导图社区 名词
名词知识整理,包括:专有名词: proper Nouns、普通名词: Common Nouns、可数名词/不可数名词、所有格(The possessive case of Nouns)、名词的性、在句中作用。
编辑于2022-06-12 21:20:30名词
专有名词:proper Nouns
一般不加冠词,视为单数
因为专有名词指涉的事物本身就是特指的:在宇宙中只能是唯一的存在
这才是真正意义上的无歧义定义的名词,或不需要人脑认知,一台计算机也能理解的名词
因为这些专有名词是指涉客观,唯一的物质世界物体或现象的
有些自然中的地理,天文专属名词需加定冠词The
表示一种强调其专有性和敬畏的意思
江河湖海: The Yangtze River
例外:部分湖
Dongting lake
山脉群岛: the Tian Shan mountains, the Riukiu Islands
例外: Mount Emei, Christmas Island
海峡,海湾:the English channel, the Taiwan Straits, the gulf of Mexico
少数的地名: the Netherlands, the Sahara, the Middle east
由普通名词构成的专有名词多要加The
也是表示强调其专有属性和重视,敬意
a. 某些国名和政府组织
The people Republic of China
The United states
The United kindoms
The United nations
b. 某些机构,学校,建筑物等名词
the British Museum
the pentagon
the University of Wasington
the Titanic
例外:
Buckingham palace, Brools hotels...
c. 某些报刊杂志的名称
the Washington post
the New York Times
the Times
例外:
Life, news week, harper's...
不加冠词的专有名词
虽然独一无二,但它们比较好分辨,无需强调其专有性。
主要是语言传播过程,不加the的本身一般较短,有特点好记
取决于语言实际传播过程中的,纠错过程
还有词的意义,生活中常用的是比较容易记得,也不会产生敬畏感
the有时可以看做 是一个纠错词,或特殊含义的符号,让容易误解的对方再次理解你指的东西是什么
a.多数街名
Marston Road, Riverside Avenue, Park Lane.
b.多数广场名
Russel Square, Time square.
c. 车站,机场, 公园, 桥梁
Central station, Kennedy Airport, Central Park, Waterloo Bridge
d. 大学名
Harvard University, Oxford University, Oregon State University
例外:有些比较长的带介词的
the University of east Anglia, the Institude for Contemparary
e. 节日名
National Day
May Day
Thanksgiving Day
St. Valentine's Day
例外
the Mid-Autumn Festival, the Spring festival.
f. 多数杂志名
Time
Science
Nature
g. 人名前一般不加冠词
例外情况
第一次的认知
A Mrs green is waiting see you
当人名可以成为一种特质
My boss is a little Napolean
一种车
The car was a Buick, not a Benz
某人的画像
He had a Van Gol in the dining room
其它人名品牌的商品
He ordered a second martini
人名
Diana, Mrs Green, President Clinton, Einstein, Gorky;
地名
Beijing, West Lake, the Yellow River, Bond Street, Broadway;
某类人的名秤
Americans, Russians, Democrats, Jews;
某些抽象事物的名词
语言
English
宗教
Buddhism, Christianity
组织
NATO
月份,周日名及节目名词
May, Saturday, Easter, New Year's Day.
书名,电影及诗歌的名词
A Tale of two cities, Gone with the wind.
对家人等的称呼
Mum, Dad, Auntie, Uncle Tom.
普通名词:Common Nouns
兼用
有些物质名词兼做个体名词
glass, a glass
玻璃; 玻璃杯
copper, a copper
铜; 铜币
paper, a paper
纸; 报纸, 证件, 论文
有些抽象名词兼做个体名词
youth 青春
a youth 青年人
democracy 民主
a democracy 民主国家
necessity 必要性
a necessity 必需品
有些个体名词可转而用作抽象名词
个体
The rooms are to let.
There was a big double bed.
How many holidays do you have in a year?
抽象
There's no room for doubts.
Time for bed.
They went on holidy last week.
