数词和量词

数词和量词相关知识整理，包括：数词(numerals)（基数词(Cardinal numerals)、序数词(Ordinal Numerals)、分数词(Fractional Numerals)、量词(Quantifiers)、某些数词的读法。

数词和量词

• 数词（numerals)
  • 基数词（Cardinal numerals）
    • 功能:用语言表示数字
      • 英语中用四列基本基数词的组合来表示所有数目
    • 构成法
      • 有四列基本基数词
        • 对比非自然语言的基数词
          • 10进制阿拉伯数字只需要0-10十个词（morphologies)
          • 计算机二进制只需要两个morphologies
        • I
          • 十进制个位
            • 1-10
              • one-ten
        • II
          • 十进制一十位
            • 11-19
              • eleven-nineteen
        • III
          • 大于一十的十位
            • 20,30,40...,90
              • twenty-ninety
        • IV
          • 大于十的百，千，万
            • 100
              • a hundred
            • 1,000
              • a thousand
            • 1,000,000
              • a million
            • 1,000,000,000
              • a billion
      • 用基数词构成其它基数词的构成方法
        • a. 21-99
          • 先说“几十”，再说“几”，中间要加连字号。
            • 39
              • thirty-nine
            • 91
              • ninety-one
        • b. 101-999
          • 先说" 几百“，再加and, 再加末尾两位数或末位数。
            • 375
              • three hundred and seventy-five
            • 902
              • nine hundred and two
        • c. 1000以上
          • 1.分段
            • 先从后向前数，每三位数加一个逗号，用这个办法把数目分作若干段。
          • 2.读法
            • 按照分段一段一段的读
              • 逗号之间不加and!
                • 之前没说遛的原因
              • 第一个逗号前的数为thousand
              • 第二个逗号前的数为million
              • 第三个逗号前的数为billion
            • 8,021
              • eight thousand and twenty-one
            • 13,849
              • thirteen thousand, eight hundred and forty-nine
            • 54,256,000
              • fifty-four million, two hundred and fifty-six thousand.
      • p.s.在基数词中，hundred， thousand, million, billion 等词都用单数形式。
    • 基数词在句中的主要作用
      • 定语
        • The river is about eighty miles long.
        • Over 4,650,000 workers were involved in the strikes.
      • 主语
        • There were millions of blooms.
        • Two of the gils are from California.
      • 宾语或介词宾语
        • I read four of her novels.
        • The city has a population of three millions.
      • 表语
        • He was a little over five.
        • I'm fourteen and she's twelve.
      • 同位语
        • You two take these seats.
        • Have you got tickets for us three?
    • 基数词的复数形式
      • 通常带表示有很大的数量的口吻。
        • 数十，数百，数千，数百万，数十亿
        • The boat cost hundreds of pounds.
        • Millions (of people) are at risk from the disease.
        • Tens of thousands of buffaloes used to roam the prairie.
      • 有些基数词的复数形式可以用在“in the (one's)---"结构中，表示：
        • a.年岁：
          • He was a thinnish fellow in his forties.
          • She is in her early (late) twenties.
        • b.年代：
          • This took place in the 1750's.
          • He was working abroad in the 70's.
    • 数学符号的读法
      • 7+4=11
        • seven plus four is eleven.
      • 12-5=7
        • Twelve minus five is seven.
      • 6*8=48
        • Six times eight(Six multiplied by eight) is forty-eight.
      • 24/6=4
        • Twenty-four divided by six is four.
      • a>b
        • a is more than b.
      • a<b
        • a is less than b.
      • a≈b
        • a approximately equals b.
      • a≠b
        • a is not equal to b.
