导图社区 数词和量词
数词和量词相关知识整理,包括:数词(numerals)(基数词(Cardinal numerals)、序数词(Ordinal Numerals)、分数词(Fractional Numerals)、量词(Quantifiers)、某些数词的读法。
编辑于2022-06-12 21:19:27数词和量词
数词(numerals)
基数词(Cardinal numerals)
功能:用语言表示数字
英语中用四列基本基数词的组合来表示所有数目
构成法
有四列基本基数词
对比非自然语言的基数词
10进制阿拉伯数字只需要0-10十个词(morphologies)
计算机二进制只需要两个morphologies
I
十进制个位
1-10
one-ten
II
十进制一十位
11-19
eleven-nineteen
III
大于一十的十位
20,30,40...,90
twenty-ninety
IV
大于十的百,千,万
100
a hundred
1,000
a thousand
1,000,000
a million
1,000,000,000
a billion
用基数词构成其它基数词的构成方法
a. 21-99
先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间要加连字号。
39
thirty-nine
91
ninety-one
b. 101-999
先说" 几百“,再加and, 再加末尾两位数或末位数。
375
three hundred and seventy-five
902
nine hundred and two
c. 1000以上
1.分段
先从后向前数,每三位数加一个逗号,用这个办法把数目分作若干段。
2.读法
按照分段一段一段的读
逗号之间不加and!
之前没说遛的原因
第一个逗号前的数为thousand
第二个逗号前的数为million
第三个逗号前的数为billion
8,021
eight thousand and twenty-one
13,849
thirteen thousand, eight hundred and forty-nine
54,256,000
fifty-four million, two hundred and fifty-six thousand.
p.s.在基数词中,hundred, thousand, million, billion 等词都用单数形式。
基数词在句中的主要作用
定语
The river is about eighty miles long.
Over 4,650,000 workers were involved in the strikes.
主语
There were millions of blooms.
Two of the gils are from California.
宾语或介词宾语
I read four of her novels.
The city has a population of three millions.
表语
He was a little over five.
I'm fourteen and she's twelve.
同位语
You two take these seats.
Have you got tickets for us three?
基数词的复数形式
通常带表示有很大的数量的口吻。
数十,数百,数千,数百万,数十亿
The boat cost hundreds of pounds.
Millions (of people) are at risk from the disease.
Tens of thousands of buffaloes used to roam the prairie.
有些基数词的复数形式可以用在“in the (one's)---"结构中,表示:
a.年岁:
He was a thinnish fellow in his forties.
She is in her early (late) twenties.
b.年代:
This took place in the 1750's.
He was working abroad in the 70's.
数学符号的读法
7+4=11
seven plus four is eleven.
12-5=7
Twelve minus five is seven.
6*8=48
Six times eight(Six multiplied by eight) is forty-eight.
24/6=4
Twenty-four divided by six is four.
a>b
a is more than b.
a<b
a is less than b.
a≈b
a approximately equals b.
a≠b
a is not equal to b.
序数词(Ordinal Numerals)
功能:表示一个比较和排序,即提醒这些数量仅为一个名次编号
构成法
基数词元素都有一一对应的序数词
拼法特殊的
first
second
third
fifth
eighth
ninth
twelfth
20以上
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
其它序数词都以在序数词词尾加th构成
sixth
sixteenth
seventeenth
两位数的词,只把个位数变为序数词。
第二十二 twenty-second
第三十一
thirty-first
第七十八 seventy-eighth
第九十三
ninty-third
三位以上的词,只把最后两位数变成序数词。
第一百八十五
one hundred and fiftieth.
第九百九十九
nine hundred and ninety-ninth.
缩写
first, second, third常缩写成: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
其它加th,以first, second , third 结尾的的也遵循以上规律
20th, 21st
序数词在句中的作用
a.定语
多和定冠词the或物主代词连用
We live on the fifth floor.
Is this your first visit to Beijing?
b.表语
They were the first to taste hardships.
Who was the third?
c.主语
First went to the American team.
The third of the month was a holiday.
d.宾语或介词宾语
I was among the first to learn of this.
She is arriving on the second of June.
其它用法
和 a 联用, 表示”再一个“, ”又一次“等
She could not go through that a second time.
A second swan flew down. Then a third and a fourth.
表示日期
May 1st
March 8th
用在许多短语中
I thought that performance third-rate.
We got four first-places in the sports meet.
He went second-class on the train to New York.
I bought a second-hand car.