对词现象:两词指涉相似内容,但 一个可数而另一个不可数
可数
a poem
a machine
a job
a permit
a loaf
不可数
poetry
machinery
work
permission
bread
可数:可用数来计算
个体名词(Individual Nouns)
作为个体存在的人或物
He has two aunts.
Pandas are found in Sichuan.
Most classrooms have computers.
作为个体存在的抽象东西
We've lived here for twenty years.
She has read lots of fairytales.
I had a dream last night.
可数
用单,复数形式展现其单复数
个体名词单数形式
可以和 a(n) 连接
a week, a problem, an old man
个体名词复数形式
有些词常用于复数形式
有两个对等部分构成的物品的词
scissors
shorts
jeans
earphones
部分以ing结尾的词
belongings
sorroundings
writings
其它
contents
bowels
guts
stairs
clothes
brains
有些词用于某个意义时常用复数形式
当局: the authorities
路费: travel expenses
情绪高昂: in high spirits
规则复数形式
加-es
以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词
加 -es
以辅音+y 结尾的词
把 y 变 i 再加 -es
以f或fe结尾
通常把f变v加es
有例外
以o结尾
多加-es
有些加s或-es都可以
读音
在/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ 等辅音后
读/s/
cups, hats, cakes, roofs
在/s/, /z/, /shi/, /tshi/等音后
读/iz/
glasses, faces, roses, ashes, watches, ages
其它情况
读/z/
boys, girls, ladies, rooms
其它的加-s
不规则的复数形式
man-men
衍生系
woman-women
gentleman-gentlemen
chairwoman-chairwomen
tooth-teeth
child-children
mouse-mce
foot-feet
penny
pennies 硬币
pence 钱数
外来词
analysis-analyses
medium-media
crisis-crises
basis-bases
criterion-criteria
phenomenon-phenomena
thesis-theses
少数外来词有两个复数形式
formula
formulae; formulas
indices; indexes
合成词的复数形式
多数在末尾加-(e)s 构成复数
theatre-goes
fire-engines
forget-me-nots
少数把-(e)s 直接加在主体词后边
editors-in-chief
lookers-on
runners-up
特殊:man和woman 合成词
合成词中把man和woman改成复数
fireman-firemen
chairwoman-chairwomen
当做其做修饰时, 主体词也要改复数
man-servant; men-servants
woman doctor; women doctors
单复数同形
部分个体名词复数不加s
某些动物的名词
a sheep/ a flock of sheep
salmon
fish
偶尔表示复数时加-es, 但表示不同种类鱼时多加-es
I cought a fish(two fish).
He caught three little fishes.
We'll go and look at the fishes in the aquarium.
deer
trout
bison
craft极其构成的合成词
craft
aircraft
hovercraft
spacecraft
表示外国人的名词
He is a Chinese. They are all Chinese.
I know a japanese(a few japanese)
His wife is a Swiss. Her parents are both Swiss.
offspring
hair
当表示几根头发时才加s
fruit
常单数
He does not eat much fruit.
Apples, oranges and bananas are fruit.
当表示不同种类的水果才加s
There the most common fruits are pear, apple and peach.
当表示抽象意义时变为正常有单复数区分的+s
I hope your hard work will bear fruit.
We have thus defended the fruits of our victory.
一直有s(但是单数)
species
means
It's an effective means of communication
works
ps: 有些词一直有s, 但不是复数
可见实际中有很多误导性
因此正确说语法的前提是:你真正理解每个词想传达的“意思”,和语法真正的,帮助增加信息的这种认知过程
某些疾病的名词
diabetes
measles
rabies
某些学科名词
physics
logistics
aerodynamics
某些活动的名词
acrobatics
athletics
politics
其它的复数形式
年份: 加-s或-‘s
the 1990s或the 1990's
缩写词
加-s或-’s
VIPs或VIP's
英文字母
加 -‘s
Dot your i's and cross your t's
集体名词(Collective Nouns)
这部分名词指涉由个体组成的集体
e.x.
army
bacteria
family
data
public
stuff
police
team
youth
可数
但没有特别的单,复数形式,但有时需要当复数看待, 即用复数的动词形式。而单数形式也可跟冠词a(n).