  • 序数词（Ordinal Numerals）
    • 功能：表示一个比较和排序，即提醒这些数量仅为一个名次编号
    • 构成法
      • 基数词元素都有一一对应的序数词
        • 拼法特殊的
          • first
          • second
          • third
          • fifth
          • eighth
          • ninth
          • twelfth
          • 20以上
            • twentieth
            • thirtieth
            • fortieth
            • fiftieth
            • sixtieth
            • seventieth
            • eightieth
            • ninetieth
        • 其它序数词都以在序数词词尾加th构成
          • sixth
          • sixteenth
          • seventeenth
      • 两位数的词，只把个位数变为序数词。
        • 第二十二 twenty-second
        • 第三十一
          • thirty-first
        • 第七十八 seventy-eighth
        • 第九十三
          • ninty-third
      • 三位以上的词，只把最后两位数变成序数词。
        • 第一百八十五
          • one hundred and fiftieth.
        • 第九百九十九
          • nine hundred and ninety-ninth.
      • 缩写
        • first, second, third常缩写成： 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
        • 其它加th，以first, second , third 结尾的的也遵循以上规律
          • 20th, 21st
    • 序数词在句中的作用
      • a.定语
        • 多和定冠词the或物主代词连用
        • We live on the fifth floor.
        • Is this your first visit to Beijing?
      • b.表语
        • They were the first to taste hardships.
        • Who was the third?
      • c.主语
        • First went to the American team.
        • The third of the month was a holiday.
      • d.宾语或介词宾语
        • I was among the first to learn of this.
        • She is arriving on the second of June.
    • 其它用法
      • 和 a 联用， 表示”再一个“， ”又一次“等
        • She could not go through that a second time.
        • A second swan flew down. Then a third and a fourth.
      • 表示日期
        • May 1st
        • March 8th
      • 用在许多短语中
        • I thought that performance third-rate.
        • We got four first-places in the sports meet.
        • He went second-class on the train to New York.
        • I bought a second-hand car.
      • 基数词也可表示顺序
        • 通常编号的东西避免用序数词
          • Room 705
          • Page 254
          • Bus No. 103
        • The first chapter=part one
        • the fifth chapter=chapter five
        • the twenty-third section=section twenty-three
  • 分数词（Fractional Numerals）
    • 构成法
      • 由基数词和序数词构成
        • 用不同的数词区分分子和分母
        • 基数词代表分子
        • 序数词代表分母
          • 除了分子为1的情况下，序数词都要用复数形式
        • 1/4
          • one-fourth
        • 7/12
          • seven-twelfths
        • 三又五分之二
          • three and two-fifths
      • 特殊构成法
        • 1/2
          • a(one) half
        • 1/4
          • a(one) quarter
        • 3/4
          • three-quarters
        • 可以正常带整数
          • e.x. one and a harf
          • seven and three quarters
      • 比较复杂的分数读法:直接用除的
        • twenty-three over nine
        • seventy-six over ninety-two
    • 在句中位置
      • 主语
        • A quarter of the population voted for him.
        • Three-fifths of the computer on display were home-made.
      • 宾语或介词宾语
        • Mother divided the cake into thirds.
        • They account for one-seventh of the population.
      • 表语或同位语
        • The crop that year was only one-third of the usual amount.
        • Over twelve million people, about three-fifths of the local population are Hans.
      • 定语
        • It's one-twentieth the thickness of a human hair.
        • The mass of an electron is 1/1850 that of a hydrogen atom.
      • 状语
        • China is one-sixth larger than the United States.
        • This substance reacts one-tenth as fast as the other one.
    • 小数
      • 读法
        • 6.4
          • six point four.
        • 0.8
          • zero(或 naught) point eight.
        • 0.05
          • (naught) point naught five 或 zero point zero five.
        • 0.726
          • (naught) point seven two six 或 zero point seven two six
        • 12. 409
          • twelve point four oh nine.
        • 709.06
          • seven hundred and nine point oh six.
      • 用法
        • 主要作times的定语
          • our grain output is now 2.4 times that of 1980.
          • Its total output value was up 4.7 times.
          • Its capacity was 7.3 times as great as in 1985.
    • 百分数
      • 表示法
        • 基数词+per cent(美 percent)
      • 在句中作
        • 主语
          • Over eighty percent of all families own a television.
          • What percent of the population can read?
        • 宾语或介词宾语
          • They constitute eight percent of the population.