基数词也可表示顺序
通常编号的东西避免用序数词
Room 705
Page 254
Bus No. 103
The first chapter=part one
the fifth chapter=chapter five
the twenty-third section=section twenty-three
分数词(Fractional Numerals)
构成法
由基数词和序数词构成
用不同的数词区分分子和分母
基数词代表分子
序数词代表分母
除了分子为1的情况下,序数词都要用复数形式
1/4
one-fourth
7/12
seven-twelfths
三又五分之二
three and two-fifths
特殊构成法
1/2
a(one) half
1/4
a(one) quarter
3/4
three-quarters
可以正常带整数
e.x. one and a harf
seven and three quarters
比较复杂的分数读法:直接用除的
twenty-three over nine
seventy-six over ninety-two
在句中位置
主语
A quarter of the population voted for him.
Three-fifths of the computer on display were home-made.
宾语或介词宾语
Mother divided the cake into thirds.
They account for one-seventh of the population.
表语或同位语
The crop that year was only one-third of the usual amount.
Over twelve million people, about three-fifths of the local population are Hans.
定语
It's one-twentieth the thickness of a human hair.
The mass of an electron is 1/1850 that of a hydrogen atom.
状语
China is one-sixth larger than the United States.
This substance reacts one-tenth as fast as the other one.
小数
读法
6.4
six point four.
0.8
zero(或 naught) point eight.
0.05
(naught) point naught five 或 zero point zero five.
0.726
(naught) point seven two six 或 zero point seven two six
12. 409
twelve point four oh nine.
709.06
seven hundred and nine point oh six.
用法
主要作times的定语
our grain output is now 2.4 times that of 1980.
Its total output value was up 4.7 times.
Its capacity was 7.3 times as great as in 1985.
百分数
表示法
基数词+per cent(美 percent)
在句中作
主语
Over eighty percent of all families own a television.
What percent of the population can read?
宾语或介词宾语
They constitute eight percent of the population.
The bank changes interest at 12 percent.
定语
Leave the waitress a 15 percent tip.
I paid him four percent interest.
状语
I'm not a hundred percent convinced myself.
Prices have risen 6 percent in the past year.
偶尔作表语
12 is 1 percent of 1,200.
量词(Quantifiers)
所有指涉数量的词
不是一种词类,是很多与数量有关的词或短语
与数量有关的代词和限定词
即不定代词
some, any, much, many.
各种数词, 如 two, half, a third, 80%
名词和of构成的表数量的短语
a lot of, plenty of
都加在所修饰词前面
A lot of people have the same experience.
I have lived here quite a number of years.
We need a sufficient amount of flour.
plenty of
A good many of
a great quantity of
a couple of
a heap of
a ton of
a load of
a mass of
有些这类名词可用复数形式以强调数量之多
Numbers of people came to the meeting.
We've had quantities of rain this summer.
I've got tons of letters to write.
lots.
heaps.
masses.
有些这类量词表示”少量的“
She is just out to do a bit of shopping.
He put a pinch of salt in his soup.
She has a touch of cold.
There was a trace of jealousy in her voice.
有些这类量词和形状有关
Elli brought a bunch of flowers.
A thread of light emerged from the keyhole.
Streams of people were coming out of the railway station.
还有不少量词表示生物群体
一群人
a group of students asked to see the principal.
The discovery was made by a team of scientists.
We met a host of students.
一群动物
A herd of deer.
We saw a pride of lions resting by the stream.
A swarm of locusts destroyed the crops.
有许多这类量词与容器有关
A bottle of bear.
A can of soup.
A cup of tea.
A glass of fruit juice.
A pack of gum.
有些名词后可加词尾-ful来表示数量
a handful of raisins
a mouthful of food
a spoonful of vinegar
与数量有关的形容词
The thesis was about two hundred pages long.
The tree is a hundred feet tall.
The road is 8 metres wide.
deep.
broad
thick.
high.
与数量有关的名词
许多单位名称经常和数词连用表示数量
It weighs over 200 kilos.
The temperature rose ten degrees.
pound.
cupfuls
yards.
miles.
有些名词和in连用,表示数量
The snow is two feet in depth.
He was about five feet in height.
in area.
in length.
in weight.
in width.
表示数量的合成词
a ten-dollar bill.
4 per cent interest.
per capita wage.
a four fold increase.
表示数量的名词所有格
a week's wage.
ten year's experience.
six months' leave.
某些数词的读法
数字代表不同内容,其口语语法竟然不同
以凭听力区分数字代表的内容
电话号码的读法
0要读成/‘eu/
年份的读法
2000
The year two thousand
2004
two thousand and four
1949
nineteen forty-nine
1803
eighteen oh three
1600
sixteen hundred
450 B.C.
four fifty B.C.
128 A.D.
one twenty-eight A.D.
日期的读法
July 22nd
July the twenty-second, the twenty-second of July.
Oct(ober) 1st
October(the)first, the first of October.
时刻的读法
8:00
eight o'clock
9: 15
nine fifteen/ a quater past nine
2:30
two thirty/half past two
5:45
five forty-five
07:00
(oh)seven hundred hours=7.00am
12:00
twelve hundred hours