根据语境及规律定义其单复数的看待方式
普遍规律
根据语境中指涉的对象个数
语境决定单复数
每次正确的,功能完整的语言都伴随大脑正确理解指涉对象的真正的子意思和对应的“数”
单数
视为整体时做单数看待
His family isn't large.
家庭
The public was unlikely to support it.
复数
想到它的成员时做复数看待
His family are all music lover.
家庭成员
The public were decieved by the newspapers.
其它规律
有些语境和词可随便看成单复数
The school's teaching staff is(are) excellent.
The audience was(were) excited by the show.
有少数集体名词通常用作单数
community
opposition
company
gang
更被人察觉为有凝聚力的集体..
个别集体名词则多作复数看待
Bacteria
Police
Data
除了你指定 a Data
更被人察觉为离散的集合
可以视为所有的集体名词都是单复数同形
不可数:不能用数来计算
物质名词(Mass Nones/ Material Nones)
无法被分为个体的东西, 常是某种材料,原料,食材, 物质形式: beer, cheese, ore, oil, wood, tea, sugar, steel, liqure, ice, ink, fur, glue....
常不可数
不可数就只有跟单数动词且不能加a(n)
冠词用法
一般不加冠词
即使前边有形容词
特指时可加定冠词the
加不定冠词的情况
a. 一阵,一场
b. 一种
c. 一份
除非特别情况被视为可数
1. 有些物质名词可当一份,一杯来讲
Three beers, please.
A chocolate ice-cream for me.
2. 有些物质名词可当一种来讲
It was a delicious Californian wine.
Stainless steels contain about 12% of chrominium.
3. 个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义。
It was now the time of the spring rains.
She forbids any vessels to enter her territorial waters.
Here are the snows of 1st year.
特殊的一类定语:a _ of 可以将几乎所有的不可数名词变为可数
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns)
指涉抽象概念,情绪,病症,精神品质,精神元素: age, anger,luck, nature, violence, youth, welfare, magic, evil, fashion, energy, environment, freedom, hope...
常不可数
常用于单数形式不加冠词
原因:抽象事物指涉的是一种精神
精神层面是一种神经原固定的激活组合,所以可以说基本上算是大脑的一种专有名词了,没什么歧义和指涉的不明确,不用加the
当然也不可数啦!数这种范式性的东西没有意义。
safety first!
He any had any education.
Practice makes perfect.
While there is life there is hope.
即使前边有形容词修饰也不加冠词
有时加定冠词The
用于特指内容,尤其是有一个限制性定语修饰时
限制性定语(Limiting Attributes)
为什么?:有划子集(限定性)的当然是特指的了
功能:因为除了专有名词指涉的对象都有极大的不确定性,所以认知功能为了帮助大家锁定指涉物件或信息,会用各种限定划分,缩小范围
所以The就是这个意会功能:帮助大家在模糊的名词中,用同理心锁定其唯一的指涉对象。
of 引导的定语或某些定语从句,限制名词的意义,使其指特定的内容
the picture on p.2
the grammar book you want
a girl sitting there
相对的是描绘型定语:只描绘,不限定意思
a picture by a child
a book you must read
a hard-working girl
He works hard for the welfare of the poor.
I shall never forget the welfare of that lake.
有时也可加不定冠词a(n)表示
a. 一种,一场
There is a beauty in simplicity.
After a brief peace, ware broke out again.
b. 某动作的一次, 一例
c. 引起某种情绪的人或事
d. 表示某种品质的具体行动,人或东西
可数名词/不可数名词
决定因素
多数由名词指涉对象的性质决定
所以最根本还是一个大脑认知的问题:
你说的那个东西可不可以用数来计算?
