其它特定的意思
ex- 以前的
fore-
前部的
预见的
auto-
自动的
自己的
汽车的
加后缀
happiness
名词后缀
-ability
-age
-al
...
形容词后缀
-able
-al
-ent
...
副词后缀
-ly
-ward
-wise
动词后缀
-en
-ate
-ify
-ize
数词后缀
-teen
-ty
-th
合成(Compounding)
由两个及以上完整的词构成一个词
Wood+Cut
Woodcut
Happy+go+lucky
Happy-go-lucky
合成名词
名词+名词
air condationor
letter-box
X-ray
形容词+名词
social security
human being
human right
动词ing形式+另一词
dining room
air-condationing
washing machine
其它
Show-off
Take-off
by-product
三个词的
do-it-yourself
合成形容词
过去分词+带-ed词尾的词
air-condationed
cold-blooded
so-called
动词ing形式+另一词
good-looking
hard-working
smooth-running
形容词+名词
deep-sea
second-hand
first-class
名词+形容词
bullet-proof
trouble-free
brand-new
其它
包含副词的
动词+副词
built-in
see-through
副词+名词
up-hill
off-hour
合成动词
名词+动词
proof-read
tape-record
water-ski
形容词/副词+ 动词
backtrack
ill-treat
black-list
合成复词
single-handed
叠声词(Reduplicatives)
前后两部分声音很近似的合成词
zigzag
adj.
chit-chat
n.
fiddle-faddle
v.
连字号
英美字典不同
三个词以上的合成词,都加连字号
次要构词法
截短法 (Clipping)
去掉一个词的一部分是一个新词
截掉前边一部分
bicycle
cycle
telephone
phone
aeroplane
plane
截掉后边一部分
advertisement
ad
professor
prof
mathematics
math
前后各截取一部分
refrigerator
fridge
influenza
flu
几个词合成一个词
a prefabricated house
prefab
a popular song singer
pop-singer
混合(Blending)
把两个词各取一部分变成一个新词
Europe + Asia
Eurasia
Transfer + resistor
transistor
motorist's hotel
motel
缩写(Abbreviation)
连接几个词的首字母
British Broadcasting Corporation
BBC
读音
按字母读音
MIT
TB
Ph D
像单词一样拼读(acronym)
Laser
Radar
UNESCO
反转构词法(Backformation)
把带尾的名词去掉词尾变成动词
和派生相反的过程
先有名词,再去掉词尾生成动词。
editor
edit
day-dreamer
day-dream
housekeeper
housekeep