          • The bank changes interest at 12 percent.
        • 定语
          • Leave the waitress a 15 percent tip.
          • I paid him four percent interest.
        • 状语
          • I'm not a hundred percent convinced myself.
          • Prices have risen 6 percent in the past year.
        • 偶尔作表语
          • 12 is 1 percent of 1,200.
• 量词（Quantifiers)
  • 所有指涉数量的词
  • 不是一种词类，是很多与数量有关的词或短语
  • 与数量有关的代词和限定词
    • 即不定代词
      • some, any, much, many.
  • 各种数词， 如 two, half, a third, 80%
  • 名词和of构成的表数量的短语
    • a lot of, plenty of
    • 都加在所修饰词前面
      • A lot of people have the same experience.
      • I have lived here quite a number of years.
      • We need a sufficient amount of flour.
      • plenty of
      • A good many of
      • a great quantity of
      • a couple of
      • a heap of
      • a ton of
      • a load of
      • a mass of
    • 有些这类名词可用复数形式以强调数量之多
      • Numbers of people came to the meeting.
      • We've had quantities of rain this summer.
      • I've got tons of letters to write.
      • lots.
      • heaps.
      • masses.
    • 有些这类量词表示”少量的“
      • She is just out to do a bit of shopping.
      • He put a pinch of salt in his soup.
      • She has a touch of cold.
      • There was a trace of jealousy in her voice.
    • 有些这类量词和形状有关
      • Elli brought a bunch of flowers.
      • A thread of light emerged from the keyhole.
      • Streams of people were coming out of the railway station.
    • 还有不少量词表示生物群体
      • 一群人
        • a group of students asked to see the principal.
        • The discovery was made by a team of scientists.
        • We met a host of students.
      • 一群动物
        • A herd of deer.
        • We saw a pride of lions resting by the stream.
        • A swarm of locusts destroyed the crops.
    • 有许多这类量词与容器有关
      • A bottle of bear.
      • A can of soup.
      • A cup of tea.
      • A glass of fruit juice.
      • A pack of gum.
    • 有些名词后可加词尾-ful来表示数量
      • a handful of raisins
      • a mouthful of food
      • a spoonful of vinegar
  • 与数量有关的形容词
    • The thesis was about two hundred pages long.
    • The tree is a hundred feet tall.
    • The road is 8 metres wide.
    • deep.
    • broad
    • thick.
    • high.
  • 与数量有关的名词
    • 许多单位名称经常和数词连用表示数量
      • It weighs over 200 kilos.
      • The temperature rose ten degrees.
      • pound.
      • cupfuls
      • yards.
      • miles.
    • 有些名词和in连用，表示数量
      • The snow is two feet in depth.
      • He was about five feet in height.
      • in area.
      • in length.
      • in weight.
      • in width.
    • 表示数量的合成词
      • a ten-dollar bill.
      • 4 per cent interest.
      • per capita wage.
      • a four fold increase.
    • 表示数量的名词所有格
      • a week's wage.
      • ten year's experience.
      • six months' leave.
• 某些数词的读法
  • 数字代表不同内容，其口语语法竟然不同
    • 以凭听力区分数字代表的内容
  • 电话号码的读法
    • 0要读成/‘eu/
  • 年份的读法
    • 2000
      • The year two thousand
    • 2004
      • two thousand and four
    • 1949
      • nineteen forty-nine
    • 1803
      • eighteen oh three
    • 1600
      • sixteen hundred
    • 450 B.C.
      • four fifty B.C.
    • 128 A.D.
      • one twenty-eight A.D.
  • 日期的读法
    • July 22nd
      • July the twenty-second, the twenty-second of July.
    • Oct(ober) 1st
      • October(the）first， the first of October.
  • 时刻的读法
    • 8:00
      • eight o'clock
    • 9: 15
      • nine fifteen/ a quater past nine
    • 2:30
      • two thirty/half past two
    • 5:45
      • five forty-five
    • 07:00
      • (oh)seven hundred hours=7.00am
    • 12:00
      • twelve hundred hours