仅仅从词型无法判断,还要从语境来看!(兼用现象,对词现象)
你的词到底指的是什么
大部分物质名词和抽象名词不可数
不同的语境可能改变一个词的可数不可数
有些个体名词如fruit,介于可数不可数之间
部分物质名词可是, 当语境让其指“一种, 一杯,一份“ 时也可变为可数
个别物质名词可用于复数形式或有特殊意义。
It was now the time of the spring rains.
She forbids any vessels to enter her territorial waters.
Here are the snows of 1st year.
少数近乎随机决定
还存在对词现象:两词指涉相似内容,但 一个可数而另一个不可数
可数
a poem
a machine
a job
a permit
a loaf
不可数
poetry
machinery
work
permission
bread
语言间的差异
汉语中可数,英语中不可数
furniture
equipment
clothing
news
information
machinery
复杂问题,需要长期积累
后果
有没有复数的问题和对应的谓语动词单复数形式
只有大于1的才是复数
等于1的或压根不能用数表示的都是所谓的“单数”
但是集体有时也等于1,一个集合,而说集体中每个人时又大于1了
集体名词单复数看语境以判断其具体的子意思
英语语言有个规律,凡是大于1的谓语动词要用一种形式,而等于1的或压根不能数的要用另一种形式
而且只有等于1的才能用“一个”来形容,这个是最傻的认知原则吧
英语中管那个叫冠词
压根不能用数表示的也根本不能这样形容:一个水,要说一滴水,加个定语就可数了
但有时那个定语不实际存在,而是意会的,所以:一个物质不可数名词有时可以当个体名词用
但已经是专有的名词就不加a了,虽然其是1个,但不用废话了
有时加the是源于一个语言衍化的纠错过程,让大家明白我说的是那个专门的名词
可数名词有复数
个体名词复数形式
只有可数的个体名词才有复数形式:后跟are
集体名词复数看待(单复数同形)
虽然没有词拼法的改变,但还是跟are用
可以视为所有集体名词都是单复数同形
不可数名词没复数
谓语动词永远是单数形式,也被视为单数
冠词不同
不可数名词一律视为部分单数特质,如后加单数动词,但不能加不定冠词a(n)
特指却可以加 the
个体名词的单数形式或集体名词的单数看待可以加a(n)
所有个体名词的复数形式都不能加不定冠词a(n), 但可加定冠词the
限定词不同
如不定代词
many, few, a few; much, little, a little.
表示“一件”的概念时加的定语, 可和多数不可数名词联用
定语形式: a _ of
a can of beer
a slice of cake
a lump of sugar
a piece of information
所有格(The possessive case of Nouns)
构成法
大部分名词可加‘s(apostrophes)词尾来表示所有关系
’s词尾加法
不以s结尾的单数名词
加‘s
philip's new address
her sister-in-law's mother
the editor-in-chief's telephone number
有复数词尾-(e)s的复数
加’
Workers' resthomes
The officers' living quarters
The teacher's reading-room
没有复数词尾的复数
加‘s
children's bookes
the women's movement
the working people's palace of culture
以s结尾的单数名词
可加’s, 可加‘
都读作/Iz/
除了以ts结尾的单数名词读作/ts/
keat's peom
Engels's(或Engels')works
Burn's(或Burns')poems
's读音
基本和复数词尾读音相同
在清辅音后
/s/
Aesop's fables
his wife's sister
在/s/,/z/,/shi/,/chi/,/dg/等音后
/Iz/
Marx's work
George's father
其它情况
/z/
the author's name
the girl's domitory
用法
表名词的所有关系
都是用于有智慧个体、群体的名词,这些东西才有“所有权”
智慧生命的个体或其群体的名词
当然也有例外:距离,价格,时间
即是名词’s+名词
主要用于人
It's one of Shelley's best poem
Old Wives' Tales is a good book
有时用于被察觉像人的动物
哺乳动物
From the plane we had a bird's eye view of Manhatten
It is made from mare's, cow's or ewe's milk
少数无脊椎动物
The donkey moved at a snail's pace
Here is an ants' nest
用于有些无生命词
表示时间的名词
Today is yesterday's pupil.
I'll never forget that night's experience.
We have two weeks' vacation for Christmas.
表示距离,价格等的名词
The park is a stone's throw from here.
I bought ten dollars' worth of stamps.
It's about an hour's drive from here.
表示国家,城市等地方的名词
The sea covers nearly three-fourths of the world's surface.
That was the first time I had left England's shore.
It's the city's finest park.
表示集体或机构等的名词
What's your mission's attitude towards the problem?
That's the majority's view, I think.
We sat in the station's waiting-room until evening.
在有些固定词组后
I'll take the risk for friendship's sake.
Mrs. Howells was at her wit's end.
Now they could sing at their heart's content.
其它用法
名词‘s +动词
表主动关系
前面名词表示后边动作的执行者
John's gift to Marry was a watch.
The soldier's heroic dead earned him a medal.
He was pleased by his teacher's price.
表被动关系
前面名词表示后面动作的承受者
The play ends with Hamlet's murder.
Everybody is singing the fighter's praise.
The film star's admirers crowded round her.
特征
The young boy has a man's voice.
He has a doctor's degree
He rose at cock's crow and hurried off.
和of引导的短语连用
of前的名词有不定冠词或数词修饰
He's a friend of Henry's
I saw a play of Shaw's
I have only read four books of Dickens's
of前的名词有this, that等词的修饰
表示欣赏或厌恶的口吻
Do you recall that poem of Byron's
Have you heard anything of this new novel of carleton's
That wife of Mr.Brown's is constantly complaining.
省略(裸’s)
省略刚刚提过的所有格修饰词
Whose seat is this? It's Mary's
She had views quite different from her father's
She put her arm through her brother's
省略表示教堂,商店等
We visited St.Paul's (cathedral)
I've been shopping in Macy's.
省略用来表示某人的家
He has to go to my sister's for dinner.
We can meet at Aunt Lucy's.
名词的性
阴阳性
英文不像其它欧洲文字有那么多的阴阳性
少部分分阴阳性
英文中的阳性
表男性或雄性动物的名词
人
god
actor
monk
动物
cock, roster
buil
fox
英文中的阴性
表女性或雌性动物的名词
人
godness
actress
nun
动物
hen
cow
vixen
大部分都不分阴阳性
在人前表示性别加
man 或 woman
a man survant
a woman worker
boy 或 girl
a boy scout
a girl fraind
male 或 female
a male nurse
a female singer
lady, maid 等
a lady friend
a maid survant
在动物前表示性别加
male
a male monkey
female
a female elephant
he
a he-goat
she
a she-wolf
在句中作用
仅仅不能作谓语
比较奇葩的是名词也能承担修饰的,定语,状语的角色
语言的复杂性,你知道了词类也几乎无法不根据语境判断其承担的句子结构
某种程度上质疑语言学的科学性
作主语
Knowledge is power.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
作表语
smoking is my only weakness
The affair remained complete mystery
作宾语
谓语动词宾语
Did you get my fax?
非谓语动词宾语
They agreed to fax us their proposals tomorrow.
作定语
常见,一些已经为合成词
We bought a new color TV
time table
seat belt
tomato sauce
credit card
family name
time zone
少数以复数形式作定语
parks department
careers guide
an Arts degree
少数名词用形容词和名词作定语时意义不同
gold ring
金戒指
golden sunshine
金黄色的阳光
music lessons
音乐课
musical instrument
乐器
rain drops
雨滴
rainy season
雨季
所以定语并不只是形容词的专利
作状语
Wait a minute, I'll call her.
We'll meet Monday.
状语并不只是副词的专利
作同位语
This is our department head, Dr. Owen.
You girls sit on this site.
作呼语
Come in, Mrs. Patterson.
Morning, Helen.
作介词宾语
She majored in physics at Yale.
He was devoted to pure science.
构成副词宾语(作宾语的补语)
They elected James (to be) chairman.
He painted the door a brighter color.